Mid-seasonal evaluation of serum magnesium levels and its relationship with selective serum biochemical parameters in sheep of Miandoab region
Subject Areas : Veterinary Clinical PathologyF. Behmard 1 , A.P. Rezaii Saber 2
1 - Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
2 - Graduate of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
Keywords: Biochemical parameters, Season, Magnesium, Miandoab, Ghezel ewe,
Abstract :
Magnesium is essential to activate many enzymatic systems by development of metal-enzyme complexes. Thus, its deficiency is especially important in ruminants. The aim of the current study was to investigate the serumic levels of magnesium and its relation to levels of calcium, phosphorus, total protein, albumin, glucose, and total bilirubin in Ghezel ewes of Miandoab city. For this purpose, seasonal blood samples were collected from 100 Ghezel ewes in Miandoab region and the levels of magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, total protein, albumin, glucose, and total bilirubin evaluated. Results of parameters in different seasons were analyzed and compared by one-way ANOVA. Relation of each parameter with magnesium levels of serum was evaluated by Pearson correlation coefficient. Magnesium levels was higher in autumn and winter than summer and spring and total protein and phosphorus was lower than summer and spring (p<0.05). Increase in magnesium levels resulted in decrease of calcium, total protein, and phosphorus indicating an indirect and significant relationship (p<0.05). Bilirubin and albumin levels also had a direct and significant relationship with magnesium levels (p<0.05) whereby they both increased following magnesium increase. Alterations in magnesium levels of serum in ewes has direct or indirect effects on biochemical parameters of serum. According to the results of this study, it is essential to use standard magnesium supplements in ewes' nutrition.
References:
Ali, M., Siddiqui, M. and Tayyab, S. (2001). Enhanced bilirubin binding to different mammalian erythrocytes in the presence of magnesium ions. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 16(1): 31-36.
Brian, K. (2013). Sheep Diseases Directory a Producer’s Guide to Keeping Sheep Healthy and Profitable. Stoneleigh Park, Kenilworth, Warwickshire: EBLEX, pp: 22-23.
Carroll, J.A. and Forsberg, N.E. (2007). Influence of stress and nutrition on cattle immunity. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 23(1): 105-149.
Chester-Jones, H., Fontenot, J. and Veit, H. (1990). Physiological and pathological effects of feeding high levels of magnesium to steers. Journal of Animal Science, 68(12): 4400-4413.
Chicco, C., Ammerman, C., Feaster, J. and Dunavant, B. (1973). Nutritional interrelationships of dietary calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 36(5): 986-993.
Constable, P.D., Hinchcliff, K.W., Done, S.H. and Gruenberg, W. (2016). Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs and Goats. Elsevier Health Sciences, pp: 521-546.
Copeland, B.E. and Sunderman, F.W. (1952). Studies in serum electrolytes. Xviii. The magnesium-binding property of the serum proteins. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 197(1): 331-341.
Da Silva, I.F., De Souza Rodrigues, R.T., Queiroz, M.A.Á., Chizzotti, M.L., Zanetti, M.A., Da Cunha, J.A., et al. (2016). Net requirements of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulphur for growth of non-descript breed hair lambs of different sex classes in the Brazilian semiarid conditions. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 48(4): 817-822.
Dalley, D., Isherwood, P., Sykes, A.R. and Robson, A. (1997). Effect of in vitro manipulation of pH on magnesium solubility in ruminal and caecal digesta in sheep. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 129(01): 107-111.
De Ovejas, M.E.L.S., Africa, Y.C.E.D.W., Las Estaciones, S.P.N.E., Húmeda, S.Y., Sowande, O., Odufowora, E., et al. (2008). Blood minerals in wad sheep and goats grazing natural pastures during wet and dry seasons. Revista Archivos De Zootecnia, 57: 275-278.
Deghnouche, K., Tlidjane, M., Meziane, T. and Touabti, A. (2013). Influence of physiological stage and parity on energy, nitrogen and mineral metabolism parameters in the Ouled Djellal sheep in the Algerian Southeast arid area. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(18): 1920-1924.
Ercan, N., Koçkaya, M. and Oğrak, Y.Z. (2014). Study of some blood parameters and minerals in Akkaraman Kangal breed of sheep. Research Opinions in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 4(10): 532-534.
Ezeibe, M., Ijabo, O., Okoroafor, O., Orajaka, L., Ukommadu, N., Chukwu, O., et al. (2009). Antiviral effects of aluminum magnesium silicate on peste-des-petits-ruminants virus. Animal Science Reporter, 3(4): 141-147.
Firat, A. and Özpinar, A. (1996). The Study of changes in some blood parameters (glucose, urea, bilirubin, ast) during and after pregnancy in association with nutritional conditions and litter size in ewes. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 20(5): 387-393.
Fontenot, J., Allen, V., Bunce, G. and Goff, J. (1989). Factors influencing magnesium absorption and metabolism in ruminants. Journal of Animal Science, 67(12): 3445-3455.
Ford, E., Evans, J. and Robinson, I. (1990). Cortisol in pregnancy toxaemia of sheep. British Veterinary Journal, 146(6): 539-542.
Fox, C., Ramsoomair, D. and Carter, C. (2001). Magnesium: Its proven and potential clinical significance. Southern Medical Journal, 94(12): 1195-1202.
Imani, M., Rezaee-Pour, M., Mohamdi, M., Shiri, M., Noroozifar, M. and Mahmodi, N. (2012). Study of relationship between total magnesium and total bilirubin levels in neonates' sera before and after phototherapy. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 19(100): 54-61.
Johnston, M., Mcdonald, M., Chen, C. and Trescher, W. (1991). Role of excitatory amino acid receptors in perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. USA: New York, Raven Press, pp: 711-716.
Kakar, S. and Einhorn, T.A. (2004). Importance of Nutrition in Fracture Healing. In: Nutrition and Bone Healtheditors. Michael, F.H. and Bess, D.G. editors. 1st ed., Springer, pp: 85-103.
Kasari, T., Woodbury, A. and Morcom-Kasari, E. (1990). Adverse effect of orally administered magnesium hydroxide on serum magnesium concentration and systemic acid-base balance in adult cattle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 196(5): 735-742.
Kawas, J., Andrade-Montemayor, H. and Lu, C. (2010). Strategic nutrient supplementation of free-ranging goats. Small Ruminant Research, 89(2): 234-243.
Kim, S.K., Lee, M.H. and Rhee, M.H. (2003). Studies on the effects of biomedicinal agents on serum concentration of Ca2+, P and ALP activity in osteoporosis-induced rats. Journal of Veterinary Science, 4(2): 151-154.
Kovacik, A., Arvay, J., Tusimova, E., Harangozo, L., Tvrda, E., Zbynovska, K., et al. (2017). Seasonal variations in the blood concentration of selected heavy metals in sheep and their effects on the biochemical and hematological parameters. Chemosphere, 168: 365-371.
Kroll, M. and Elin, R. (1985). Relationships between magnesium and protein concentrations in serum. Clinical Chemistry, 31(2): 244-246.
Larsson, L. and Ohman, S. (1985). Effect of silicone-separator tubes and storage time on ionized calcium in serum. Clinical Chemistry, 31(1): 169-170.
Leng, R. (1990). Factors affecting the utilization of ‘poor-quality’forages by ruminants particularly under tropical conditions. Nutrition Research Reviews, 3(01): 277-303.
Lengarite, M., Mbugua, P., Gachuiri, C. and Kabuage, L. (2012). Mineral status of sheep and goats grazing in the arid Rangelands of northern Kenya. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 11(4): 383.
Leonhard-Marek, S., GÄbel, G. and Martens, H. (1998). Effects of short chain fatty acids and carbon dioxide on magnesium transport across sheep rumen epithelium. Experimental Physiology, 83(2): 155-164.
Lopes, H. and Perry, T. (1986). Effect of dietary phosphorus and roughage levels on calcium, magnesium and potassium utilization by sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 63(6): 1983-1989.
Madsen, F., Hansard, S., Lyke, G., Lyke, W. and Miller, J. (1975). Glucose-utilization in magnesium-deficient sheep. Journal of Animal Science, Amererican Society of Animal Science, 1111 North Dunlap Ave, Savoy, IL 61874.
Martens, H. and Schweigel, M. (2000). Pathophysiology of grass tetany and other hypomagnesemias: implications for clinical management. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 16(2): 339-368.
Massry, S.G., Coburn, J.W. and Kleeman, C.R. (1970). Evidence for suppression of parathyroid gland activity by hypermagnesemia. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 49(9): 1619.
Mellau, L., Jørgensen, R. and Enemark, J. (2001). Plasma calcium, inorganic phosphate and magnesium during hypocalcaemia induced by a standardized EDTA infusion in cows. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 42(2): 251.
Miller, J., Madsen, F., Lentz, D., Wong, W. O., Ramsey, N., Tysinger, C., et al. (1980). Blood plasma magnesium, potassium, glucose, and immunoreactive insulin changes in cows moved abruptly from barn feeding to early spring pasture. Journal of Dairy Science, 63(7): 1073-1079.
Mostaghni, K., Farzinpour, M., Samimi, A. and Taghavi-Razavizadeh, A. (2012). Changes in biochemical, enzymatic, and electrolyte indices of sheep in experimental hypocalcemia. Journal of Veterinary Research, 67(4): 331-335.
Nazki, A. and Rattan, P. (1990). Status of blood micro-elements during different seasons in sheep. Indian Veterinary Journal, 67(3): 274-276.
Nelson, D. and Guss, S. (1992). Metabolic and Nutritional Diseases, Nutrition. Illinois and Pennsylvania State University, 7: 1-5.
Patel, M.D., Lateef, A., Das, H., Prajapati, M.V., Kakati, P. and Savani, H.R. (2016). Estimation of blood biochemical parameters of banni uffalo (Bubalus bubalis) at different age, sex and physiological stages, Journal of Livestock Science, 7: 250-255.
Phillips, K., Phythian, C., Wright, N. and Morgan, M. (2014). Sheep health, welfare and production planning 2. Assessing nutrition of the ewe in late pregnancy. In Practice (0263841X), 36(3).
Radostits, O.M., Gay, C.C., Hinchcliff, K.W. and Constable, P.D. (2006). Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs and Goats. Elsevier Health Sciences, pp: 2048.
Rahman, M.M., Lee, S.J., Mun, A.R., Adam, G.O., Park, R.M., Kim, G.B., et al. (2014). Relationships between blood Mg2+ and Energy metabolites/enzymes after acute exhaustive swimming exercise in rats. Biological Trace Element Research, 161(1): 85-90.
Riond, J.L., Kocabagli, N., Spichiger, U. and Wanner, M. (1995). The concentration of ionized magnesium in serum during the periparturient period of non-paretic dairy cows. Veterinary Research Communications, 19(3): 195-203.
Rojo, R., Salem, A., LÃpez, D., Pescador, N. and DomÃnguez-Vara, I.A. (2010). Trace elements in sheep and goats reproduction: a review. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 14(1): 1-13.
Russell, K.E. and Roussel, A.J. (2007). Evaluation of the ruminant serum chemistry profile. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 23(3): 403-426.
Sarici, S.U., Serdar, M.A., Erdem, G. and Alpay, F. (2004). Evaluation of plasma ionized magnesium levels in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Pediatric Rsearch, 55(2): 243-247.
Saris, N.E.L., Mervaala, E., Karppanen, H., Khawaja, J.A. and Lewenstam, A. (2000). Magnesium: an update on physiological, clinical and analytical aspects. Clinica Chimica Acta, 294(1): 1-26.
Schenck, P.A. and Chew, D.J. (2005). Prediction of serum ionized calcium concentration by use of serum total calcium concentration in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 66(8): 1330-1336.
Schonewille, J.T., Beynen, A., Van’t Klooster, A.T., Wouterse, H. and Ram, L. (1999). Dietary potassium bicarbonate and potassium citrate have a greater inhibitory effect than does potassium chloride on magnesium absorption in wethers. The Journal of Nutrition, 129(11): 2043-2047.
Steen, A. (2001). Field study of dairy cows with reduced appetite in early lactation: clinical examinations, blood and rumen fluid analyses. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 42(2): 1.
Suttle, N.F. (2010). Mineral Nutrition of Livestock. Cabi, pp: 145-167.
Symonds, M., Bryant, M. and Lomax, M. (1986). The effect of shearing on the energy metabolism of the pregnant ewe. British Journal of Nutrition, 56(03): 635-643.
Takahashi, K., Sano, H., Ambo, K. and Tsuda, T. (1983). Effect of experimental hypomagnesaemia on blood glucose turnover in sheep. Japanese Journal Of Zootechnical Science,54(5): 302-308.
Teixeira, I.A.M.D.A., Resende, K.T.D., Silva, A.M.D.A., Silva Sobrinho, A.G.D., Härter, C.J. and Sader, A.P.D.O. (2013). Mineral requirements for growth of wool and hair lambs. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 42(5): 347-353.
Terashima, Y., Tucker, R.E., Deetz, L.E., Degregorio, R.M., Muntifering, R.B. and Mitchell Jr, G.E. (1982). Plasma magnesium levels as influenced by cold exposure in fed or fasted sheep. The Journal of Nutrition, 112(10): 1914-1920.
Thomsen, J. and Edelfors, S. (1976). Cations (magnesium, potassium, sodium), creatinine, bilirubin, and osmolality of bovine fetal fluids. Journal of Dairy Science, 59(2): 288-292.
Tornquist, S.J. (2003). Laboratory profiles of equine diseases. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 32(1): 43-43.
White, P. (2016). Could a trace mineral deficiency be associated with congenital chondrodystrophy of unknown origin (ccuo) in beef cattle in australia? Journal of Animal Physiology And Animal Nutrition, 100(1): 27-32.
Wilkens, M., Praechter, C., Breves, G. and Schröder, B. (2016). Stimulating effects of a diet negative in dietary cation–anion difference on calcium absorption from the rumen in sheep. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 100(1): 156-166.
Xi, Q., Hoenderop, J.G. and Bindels, R.J. (2009). Regulation of magnesium reabsorption in DCT (distal convoluted tubule). Pflügers Archiv-European Journal of Physiology, 458(1): 89-98.
Xin, G., Long, R., Guo, X., Irvine, J., Ding, L., Ding, L., et al. (2011). Blood mineral status of grazing tibetan sheep in the northeast of the Qinghai–Tibetan plateau. Livestock Science, 136(2): 102-107.
Yokus, B., Cakir, D., Kanay, Z., Gulten, T. and Uysal, E. (2006). Effects of seasonal and physiological variations on the serum chemistry, vitamins and thyroid hormone concentrations in sheep. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A, 53(6): 271-276.
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Ali, M., Siddiqui, M. and Tayyab, S. (2001). Enhanced bilirubin binding to different mammalian erythrocytes in the presence of magnesium ions. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 16(1): 31-36.
Brian, K. (2013). Sheep Diseases Directory a Producer’s Guide to Keeping Sheep Healthy and Profitable. Stoneleigh Park, Kenilworth, Warwickshire: EBLEX, pp: 22-23.
Carroll, J.A. and Forsberg, N.E. (2007). Influence of stress and nutrition on cattle immunity. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 23(1): 105-149.
Chester-Jones, H., Fontenot, J. and Veit, H. (1990). Physiological and pathological effects of feeding high levels of magnesium to steers. Journal of Animal Science, 68(12): 4400-4413.
Chicco, C., Ammerman, C., Feaster, J. and Dunavant, B. (1973). Nutritional interrelationships of dietary calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 36(5): 986-993.
Constable, P.D., Hinchcliff, K.W., Done, S.H. and Gruenberg, W. (2016). Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs and Goats. Elsevier Health Sciences, pp: 521-546.
Copeland, B.E. and Sunderman, F.W. (1952). Studies in serum electrolytes. Xviii. The magnesium-binding property of the serum proteins. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 197(1): 331-341.
Da Silva, I.F., De Souza Rodrigues, R.T., Queiroz, M.A.Á., Chizzotti, M.L., Zanetti, M.A., Da Cunha, J.A., et al. (2016). Net requirements of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulphur for growth of non-descript breed hair lambs of different sex classes in the Brazilian semiarid conditions. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 48(4): 817-822.
Dalley, D., Isherwood, P., Sykes, A.R. and Robson, A. (1997). Effect of in vitro manipulation of pH on magnesium solubility in ruminal and caecal digesta in sheep. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 129(01): 107-111.
De Ovejas, M.E.L.S., Africa, Y.C.E.D.W., Las Estaciones, S.P.N.E., Húmeda, S.Y., Sowande, O., Odufowora, E., et al. (2008). Blood minerals in wad sheep and goats grazing natural pastures during wet and dry seasons. Revista Archivos De Zootecnia, 57: 275-278.
Deghnouche, K., Tlidjane, M., Meziane, T. and Touabti, A. (2013). Influence of physiological stage and parity on energy, nitrogen and mineral metabolism parameters in the Ouled Djellal sheep in the Algerian Southeast arid area. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(18): 1920-1924.
Ercan, N., Koçkaya, M. and Oğrak, Y.Z. (2014). Study of some blood parameters and minerals in Akkaraman Kangal breed of sheep. Research Opinions in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 4(10): 532-534.
Ezeibe, M., Ijabo, O., Okoroafor, O., Orajaka, L., Ukommadu, N., Chukwu, O., et al. (2009). Antiviral effects of aluminum magnesium silicate on peste-des-petits-ruminants virus. Animal Science Reporter, 3(4): 141-147.
Firat, A. and Özpinar, A. (1996). The Study of changes in some blood parameters (glucose, urea, bilirubin, ast) during and after pregnancy in association with nutritional conditions and litter size in ewes. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 20(5): 387-393.
Fontenot, J., Allen, V., Bunce, G. and Goff, J. (1989). Factors influencing magnesium absorption and metabolism in ruminants. Journal of Animal Science, 67(12): 3445-3455.
Ford, E., Evans, J. and Robinson, I. (1990). Cortisol in pregnancy toxaemia of sheep. British Veterinary Journal, 146(6): 539-542.
Fox, C., Ramsoomair, D. and Carter, C. (2001). Magnesium: Its proven and potential clinical significance. Southern Medical Journal, 94(12): 1195-1202.
Imani, M., Rezaee-Pour, M., Mohamdi, M., Shiri, M., Noroozifar, M. and Mahmodi, N. (2012). Study of relationship between total magnesium and total bilirubin levels in neonates' sera before and after phototherapy. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 19(100): 54-61.
Johnston, M., Mcdonald, M., Chen, C. and Trescher, W. (1991). Role of excitatory amino acid receptors in perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. USA: New York, Raven Press, pp: 711-716.
Kakar, S. and Einhorn, T.A. (2004). Importance of Nutrition in Fracture Healing. In: Nutrition and Bone Healtheditors. Michael, F.H. and Bess, D.G. editors. 1st ed., Springer, pp: 85-103.
Kasari, T., Woodbury, A. and Morcom-Kasari, E. (1990). Adverse effect of orally administered magnesium hydroxide on serum magnesium concentration and systemic acid-base balance in adult cattle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 196(5): 735-742.
Kawas, J., Andrade-Montemayor, H. and Lu, C. (2010). Strategic nutrient supplementation of free-ranging goats. Small Ruminant Research, 89(2): 234-243.
Kim, S.K., Lee, M.H. and Rhee, M.H. (2003). Studies on the effects of biomedicinal agents on serum concentration of Ca2+, P and ALP activity in osteoporosis-induced rats. Journal of Veterinary Science, 4(2): 151-154.
Kovacik, A., Arvay, J., Tusimova, E., Harangozo, L., Tvrda, E., Zbynovska, K., et al. (2017). Seasonal variations in the blood concentration of selected heavy metals in sheep and their effects on the biochemical and hematological parameters. Chemosphere, 168: 365-371.
Kroll, M. and Elin, R. (1985). Relationships between magnesium and protein concentrations in serum. Clinical Chemistry, 31(2): 244-246.
Larsson, L. and Ohman, S. (1985). Effect of silicone-separator tubes and storage time on ionized calcium in serum. Clinical Chemistry, 31(1): 169-170.
Leng, R. (1990). Factors affecting the utilization of ‘poor-quality’forages by ruminants particularly under tropical conditions. Nutrition Research Reviews, 3(01): 277-303.
Lengarite, M., Mbugua, P., Gachuiri, C. and Kabuage, L. (2012). Mineral status of sheep and goats grazing in the arid Rangelands of northern Kenya. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 11(4): 383.
Leonhard-Marek, S., GÄbel, G. and Martens, H. (1998). Effects of short chain fatty acids and carbon dioxide on magnesium transport across sheep rumen epithelium. Experimental Physiology, 83(2): 155-164.
Lopes, H. and Perry, T. (1986). Effect of dietary phosphorus and roughage levels on calcium, magnesium and potassium utilization by sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 63(6): 1983-1989.
Madsen, F., Hansard, S., Lyke, G., Lyke, W. and Miller, J. (1975). Glucose-utilization in magnesium-deficient sheep. Journal of Animal Science, Amererican Society of Animal Science, 1111 North Dunlap Ave, Savoy, IL 61874.
Martens, H. and Schweigel, M. (2000). Pathophysiology of grass tetany and other hypomagnesemias: implications for clinical management. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 16(2): 339-368.
Massry, S.G., Coburn, J.W. and Kleeman, C.R. (1970). Evidence for suppression of parathyroid gland activity by hypermagnesemia. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 49(9): 1619.
Mellau, L., Jørgensen, R. and Enemark, J. (2001). Plasma calcium, inorganic phosphate and magnesium during hypocalcaemia induced by a standardized EDTA infusion in cows. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 42(2): 251.
Miller, J., Madsen, F., Lentz, D., Wong, W. O., Ramsey, N., Tysinger, C., et al. (1980). Blood plasma magnesium, potassium, glucose, and immunoreactive insulin changes in cows moved abruptly from barn feeding to early spring pasture. Journal of Dairy Science, 63(7): 1073-1079.
Mostaghni, K., Farzinpour, M., Samimi, A. and Taghavi-Razavizadeh, A. (2012). Changes in biochemical, enzymatic, and electrolyte indices of sheep in experimental hypocalcemia. Journal of Veterinary Research, 67(4): 331-335.
Nazki, A. and Rattan, P. (1990). Status of blood micro-elements during different seasons in sheep. Indian Veterinary Journal, 67(3): 274-276.
Nelson, D. and Guss, S. (1992). Metabolic and Nutritional Diseases, Nutrition. Illinois and Pennsylvania State University, 7: 1-5.
Patel, M.D., Lateef, A., Das, H., Prajapati, M.V., Kakati, P. and Savani, H.R. (2016). Estimation of blood biochemical parameters of banni uffalo (Bubalus bubalis) at different age, sex and physiological stages, Journal of Livestock Science, 7: 250-255.
Phillips, K., Phythian, C., Wright, N. and Morgan, M. (2014). Sheep health, welfare and production planning 2. Assessing nutrition of the ewe in late pregnancy. In Practice (0263841X), 36(3).
Radostits, O.M., Gay, C.C., Hinchcliff, K.W. and Constable, P.D. (2006). Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs and Goats. Elsevier Health Sciences, pp: 2048.
Rahman, M.M., Lee, S.J., Mun, A.R., Adam, G.O., Park, R.M., Kim, G.B., et al. (2014). Relationships between blood Mg2+ and Energy metabolites/enzymes after acute exhaustive swimming exercise in rats. Biological Trace Element Research, 161(1): 85-90.
Riond, J.L., Kocabagli, N., Spichiger, U. and Wanner, M. (1995). The concentration of ionized magnesium in serum during the periparturient period of non-paretic dairy cows. Veterinary Research Communications, 19(3): 195-203.
Rojo, R., Salem, A., LÃpez, D., Pescador, N. and DomÃnguez-Vara, I.A. (2010). Trace elements in sheep and goats reproduction: a review. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 14(1): 1-13.
Russell, K.E. and Roussel, A.J. (2007). Evaluation of the ruminant serum chemistry profile. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 23(3): 403-426.
Sarici, S.U., Serdar, M.A., Erdem, G. and Alpay, F. (2004). Evaluation of plasma ionized magnesium levels in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Pediatric Rsearch, 55(2): 243-247.
Saris, N.E.L., Mervaala, E., Karppanen, H., Khawaja, J.A. and Lewenstam, A. (2000). Magnesium: an update on physiological, clinical and analytical aspects. Clinica Chimica Acta, 294(1): 1-26.
Schenck, P.A. and Chew, D.J. (2005). Prediction of serum ionized calcium concentration by use of serum total calcium concentration in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 66(8): 1330-1336.
Schonewille, J.T., Beynen, A., Van’t Klooster, A.T., Wouterse, H. and Ram, L. (1999). Dietary potassium bicarbonate and potassium citrate have a greater inhibitory effect than does potassium chloride on magnesium absorption in wethers. The Journal of Nutrition, 129(11): 2043-2047.
Steen, A. (2001). Field study of dairy cows with reduced appetite in early lactation: clinical examinations, blood and rumen fluid analyses. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 42(2): 1.
Suttle, N.F. (2010). Mineral Nutrition of Livestock. Cabi, pp: 145-167.
Symonds, M., Bryant, M. and Lomax, M. (1986). The effect of shearing on the energy metabolism of the pregnant ewe. British Journal of Nutrition, 56(03): 635-643.
Takahashi, K., Sano, H., Ambo, K. and Tsuda, T. (1983). Effect of experimental hypomagnesaemia on blood glucose turnover in sheep. Japanese Journal Of Zootechnical Science,54(5): 302-308.
Teixeira, I.A.M.D.A., Resende, K.T.D., Silva, A.M.D.A., Silva Sobrinho, A.G.D., Härter, C.J. and Sader, A.P.D.O. (2013). Mineral requirements for growth of wool and hair lambs. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 42(5): 347-353.
Terashima, Y., Tucker, R.E., Deetz, L.E., Degregorio, R.M., Muntifering, R.B. and Mitchell Jr, G.E. (1982). Plasma magnesium levels as influenced by cold exposure in fed or fasted sheep. The Journal of Nutrition, 112(10): 1914-1920.
Thomsen, J. and Edelfors, S. (1976). Cations (magnesium, potassium, sodium), creatinine, bilirubin, and osmolality of bovine fetal fluids. Journal of Dairy Science, 59(2): 288-292.
Tornquist, S.J. (2003). Laboratory profiles of equine diseases. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 32(1): 43-43.
White, P. (2016). Could a trace mineral deficiency be associated with congenital chondrodystrophy of unknown origin (ccuo) in beef cattle in australia? Journal of Animal Physiology And Animal Nutrition, 100(1): 27-32.
Wilkens, M., Praechter, C., Breves, G. and Schröder, B. (2016). Stimulating effects of a diet negative in dietary cation–anion difference on calcium absorption from the rumen in sheep. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 100(1): 156-166.
Xi, Q., Hoenderop, J.G. and Bindels, R.J. (2009). Regulation of magnesium reabsorption in DCT (distal convoluted tubule). Pflügers Archiv-European Journal of Physiology, 458(1): 89-98.
Xin, G., Long, R., Guo, X., Irvine, J., Ding, L., Ding, L., et al. (2011). Blood mineral status of grazing tibetan sheep in the northeast of the Qinghai–Tibetan plateau. Livestock Science, 136(2): 102-107.
Yokus, B., Cakir, D., Kanay, Z., Gulten, T. and Uysal, E. (2006). Effects of seasonal and physiological variations on the serum chemistry, vitamins and thyroid hormone concentrations in sheep. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A, 53(6): 271-276.
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