Isolation of Salmonella from Iranian broiler breeder farms and feed
Subject Areas :
Veterinary Clinical Pathology
Mansour Mayahi
1
(Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.)
Forough Talazade
2
(Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.)
Ramezan Ali Jafari
3
(Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.)
Vahid Keshavarz Zamanian
4
(PhD Student, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.)
Received: 2017-03-12
Accepted : 2017-03-18
Published : 2017-11-22
Keywords:
Multiplex PCR,
feed,
Broiler breeder farms,
Salmonella isolation,
Abstract :
Contamination of poultry by salmonella spp. is an important issue both in the field of public health as well as in the poultry industry and poultry have a significant role in transmission and incidence of human salmonellosis. The aim of the present study was isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. in Iranian broiler breeder farms and their feed. Samples from Sixty two broiler breeder farms and their feed from 21 states of Iran were collected during one year. All samples were cultured in different conventional media, including pre-enrichment, enrichment, selective plating and 18 Salmonella isolates were identified. Salmonella identification was confirmed by multiplex PCR and 12 isolates were confirmed. Out of positive samples, seven samples (58.33%) were Salmonella enteritidis in Ghazvin, Mazandaran and Markazi provinces, three samples (25%) were Salmonella infantis in Kordestan and southern Khorasan provinces, and two samples (16.6%) were Salmonella typhimurium in Fars and Lorestan provinces. All feed samples were negative. The results of this study showed that some breeder farms in Iran are contaminated with Salmonella and the most prominent Salmonella inbroiler breeder farms are Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella infantis, and Salmonella typhimurium respectively.
References:
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Akbarian, R., Peighambari, S.M. and Barin, A. (2009). Serologic profile of Salmonella enteritidis in poultry flocks of Iran. Journal of Veterinary Research, 64(2): 109-113. [In Persian]
Akbarmehr, J., zahraei Salehi, T. and Nikbakht, Gh. (2010). Identification of salmonella isolated from poultry by MPCR technique and evaluation of their hsp groEL gene diversity based on the PCR-RFLP analysis. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 4(15): 1599-1604.
Allred, J.N., Walker, J.W., Beal, V.C. and Germaine, F.W. (1967). A survey to determine the salmonella contamination rate in livestock and poultry feeds. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 161: 1857-1860.
Arsenault, J., Letellier, A., Quessy, S., Normand, V. and Boulianne, M. (2007). Prevalence and risk factors for Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. caecal colonization in broiler chicken and turkey flocks slaughtered in Quebec, Canada. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 81(4): 250-264.
Barua, H., Biswas, P.K., Olsen, K.E. and Christensen, J.P. (2012). Prevalence and characterization of motile Salmonella in commercial layer poultry farms in Bangladesh. PLoS ONE, 7: e35914.
Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M.M., Sherris, J.C. and Truck, M. (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. The American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45(4): 493-496.
Buhr, R.J., Richardson, L.J., Cason, J.A.N.A. and Fairchild, B.D. (2007). Comparison of four sampling methods for the detection of salmonella in broiler litter. Poultry Science, 86: 21-25.
Carrique-Mas, J.J. and Davies, R.H. (2009). Sampling and bacteriological detection of salmonella in poultry and poultry premises. Revue Scientifique et Technique. International Office of Epizootics, 27(3): 665-77.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2012). Performance standard for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 22nd informational supplement, M100-S22, 32(3): 1-40.
Crane, F.M., Hansen, M. and Schugel, L. (1967). Salmonella in feedstuffs. Feedstuffs 8 July, pp: 22.
Ezatpanah, E. Moradi Bidhendi, S. Khaki, P. Ghaderi, R. Seyedan Jasbi, E. and Moghtadaee Far, S. (2013). Isolation, serotyping and antibiotic-resistance pattern of isolated salmonella from chicken of Arak. Iranian Veterinary Journal, 9(2): 88-96. [In Persian]
Garber, L. (2003). Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis in table egg layer house environments and in mice in US layer houses and associated risk factors. Avian Diseases, 47(1): 134-142.
Gast, R.K. (2013). Paratyphoid infections. In: Diseases of Poultry. Swayne, D.E., Glisson, J.R., Mcdouglad, L.R., Nolan, L.K. and Suarez, D.L. editors. 13th ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Publication, pp: 673-736.
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Le Bouquin, S., Allain, V., Rouxel, S., Petetin, I., Picherot, M., Michel, V., et al. (2010). Prevalence and risk factors for Salmonella spp. contamination in French broiler-chicken flocks at the end of the rearing period. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 97(3): 245-251.
Lister, S.A. and Barrow, P. (2008). Enterobacteriaceae. In: Poultry Diseases. Pattison, M., McMullin, P., Bradbury, J.M. and Alexander, D. editors. 6th ed., Elsevier Ltd, pp: 115-142.
Mitchell, L.C. (1992). Epidemiology of drug resistance, implications for a post-antimicrobial era. Science, 257(5073): 1050-1055.
Mollenhorst, H. (2005). Risk factors for Salmonella enteritidis infections in laying hens. Poultry Science, 84(8): 1308-1313.
Morales, R.A. and McDowell, R.M. (1999). Economic consequences of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infection in humans and the US egg industry. Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in humans and animals. USA: Ames Press, Iowa State University, pp: 271-290.
Morehouse, L.G. and Wedman, E.E. (1961). Salmonella and other disease producing organism in animal byproducts: a survey. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 139: 989-994.
Morris, G.K., Martin, W.T., Shelton, W.H., Wells, J.G. and Brachman, P.S. (1970). Salmonella in fish meal plants: relative amounts of contamination at various stages of processing and a method of control. Applied Microbiology, 19: 401-408.
Morshed, R. (2013). Bacteriological study of broiler flocks (Salmonella contamination) in Amol city. Veterinary Journal, 25(4): 23-28. [In Persian]
Morshed, R. and Peighambari, S.M. (2010). Salmonella infections in poultry flocks in the vicinity of Tehran. International Journal of Veterinary Research, 4(4): 273-276.
Mueller-Doblies, D., Sayers, A.R. Carrique-Mas, J.J. and Davies, R.H. (2009). Comparison of sampling methods to detect Salmonella infection of turkey flocks. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 107: 635-645.
Namata, H. (2008). Salmonella in Belgian laying hens: An identification of risk factors. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 83: 323-336.
Paiao, F.G., Arisitides, L.G.A., Murate, L.S., Vilas-Bôas, G.T. and Shimokomaki, M. (2013). Detection of Salmonella spp, Salmonella enteritidis and typhimurium in naturally infected broiler chickens by a multiplex PCR-based assay. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 44(1): 37-41.
Rasschaert, G. (2007). Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella and Campylobacter contamination of poultry during transport and slaughter. Thesis submitted in the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Veterinary Science (Ph.D), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University.
Scallan, E., Hoekstra, R.M., Angulo, F.J., Tauxe, R.V., Widdowson, M.A., Roy, S.L., et al. (2011). Foodborne illness acquired in the United States-major pathogens. Emerging Infectious Disease, 17(1).
Snow, L. (2010). Investigation of risk factors for Salmonella on commercial egg-laying farms in Great Britain, 2004-2005. The Veterinary Record, 166(19): 579.
Soumet, C. (1999). Identification by a multiplex PCR-based assay of Salmonella typhimorium and Salmonella entritidis strain from environmental swab of poultry houses. Letter in Applied Microbiology, 29: 1-6.
Van Hoorebeke, S. (2010). Determination of the within and between flock Prevalence and Identification of risk factors for Salmonella infections in laying hen flocks housed in conventional and alternative systems. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 94(1): 94-100.
Waltman, W.D. and Gast, R.K. (2008). Sallmonellosis. In: A Laboratory Manual for the Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Avian Pathogens. Dufour-Zavala, L., Swayne, D.E., Glisson, J.R., Pearson, J.E., Reed, W.M., Jackwood, M.W. and Woulcock, P.R. editors. American Association of Avian Pathologists, Athens, GA, pp: 3-10.
Zahraei Salehi, T. (1999). Salmonella. 1st ed. Iran: University of Tehran, pp: 1-97. [In Persian]
Zahraei Salehi, T., Mahzounieh, M. and Saeedzadeh, A. (2005). The isolation of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella from intestine and liver of poultry in Shiraz province of Iran. International Journal of Poultry Science, 4(5): 320-322.
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Akbarian, R., Peighambari, S.M., Morshed, R. and Yazdani, A. (2012). Survey of Salmonella infection in Iranian poultry flocks. Iranian Veterinary Journal, 8(3): 5-10. [In Persian]
Akbarian, R., Peighambari, S.M. and Barin, A. (2009). Serologic profile of Salmonella enteritidis in poultry flocks of Iran. Journal of Veterinary Research, 64(2): 109-113. [In Persian]
Akbarmehr, J., zahraei Salehi, T. and Nikbakht, Gh. (2010). Identification of salmonella isolated from poultry by MPCR technique and evaluation of their hsp groEL gene diversity based on the PCR-RFLP analysis. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 4(15): 1599-1604.
Allred, J.N., Walker, J.W., Beal, V.C. and Germaine, F.W. (1967). A survey to determine the salmonella contamination rate in livestock and poultry feeds. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 161: 1857-1860.
Arsenault, J., Letellier, A., Quessy, S., Normand, V. and Boulianne, M. (2007). Prevalence and risk factors for Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. caecal colonization in broiler chicken and turkey flocks slaughtered in Quebec, Canada. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 81(4): 250-264.
Barua, H., Biswas, P.K., Olsen, K.E. and Christensen, J.P. (2012). Prevalence and characterization of motile Salmonella in commercial layer poultry farms in Bangladesh. PLoS ONE, 7: e35914.
Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M.M., Sherris, J.C. and Truck, M. (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. The American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45(4): 493-496.
Buhr, R.J., Richardson, L.J., Cason, J.A.N.A. and Fairchild, B.D. (2007). Comparison of four sampling methods for the detection of salmonella in broiler litter. Poultry Science, 86: 21-25.
Carrique-Mas, J.J. and Davies, R.H. (2009). Sampling and bacteriological detection of salmonella in poultry and poultry premises. Revue Scientifique et Technique. International Office of Epizootics, 27(3): 665-77.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2012). Performance standard for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 22nd informational supplement, M100-S22, 32(3): 1-40.
Crane, F.M., Hansen, M. and Schugel, L. (1967). Salmonella in feedstuffs. Feedstuffs 8 July, pp: 22.
Ezatpanah, E. Moradi Bidhendi, S. Khaki, P. Ghaderi, R. Seyedan Jasbi, E. and Moghtadaee Far, S. (2013). Isolation, serotyping and antibiotic-resistance pattern of isolated salmonella from chicken of Arak. Iranian Veterinary Journal, 9(2): 88-96. [In Persian]
Garber, L. (2003). Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis in table egg layer house environments and in mice in US layer houses and associated risk factors. Avian Diseases, 47(1): 134-142.
Gast, R.K. (2013). Paratyphoid infections. In: Diseases of Poultry. Swayne, D.E., Glisson, J.R., Mcdouglad, L.R., Nolan, L.K. and Suarez, D.L. editors. 13th ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Publication, pp: 673-736.
Huneau-Salaün, A. (2009). Risk factors for Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica contamination in 519 French laying hen flocks at the end of the laying period. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 89(1): 51-58.
Iranian National Standards Organization, Instruction for sampling animal feeding stuffs. Iran Veterinary Organization, number: 44/32673-85/7/5.
Iranian National Standards Organization, Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs-Horizontal method for the detection of salmonella. Standard number: 1810, third revise 2002: 2-22.
Iranian National Standards Organization, Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs-sampling. Standard number: 7570.
Jamshidi, A., Kalidari, G.A. and Hedayati, M. (2010). Isolation and identification of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium from the eggs of Retail stores in Meshhad-Iran using conventional culture method and multiplex PCR assay. Journal of Food Safety, 30: 558-568.
Le Bouquin, S., Allain, V., Rouxel, S., Petetin, I., Picherot, M., Michel, V., et al. (2010). Prevalence and risk factors for Salmonella spp. contamination in French broiler-chicken flocks at the end of the rearing period. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 97(3): 245-251.
Lister, S.A. and Barrow, P. (2008). Enterobacteriaceae. In: Poultry Diseases. Pattison, M., McMullin, P., Bradbury, J.M. and Alexander, D. editors. 6th ed., Elsevier Ltd, pp: 115-142.
Mitchell, L.C. (1992). Epidemiology of drug resistance, implications for a post-antimicrobial era. Science, 257(5073): 1050-1055.
Mollenhorst, H. (2005). Risk factors for Salmonella enteritidis infections in laying hens. Poultry Science, 84(8): 1308-1313.
Morales, R.A. and McDowell, R.M. (1999). Economic consequences of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infection in humans and the US egg industry. Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in humans and animals. USA: Ames Press, Iowa State University, pp: 271-290.
Morehouse, L.G. and Wedman, E.E. (1961). Salmonella and other disease producing organism in animal byproducts: a survey. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 139: 989-994.
Morris, G.K., Martin, W.T., Shelton, W.H., Wells, J.G. and Brachman, P.S. (1970). Salmonella in fish meal plants: relative amounts of contamination at various stages of processing and a method of control. Applied Microbiology, 19: 401-408.
Morshed, R. (2013). Bacteriological study of broiler flocks (Salmonella contamination) in Amol city. Veterinary Journal, 25(4): 23-28. [In Persian]
Morshed, R. and Peighambari, S.M. (2010). Salmonella infections in poultry flocks in the vicinity of Tehran. International Journal of Veterinary Research, 4(4): 273-276.
Mueller-Doblies, D., Sayers, A.R. Carrique-Mas, J.J. and Davies, R.H. (2009). Comparison of sampling methods to detect Salmonella infection of turkey flocks. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 107: 635-645.
Namata, H. (2008). Salmonella in Belgian laying hens: An identification of risk factors. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 83: 323-336.
Paiao, F.G., Arisitides, L.G.A., Murate, L.S., Vilas-Bôas, G.T. and Shimokomaki, M. (2013). Detection of Salmonella spp, Salmonella enteritidis and typhimurium in naturally infected broiler chickens by a multiplex PCR-based assay. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 44(1): 37-41.
Rasschaert, G. (2007). Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella and Campylobacter contamination of poultry during transport and slaughter. Thesis submitted in the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Veterinary Science (Ph.D), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University.
Scallan, E., Hoekstra, R.M., Angulo, F.J., Tauxe, R.V., Widdowson, M.A., Roy, S.L., et al. (2011). Foodborne illness acquired in the United States-major pathogens. Emerging Infectious Disease, 17(1).
Snow, L. (2010). Investigation of risk factors for Salmonella on commercial egg-laying farms in Great Britain, 2004-2005. The Veterinary Record, 166(19): 579.
Soumet, C. (1999). Identification by a multiplex PCR-based assay of Salmonella typhimorium and Salmonella entritidis strain from environmental swab of poultry houses. Letter in Applied Microbiology, 29: 1-6.
Van Hoorebeke, S. (2010). Determination of the within and between flock Prevalence and Identification of risk factors for Salmonella infections in laying hen flocks housed in conventional and alternative systems. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 94(1): 94-100.
Waltman, W.D. and Gast, R.K. (2008). Sallmonellosis. In: A Laboratory Manual for the Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Avian Pathogens. Dufour-Zavala, L., Swayne, D.E., Glisson, J.R., Pearson, J.E., Reed, W.M., Jackwood, M.W. and Woulcock, P.R. editors. American Association of Avian Pathologists, Athens, GA, pp: 3-10.
Zahraei Salehi, T. (1999). Salmonella. 1st ed. Iran: University of Tehran, pp: 1-97. [In Persian]
Zahraei Salehi, T., Mahzounieh, M. and Saeedzadeh, A. (2005). The isolation of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella from intestine and liver of poultry in Shiraz province of Iran. International Journal of Poultry Science, 4(5): 320-322.
