Jurisprudential and legal feasibility of criminal protection of spiritual heritage by looking at international documents

Subject Areas : Jurisprudence and criminal law and criminology

karen  rohani ¹ (Assistant Professor, Department of International Law, Qaimshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaimshahr, Iran)
Sharid  Bitarafan ² (PhD student, International Law Department, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran.)
reza  nasiri larimi ³ (Assistant Professor, Department of International Law, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran.)

Received: 2020-05-27 Accepted : 2020-12-29 Published : 2023-11-22

Keywords: criminalization, Cultural heritage, spiritual heritage, criminal protection,

Abstract :

Spiritual heritage, as an intangible type of cultural heritage, refers to the set of beliefs, beliefs, customs, traditions, arts and performances of a nation or society, which are rooted in their history and culture and are respected and honored by the people of that nation or society. Despite Iran's accession to the Spiritual Heritage Convention (2003) and the commitment to protect this heritage, the lack of separate regulations for the protection and protection of spiritual heritage is an issue that has caused violations of this heritage to not be accompanied by appropriate legal responses. This research deals with the case of exploration in this regard with the theoretical method and tools of criminal law. The main question of this article focuses on the possibility or impossibility of criminal response to the transgressors of spiritual heritage in Iranian law, so that the possibility of criminal treatment of the perpetrators of violation of spiritual heritage in terms of criminal law and Islamic jurisprudence can be investigated. Finally, by examining the existing regulations and their compliance with the Convention on Intellectual Heritage as well as with the laws and practices of some countries, it has been concluded that by applying the existing regulations and providing a logical interpretation of the laws, only a few cases of violation can be criminally responded to. There is a spiritual heritage and the criminal protection of this heritage requires the development of comprehensive regulations and obstacles in this regard.

References:

• قرآن


• نهج البلاغه


• احمدی میانجی، علی، (1422ق)، التبرک، تهران، مشعر


• اردبیلی، محمد علی (1394)، حقوق جزای عمومی، تهران، نشر میزان.


• انصاری درفولی، مرتضی، (1413)، المکاسب، مجمع الفکر الاسلامی، قم.


• چلپی، فائقه و قاسم‌آبادی، مرتضی و آقاپور، کمال (1396)، تحلیلی بر جایگاه نظم عمومی در نظام حقوق ایران، فصلنامه قضاوت، دوره 17، ش 91


• حر عاملى، محمد بن حسن‏، (1409)، وسائل الشیعة، ناشر مؤسسة آل البیت علیهم السلام‏، قم، چاپ اول.


• دهخدا، علی‌اکبر (1363)، لغت‌نامه، تهران، انتشارات امیرکبیر


• ری شهری، محمد، (1387)، فرهنگ مسجد، قم، دارالحدیث.


• رهامی، محسن و پرویزی، سیروس (1393)، اهانت به مقدسات دینی در حقوق ایران و انگلیس، مجله حقوقی دادگستری، ش81


• شکری، رضا (1382)، جرایم علیه میراث فرهنگیف تاریخی، ماهنامه دادرسی، ش39


• جبعی عاملی، زین‌الدین، (1388)، الروضة البهیة فی شرح اللمعة الدمشقیة، مترجم دکتر حمید مسجدسرایی، ناشر اندیشه­های حقوقی، کاشان.


• غنی­کله­لو، کیوان (1388)، جرایم علیه میراث فرهنگی (مطالعه تطبیقی)، تهران، شرکت سهامی روزنامه رسمی کشور


• فتاحی، محسن، (1393)، بررسی فقهی حقوقی میراث فرهنگی، تهران، پژوهشگاه علوم و فرهنگ اسلامی.


• کاشف الغطاء، علی بن محمدرضا، (1381)، النور الساطع فی الفقه النافع، ناشر چاپخانه الآداب، نجف الاشرف، چاپ اول.


• کلینى، ابو جعفر محمد بن یعقوب، (1407)، الکافی، ناشر دار الکتب الإسلامیة، تهران، چاپ چهارم.


• محقق حلّى، نجم الدین جعفر بن حسن، (1407)، المعتبر فی شرح المختصر، مصححین محمد على حیدرى- مهدى شمس الدین- سید ابو محمد مرتضوى- سید على موسوى، ناشر مؤسسه سید الشهداء علیه السلام، قم، چاپ اول.


• مشکینى، میرزا على‌، (بی‌تا)، مصطلحات الفقه‌، موجود در نرم افزار چامع فقه اهل البیت.


• موسوی خلخالى، محمد مهدى، (1422)، حاکمیت در اسلام یا ولایت فقیه، مترجم جعفر الهادى، ناشر دفتر انتشارات اسلامى وابسته به جامعه مدرسین حوزه علمیه قم، قم، چاپ اول.


• میرمحمد صادقی، حسین، (1394)، جرایم علیه امنیت و آسایش عمومی، تهران، نشر میزان.


• نجفی، محمدحسن، (1432)، جواهر الکلام، ناشر دار احیاء تراث العربی، بیروت، چاپ هفتم.


• نقدی‌نژاد، مجتبی و نارویی، اصغر، (1390)، جرایم علیه میراث فرهنگی، تهران، انتشارات جاودانه.


• هاشمی شاهرودی، محمد، (1382)، فرهنگ فقه مطابق مذهب اهل البیت علیهم السلام، ناشر مؤسسه دایرة المعارف فقه اسلامی، قم، چاپ اول.

• Quran


• Nahj al-Balagha


• Ahmadi Mianji, Ali, (1422 AH), al-Tabarak, Tehran, Mashaar


• Ardabili, Mohammad Ali (2014), General Criminal Law, Tehran, Mizan Publishing.


• Ansari Darfouli, Morteza, (1413), al-Makasab, Jamal al-Fikr al-Islami, Qom.


• Chalapi, Fayegh and Qasimabadi, Morteza and Aghapour, Kamal (2016), an analysis of the position of public order in Iran's legal system, Judiciary Quarterly, Volume 17, Issue 91


• Har Amli, Muhammad bin Hasan, (1409), Al-Shia's Ways, publisher of Al-Bayt Foundation, Qom, first edition.


• Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar (1363), Dictionary, Tehran, Amir Kabir Publications


• Ray Shahri, Mohammad, (1387), Farhang Masjid, Qom, Dar al-Hadith.


• Rahami, Mohsen and Parvizi, Siros (2013), Insulting religious sanctities in Iranian and British law, Judicial Law Journal, p.81


• Shokri, Reza (2012), Crimes against cultural and historical heritage, Judicial Monthly, No. 39


• Jabai Ameli, Zain al-Din, (1388), al-Rawda al-Bahiya fi Sharh al-Lama' al-Damashqiya, translated by Dr. Hamid Masjidsaraei, publisher of legal ideas, Kashan.


• Ghani-Kelelu, Kivan (2008), Crimes against cultural heritage (comparative study), Tehran, Iran Official Newspaper Joint Stock Company


• Fatahi, Mohsen, (2013), legal jurisprudence review of cultural heritage, Tehran, Islamic Science and Culture Research Institute.


• Kashif al-Ghita, Ali bin Muhammad Reza, (1381), Al-Nur al-Sati fi fiqh al-nafi, publisher of Al-Adab Printing House, Najaf al-Ashraf, first edition.


• Kalini, Abu Jafar Muhammad bin Yaqoob, (1407), Al-Kafi, Publisher of Islamic Books, Tehran, 4th edition.


• Mohagheq Hali, Najm al-Din Jafar bin Hasan, (1407), al-Mutabbar fi Sharh al-Mukhatsar, correctors Muhammad Ali Haidari- Mahdi Shams al-Din- Seyed Abu Muhammad Mortazavi- Seyed Ali Mousavi, publisher of Seyyed al-Shahada Institute, peace be upon him, Qom, first edition.


• Mishkini, Mirza Ali, (Bita), Jurisprudential terms, available in the software of Chame Fiqh of Ahl al-Bayt.


• Mousavi Khalkhali, Muhammad Mahdi, (1422), Rulership in Islam or Velayat al-Faqih, translated by Jafar Al-Hadi, publisher of the Islamic Publications Office affiliated to the Qom Theological Seminary Society, Qom, first edition.


• Mir Mohammad Sadeghi, Hossein, (2014), Crimes against security and public comfort, Tehran, Mizan Publishing.


• Najafi, Mohammad Hassan, (1432), Javaher al-Kalam, publisher of Revival of Arab Heritage, Beirut, 7th edition.


• Naghdinejad, Mojtabi and Naroi, Asghar, (2013), Crimes against cultural heritage, Tehran, Javadane Publications.


• Hashemi Shahroudi, Muhammad, (1382), Jurisprudence according to the religion of Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon him, publisher of Islamic Jurisprudence Encyclopaedia Institute, Qom, first edition.

ب-منابع لاتین

• Alexandra S. Antohin (2019), Preserving the Intangible: Orthodox Christian Approaches to Spiritual Heritage, Independent Scholar, Washington, religions


• Asmus, John., Parfenov, Vadim (2019), Characterization of Rembrandt self-portraits through digital-chiaroscuro statistics, Journal of Cultural Heritage, Vo 38:


• Feldman, David, (1993) Civil Liberties and Human Right in England and Welles, London, Saga Publication.


• Goler, Sarah (2011), Cultural Heritage and Crimes, Open University, London.


• Henry, John, (2000) two ways of thinking about cultural property, The Hague Kluwer law international, 2000


• Ross, John (2015), Crimes again Court, Oxford press, London.


• Salazar, Noel B., and Yujie Zhu. 2015. Heritage and Tourism. In Global Heritage: A Reader. Edited by Lynn Meskell. Chichester: Blackwell.


• Samuels, Kathryn Lafrenz. (2015),. Introduction Heritage as Persuasion. In Heritage Keywords: Rhetoric and Redescription in Cultural Heritage. Edited by Kathryn Lafrenz Samuels and Trinidad Rico. Boulder: University Press of Colorado.


• Siotto, Eliana (2019), Identification of gilding techniques on Roman marble sarcophagi, Journal of Cultural Heritage, Vo 38

Wagner, Roy. 1974. The Invention of Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.