The effect of couple therapy based on Schoenaker encouragement approach on improving psychological flexibility, cognitive emotion regulation and communication patterns of couples in Shiraz
Subject Areas : Woman and familyNajme Abdollahi 1 , Naser Amini 2 , Nazanin Honarparvaran 3
1 - Ph.D. student, Dep. Psychology, Boshehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Boshehr, Iran
2 - Assistant Prof., Dep. Psychology, Boshehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Boshehr, Iran (Correspondent author). n.amini@iaubushehr.ac.ir
3 - Assistant Prof., Dep. Psychology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
Keywords: cognitive emotion regulation, couples communication patterns, Psychological flexibility, couple therapy based on Schoenaker encouragement approach,
Abstract :
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of couple therapy based on Schoenaker encouragement approach on improving psychological flexibility, cognitive emotion regulation and communication patterns of couples in Shiraz. The research method was experimental and research design was the quasi-(semi-experimental) with pre-test, post-test and follow-up with the control group. First, the pretest was performed on both groups using research tools, then the therapeutic intervention was performed on the experimental group and the posttest was completed by both groups. Three months later, the follow-up test was performed and the results of pre-test, post-test and follow-up were compared. The statistical population included all couples in Shiraz in the spring quarter of 1400. The statistical sample ncluded 30 people (15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group) who were selected by convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to the two experimental and control groups. Research instruments included the Garnefski & Kraaij Cognitive Emotion Regulation (2006), Dennis and Vanderwall Cognitive Flexibility (2010) and the Adilson & Epstein Couples Communication Patterns (1982) questionnaires. The results showed that couple therapy based on Schoenaker encouragement approach had an effect on the couple's psychological flexibility and its component, positive emotion regulation (further increase of positive emotion regulation scores), negative emotion regulation (further decrease of negative emotion regulation scores) and psychological flexibility in the post-test and follow-up test. According to the research findings, it can be concluded that couple therapy based on Schoenaker encouragement approach can be used to improve psychological flexibility, cognitive emotion regulation and couples’ communication patterns.
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Andami-khoshk A, Golzari M & Ismailinasab M. (2014). The role of nine cognitive emotion regulation strategies in predicting resilience. The Thought and Behavior of Clinical Psychology. 27 (3): 26-12.
Berge, J. M., Christoph, M. J., Winkler, M. R., Miller, L., Eisenberg, M. E., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2019). Cumulative Encouragement to Diet From Adolescence to Adulthood: Longitudinal Associations With Health, Psychosocial Well-Being, and Romantic Relationships. Journal of Adolescent Health, 65(5), 690-697.
Besharat MA. Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire: Instruction and Scoring. Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology. 2018; 12(47): 89-93.
Bornstein, J. X., & Shaffer, A. (2017). Examining trait self-control and communication patterns in romantic couples using the actor-partner interaction model. Personality and Individual Differences. 106: 222-225.
Capuno, J., Kraft, A., & O'Donnell, O. (2021). Effectiveness of clinic-based cardiovascular disease prevention: A randomized encouragement design experiment in the Philippines. Social Science & Medicine, 283, 114194.
Cardoso, J., Ramos, C., Brito, J., & Almeida, T. C. (2022). Predictors of Pornography Use: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation and Loneliness. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 19(4), 620-628.
Daks, J. S., & Rogge, R. D. (2020). Examining the correlates of psychological flexibility in romantic relationship and family dynamics: A meta-analysis. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science. 18: 214-238
Daniels, S. R. (2018). Does learning or encouragement influence results for the 6-minute walk test? The Journal of pediatrics, 198(4): 236-249.
Dennis JP, Vander Wal JS. (2010). The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognetive Therapy and Research. 34 (3):241-53.
Eidelson, R. J., & Epstien, N. (1982). Cognitive and relationship of adjustment, Development of a measure of dysfunctional relationship beliefs. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 715-720
Facchin, F., Buggio, L., Vercellini, P., Frassineti, A., Beltrami, S., & Saita, E. (2021). Quality of intimate relationships, dyadic coping, and psychological health in women with endometriosis: Results from an online survey. Journal of psychosomatic research, 146, 110502.
Fonseca, A., & Canavarro, M. C. (2017). Women's intentions of informal and formal help-seeking for mental health problems during the perinatal period: The role of perceived encouragement from the partner. Midwifery, 50, 78-85.
Fonseca, A., Moreira, H., & Canavarro, M. C. (2020). Uncovering the links between parenting stress and parenting styles: The role of psychological flexibility within parenting and global psychological flexibility. Journal of contextual behavioral science, 18, 59-67.
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006). Relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: A comparative study of five specific samples. Personality and Individual differences, 40(8), 1659-1669.
Grady, J. S. (2019). Parental gentle encouragement promotes shy toddlers’ regulation in social contexts. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 186, 83-98.
Indu, P. V., Vijayan, B., Tharayil, H. M., Ayirolimeethal, A., & Vidyadharan, V. (2021). Domestic violence and psychological problems in married women during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown: a community-based survey. Asian journal of psychiatry, 64, 102812.
Kameli S. (2021). The relationship between parental psychological control and cultural values with mental vitality with respect to the mediating role of self-efficacy and emotional cognitive regulation. Doctoral dissertation of Shiraz University.
Kim, J. Y., & Jun, W. H. (2021). The effect of gratitude and self-encouragement on depression in psychiatric inpatients in Korea. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 35(3), 323-328.
Kim, K., & Lee, I. (2020). Medication error encouragement training: A quasi-experimental study. Nurse Education Today, 84, 104250.
Kollbrunner, J., & Seifert, E. (2017). Encouragement to increase the use of psychosocial skills in the diagnosis and therapy of patients with functional dysphonia. Journal of voice, 31(1), 132-e1.
Lee, J. G., Lee, J., & Lee, D. (2021). Cheerful encouragement or careful listening: The dynamics of robot etiquette at Children's different developmental stages. Computers in Human Behavior, 118, 106697.
Mestre, N. M., Audag, N., Caty, G., & Reychler, G. (2018). Learning and encouragement effects on six-minute walking test in children. The Journal of pediatrics, 198, 98-103.
Mohit A. (2016). The effect of marital education on sexual beliefs, sexual function and sexual quality in couples in Shiraz. Master Thesis. Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch.
Rickardsson, N., Scotland, J., Poveda, B., & Gillanders, D. (2022). Caring for someone with an acquired brain injury: The role of psychological flexibility. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science.
Saffari Nia, M. & Mehmannavazan, A. (2014). The effect of self-encouragement training on improving the courage and general self-efficacy skills of women caregivers. Women and society (Sociology of women). 5 (4): 130-107.
Shahrestani, M., Dostkam, M., Rahbardar, H. & Mashhadi, A. (2012), Predicting marital satisfaction from the variables of communication beliefs and marital intimacy in women seeking divorce and normal in Mashhad, Journal of Women and Culture. 4 (14): 41-19.
Söderlund, M. (2020). Employee encouragement of self-disclosure in the service encounter and its impact on customer satisfaction. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 53, 102001.
Solazzo, A. L., Tabaac, A. R., Agénor, M., Austin, S. B., & Charlton, B. M. (2019). Sexual orientation inequalities during provider-patient interactions in provider encouragement of sexual and reproductive health care. Preventive medicine, 126, 105787.
Sufi, A., Farnam, A., & Shirazi, M. (2018). The effectiveness of Schonaker's self-encouraging training on students' feelings of loneliness. Education Strategies (Medical Education Strategies). 11 (4), 129-135
Thompson, E. M., Brierley, M. E. E., Destrée, L., Albertella, L., & Fontenelle, L. F. (2022). Psychological flexibility and inflexibility in obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions, disability, and quality of life: An online longitudinal study. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 23, 38-47.
Xu, W., Wang, M. C., Zhang, X., Zeng, H., & Yang, W. (2022). Longitudinal pathways between marital relationships and children’s CU traits: Parenting style mediation and gender moderation. Children and Youth Services Review, 137, 106456.
Zare, H. & Mehmannavazan, A. (2015). The effect of encouragement training on promoting general self-efficacy and resilience of female-headed households. Women and Family Studies. 3 (1): 57-31.
_||_Abdul Mohammadi, K. (2007). A study and comparison of couples' communication beliefs and marital conflicts in men and women who go to court. Master Thesis. Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University.
Andami-khoshk A, Golzari M & Ismailinasab M. (2014). The role of nine cognitive emotion regulation strategies in predicting resilience. The Thought and Behavior of Clinical Psychology. 27 (3): 26-12.
Berge, J. M., Christoph, M. J., Winkler, M. R., Miller, L., Eisenberg, M. E., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2019). Cumulative Encouragement to Diet From Adolescence to Adulthood: Longitudinal Associations With Health, Psychosocial Well-Being, and Romantic Relationships. Journal of Adolescent Health, 65(5), 690-697.
Besharat MA. Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire: Instruction and Scoring. Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology. 2018; 12(47): 89-93.
Bornstein, J. X., & Shaffer, A. (2017). Examining trait self-control and communication patterns in romantic couples using the actor-partner interaction model. Personality and Individual Differences. 106: 222-225.
Capuno, J., Kraft, A., & O'Donnell, O. (2021). Effectiveness of clinic-based cardiovascular disease prevention: A randomized encouragement design experiment in the Philippines. Social Science & Medicine, 283, 114194.
Cardoso, J., Ramos, C., Brito, J., & Almeida, T. C. (2022). Predictors of Pornography Use: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation and Loneliness. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 19(4), 620-628.
Daks, J. S., & Rogge, R. D. (2020). Examining the correlates of psychological flexibility in romantic relationship and family dynamics: A meta-analysis. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science. 18: 214-238
Daniels, S. R. (2018). Does learning or encouragement influence results for the 6-minute walk test? The Journal of pediatrics, 198(4): 236-249.
Dennis JP, Vander Wal JS. (2010). The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognetive Therapy and Research. 34 (3):241-53.
Eidelson, R. J., & Epstien, N. (1982). Cognitive and relationship of adjustment, Development of a measure of dysfunctional relationship beliefs. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 715-720
Facchin, F., Buggio, L., Vercellini, P., Frassineti, A., Beltrami, S., & Saita, E. (2021). Quality of intimate relationships, dyadic coping, and psychological health in women with endometriosis: Results from an online survey. Journal of psychosomatic research, 146, 110502.
Fonseca, A., & Canavarro, M. C. (2017). Women's intentions of informal and formal help-seeking for mental health problems during the perinatal period: The role of perceived encouragement from the partner. Midwifery, 50, 78-85.
Fonseca, A., Moreira, H., & Canavarro, M. C. (2020). Uncovering the links between parenting stress and parenting styles: The role of psychological flexibility within parenting and global psychological flexibility. Journal of contextual behavioral science, 18, 59-67.
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006). Relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: A comparative study of five specific samples. Personality and Individual differences, 40(8), 1659-1669.
Grady, J. S. (2019). Parental gentle encouragement promotes shy toddlers’ regulation in social contexts. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 186, 83-98.
Indu, P. V., Vijayan, B., Tharayil, H. M., Ayirolimeethal, A., & Vidyadharan, V. (2021). Domestic violence and psychological problems in married women during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown: a community-based survey. Asian journal of psychiatry, 64, 102812.
Kameli S. (2021). The relationship between parental psychological control and cultural values with mental vitality with respect to the mediating role of self-efficacy and emotional cognitive regulation. Doctoral dissertation of Shiraz University.
Kim, J. Y., & Jun, W. H. (2021). The effect of gratitude and self-encouragement on depression in psychiatric inpatients in Korea. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 35(3), 323-328.
Kim, K., & Lee, I. (2020). Medication error encouragement training: A quasi-experimental study. Nurse Education Today, 84, 104250.
Kollbrunner, J., & Seifert, E. (2017). Encouragement to increase the use of psychosocial skills in the diagnosis and therapy of patients with functional dysphonia. Journal of voice, 31(1), 132-e1.
Lee, J. G., Lee, J., & Lee, D. (2021). Cheerful encouragement or careful listening: The dynamics of robot etiquette at Children's different developmental stages. Computers in Human Behavior, 118, 106697.
Mestre, N. M., Audag, N., Caty, G., & Reychler, G. (2018). Learning and encouragement effects on six-minute walking test in children. The Journal of pediatrics, 198, 98-103.
Mohit A. (2016). The effect of marital education on sexual beliefs, sexual function and sexual quality in couples in Shiraz. Master Thesis. Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch.
Rickardsson, N., Scotland, J., Poveda, B., & Gillanders, D. (2022). Caring for someone with an acquired brain injury: The role of psychological flexibility. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science.
Saffari Nia, M. & Mehmannavazan, A. (2014). The effect of self-encouragement training on improving the courage and general self-efficacy skills of women caregivers. Women and society (Sociology of women). 5 (4): 130-107.
Shahrestani, M., Dostkam, M., Rahbardar, H. & Mashhadi, A. (2012), Predicting marital satisfaction from the variables of communication beliefs and marital intimacy in women seeking divorce and normal in Mashhad, Journal of Women and Culture. 4 (14): 41-19.
Söderlund, M. (2020). Employee encouragement of self-disclosure in the service encounter and its impact on customer satisfaction. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 53, 102001.
Solazzo, A. L., Tabaac, A. R., Agénor, M., Austin, S. B., & Charlton, B. M. (2019). Sexual orientation inequalities during provider-patient interactions in provider encouragement of sexual and reproductive health care. Preventive medicine, 126, 105787.
Sufi, A., Farnam, A., & Shirazi, M. (2018). The effectiveness of Schonaker's self-encouraging training on students' feelings of loneliness. Education Strategies (Medical Education Strategies). 11 (4), 129-135
Thompson, E. M., Brierley, M. E. E., Destrée, L., Albertella, L., & Fontenelle, L. F. (2022). Psychological flexibility and inflexibility in obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions, disability, and quality of life: An online longitudinal study. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 23, 38-47.
Xu, W., Wang, M. C., Zhang, X., Zeng, H., & Yang, W. (2022). Longitudinal pathways between marital relationships and children’s CU traits: Parenting style mediation and gender moderation. Children and Youth Services Review, 137, 106456.
Zare, H. & Mehmannavazan, A. (2015). The effect of encouragement training on promoting general self-efficacy and resilience of female-headed households. Women and Family Studies. 3 (1): 57-31.
