The Prediction of Grit Based on God Attachment, Life hope, and Happiness in retired women teachers in khominishar city
Subject Areas : Woman and familyElham Rezaei 1 , Fatemeh Javadzadeh 2
1 - Master student in family counseling, Islamic Azad University of Khomeini Shahr, Khomeini, Iran
2 - * Assistant Professor, Counseling Department, Khomeini Shahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran (Corresponding Author)
Keywords: happiness, Life expectancy, attachment to god, Grit, retired women teachers,
Abstract :
The aim of this study was to predict Grit based on attachment to God, life expectancy and happiness in retired female educators of Khomeini Shahr city. The research method was correlational type of prediction and the statistical population included all retired female educators in Khomeini Shahr in 2020, whose number was 167 people. Using Morgan table, the sample size was estimated to be 113 people according to the statistical population. Finally, the sample size was reduced to 100 people, including statistical loss. Data collection tools included the Grit Questionnaire's Duckworth (2007), the Attachment to God Beck and McDonald's Questionnaire (2004), the Snyder's Life Hope Questionnaire (1991), and the Argyle, Martin, & Croesland's Oxford Questionnaire (1989) Happiness Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed at two levels of descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression) using spss-22 software. The results showed that attachment to God (β = 0.49), happiness (β = 0.23) and life expectancy (β = 0.42) respectively, were 47/5% able to predict the Grit of retired female educators. The results also showed that Sub-component of attachment to God, relationship with God, trust and attention to God, 34/2% were able to predict Grit And Sub-component of life expectancy, factor thinking, and strategic thinking accounted for 37/9% percent of the ability to predict Grit at the significance level of p≤0.01.
Ajdari Fard, P., Ghazi, GH & Nouranipour, R (2010). Investigating the effect of mysticism and spirituality education on students' mental health. new ideas in educational sciences. 5 (2). 17-31.
Asgari, P., Roshani, Kh. & Adriani, M. (2010). The Relationship between Religious Beliefs and Optimism and the Spiritual Health of Ahwaz Azad University Students. New Findings in Psychology. 4 (10). 27-39.
Barati, F., Ashrafi, Z., Najafi, F., Karimi, A. & Sharifizadeh, GH (2015). Evaluation of happiness status and related factors in students of University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences. 3 (2). 27-35.
Bitarafan, L., Kazemi, M. & Yousefi Afrashteh, M. (2017). The relationship between attachment styles to God and resilience with death anxiety in the elderly. Elderly Journal. 12 (4). 449-465.
Duckworth, A. L., & Allred, K. M. (2012). Temperament in the classroom. In R. L. Shiner and M. Zentner (Eds.), Handbook of Temperament New York, NY Guilford Press.p 627-644.
Duckworth, A., & Winkler, L. E. (2015). “Grit”, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 397-401.
Duckworth, A.L & Seligman, M.E.P. (2017). The science and practice of self-control. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 12. 715-718
Elizabeth, A. (2011). United States life table. National Vital Statistics Report. 64(11). 1-63.
Feldman, D, B., & Kubota, M. (2015). Hope, self-efficacy, optimism, and academic achievement: Distinguishing constructs and levels of specificity in predicting college. Learning and Individual Differences. 37. 801–806.
Fouladi, N. & Shahidi, A. (2017). The role of personality traits and life expectancy in predicting psychological toughness among students with respect to gender. clinical psychology and personality. 15 (1). 93-101.
Fountoulakis, K,N,. Siamouli, M., Magiria S., &Kaprinis, G. (2008). Late-Life depression, religiosity, cerebral vascular disease. Cognitive impairment and attitudes towards death in the elderly: Interpreting the data. Medical hypotheses. 70. 493-496.
Ghaffari, M.H(2017)). Relationship between attachment to God and resilience with meaning in teachers' lives, First National Conference on Social Sciences. Educational Sciences and Social Security. 2 (7). 42-53.
Ghasemi, A., Abedi, A. & Baghban, I. (2009). The impact of group education based on Snyder’s hop theory on the rate of happiness in eldery’s life. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology. 41. 17-40.
Ghobary Bonab, B., & YousefiNamini, A. (2010). The Relationship between Attachment to God and Reliance on God. Procida. Paris. 5. 1098-1104
Gholami, A &Bashildeh, K. (2011). The effectiveness of spiritual therapy on the mental health of divorced women. Family Counseling and Psychotherapy Quarterly. 1 (3). 331-348.
Hamid, N. (2009). Investigating the Relationship between Religious Attitude and Mental Health and Immune System Function. Psychological Studies. 5 (2). 1-13.
Hossein Chari, M. & Mohammadi, M. (2011). Predicting psychological resilience based on religious beliefs in urban and rural students. Contemporary Psychology. 6 (2). 45-56.
Jouybari, L., Rezaiean, M., Sanagoo, A., Jafari, Y., & Hosseini, A. (2011). Explaining the Happiness Experience of the Students in Golestan University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Gorgan Bouyeh Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery.1(19). 1-10.
Kalantar Hormozi, A., Asali Talekui, S & Moradi Liaoli, G.H (2015). Predicting Psychological Resilience Based on Religious Adherence in Married Women. Quarterly Journal of Clinical Psychology Studies. 19 (5). 119-139.
Kent, B. V., Bradshaw, M., & Uecker, J. E. (2018). Forgiveness, attachment to God, and mental health outcomes in older US adults: A longitudinal study. Research on aging.40(5). 456-479.
Khan, BM., & Khan, AM. (2017). Grit, happiness and life satisfaction among professionals: a correlational study. J Psychol Cognition. 2(2).123-132
Khoram rouz, J., Moltafet, GH., & Firouzi, M.R. (2017). The relationship between attachment to God and psychological well-being and the mediating role of feelings of shame and guilt. Armaghan Danesh. 22 (1). 112-125.
Krikpatrick, L. A. (1999). Handbook of attachment: Teory research and clinical application. New York: Guiford Press.
Kwon, H. W.(2021). Are Gritty People Happier than Others?: Evidence from the United States and South Korea. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1-23.
Kuhpayehzadeh, F., Motamedi, A., Dourtaj, F., Eskandari, H. & Farokhi, N. (2019). The effectiveness of semantic therapy-based educational package on the feeling of loneliness and self-efficacy of retired teachers. geriatrics. 4 (1).24-33.
McCracken, L. M., Badinlou, F., Buhrman, M., & Brocki, K. C. (2021). The role of psychological flexibility in the context of COVID-19: Associations with depression, anxiety, and insomnia. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 19, 28-35.
Mishara, B. & Riddle, A(2003). Adult Psychology. Translated by Hamzeh Ganji, Alma Davodian and Farangis Habibi. Tehran: Information Publications.
Mohammadi, A & Azerbijan, M. (2009). An Investigation of the Relationship between Islamic Happiness and Psychological Happiness among the Students of Qom University .Journal of sychologyand religion. 3(7). 283-287.
Musaei, M. (2004). Social and Psychological Impacts of Retirement of Faculty Members: A Case Study at the University of Tehran. Quarterly Journal of Teacher of Humanities. 36. 157-180.
Nazarnejad, N. & Sharaf Tadvani, L (2010) Justification of religious beliefs based on their psychological function in the Holy Quran, Philosophy of Religion. 7 (8). 45-64.
Pargament, K, I .(1990). God help me: Toward a theoretical frame work of coping for the Psychology of religion research in the social scientific study of religious. Newyork, Wiley. 2. 195-224.
Safari, N (2014). The relationship between resilience and quality of life with happiness of women heads of households under the auspices of Shiraz Relief Committee. Master Thesis in Educational Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Marvdasht.
Salles, A., Cohen, G. L., & Mueller, C. M. (2014). The relationship between grit and resident well-being. The American Journal of Surgery. 207(2). 251-254.
Seon Ahn, H., Bong, M., & Kim, S. (2017). Social models in the cognitive appraisal of self-efficacy information. Contemporary Educational Psychology. 48. 149 – 166
Tough, P. (2012). How children succeed: Grit, curiosity, and the hidden power of character. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Yang, K.P., & Mao, X.Y. (2007). A study of nurses'spiritual intelligence: A cross-sectional questionnairesurvey. Journal of Nursing Studies. 144. 999-1010.
Zeinih, H., & Nilsaz, N. (2012).Happiness and Joyfulness from the Viewpoint of Holly Koran & Islamic Traditions. Culture in Islamic University. 1 (1).50-68.
_||_
Ajdari Fard, P., Ghazi, GH & Nouranipour, R (2010). Investigating the effect of mysticism and spirituality education on students' mental health. new ideas in educational sciences. 5 (2). 17-31.
Asgari, P., Roshani, Kh. & Adriani, M. (2010). The Relationship between Religious Beliefs and Optimism and the Spiritual Health of Ahwaz Azad University Students. New Findings in Psychology. 4 (10). 27-39.
Barati, F., Ashrafi, Z., Najafi, F., Karimi, A. & Sharifizadeh, GH (2015). Evaluation of happiness status and related factors in students of University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences. 3 (2). 27-35.
Bitarafan, L., Kazemi, M. & Yousefi Afrashteh, M. (2017). The relationship between attachment styles to God and resilience with death anxiety in the elderly. Elderly Journal. 12 (4). 449-465.
Duckworth, A. L., & Allred, K. M. (2012). Temperament in the classroom. In R. L. Shiner and M. Zentner (Eds.), Handbook of Temperament New York, NY Guilford Press.p 627-644.
Duckworth, A., & Winkler, L. E. (2015). “Grit”, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 397-401.
Duckworth, A.L & Seligman, M.E.P. (2017). The science and practice of self-control. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 12. 715-718
Elizabeth, A. (2011). United States life table. National Vital Statistics Report. 64(11). 1-63.
Feldman, D, B., & Kubota, M. (2015). Hope, self-efficacy, optimism, and academic achievement: Distinguishing constructs and levels of specificity in predicting college. Learning and Individual Differences. 37. 801–806.
Fouladi, N. & Shahidi, A. (2017). The role of personality traits and life expectancy in predicting psychological toughness among students with respect to gender. clinical psychology and personality. 15 (1). 93-101.
Fountoulakis, K,N,. Siamouli, M., Magiria S., &Kaprinis, G. (2008). Late-Life depression, religiosity, cerebral vascular disease. Cognitive impairment and attitudes towards death in the elderly: Interpreting the data. Medical hypotheses. 70. 493-496.
Ghaffari, M.H(2017)). Relationship between attachment to God and resilience with meaning in teachers' lives, First National Conference on Social Sciences. Educational Sciences and Social Security. 2 (7). 42-53.
Ghasemi, A., Abedi, A. & Baghban, I. (2009). The impact of group education based on Snyder’s hop theory on the rate of happiness in eldery’s life. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology. 41. 17-40.
Ghobary Bonab, B., & YousefiNamini, A. (2010). The Relationship between Attachment to God and Reliance on God. Procida. Paris. 5. 1098-1104
Gholami, A &Bashildeh, K. (2011). The effectiveness of spiritual therapy on the mental health of divorced women. Family Counseling and Psychotherapy Quarterly. 1 (3). 331-348.
Hamid, N. (2009). Investigating the Relationship between Religious Attitude and Mental Health and Immune System Function. Psychological Studies. 5 (2). 1-13.
Hossein Chari, M. & Mohammadi, M. (2011). Predicting psychological resilience based on religious beliefs in urban and rural students. Contemporary Psychology. 6 (2). 45-56.
Jouybari, L., Rezaiean, M., Sanagoo, A., Jafari, Y., & Hosseini, A. (2011). Explaining the Happiness Experience of the Students in Golestan University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Gorgan Bouyeh Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery.1(19). 1-10.
Kalantar Hormozi, A., Asali Talekui, S & Moradi Liaoli, G.H (2015). Predicting Psychological Resilience Based on Religious Adherence in Married Women. Quarterly Journal of Clinical Psychology Studies. 19 (5). 119-139.
Kent, B. V., Bradshaw, M., & Uecker, J. E. (2018). Forgiveness, attachment to God, and mental health outcomes in older US adults: A longitudinal study. Research on aging.40(5). 456-479.
Khan, BM., & Khan, AM. (2017). Grit, happiness and life satisfaction among professionals: a correlational study. J Psychol Cognition. 2(2).123-132
Khoram rouz, J., Moltafet, GH., & Firouzi, M.R. (2017). The relationship between attachment to God and psychological well-being and the mediating role of feelings of shame and guilt. Armaghan Danesh. 22 (1). 112-125.
Krikpatrick, L. A. (1999). Handbook of attachment: Teory research and clinical application. New York: Guiford Press.
Kwon, H. W.(2021). Are Gritty People Happier than Others?: Evidence from the United States and South Korea. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1-23.
Kuhpayehzadeh, F., Motamedi, A., Dourtaj, F., Eskandari, H. & Farokhi, N. (2019). The effectiveness of semantic therapy-based educational package on the feeling of loneliness and self-efficacy of retired teachers. geriatrics. 4 (1).24-33.
McCracken, L. M., Badinlou, F., Buhrman, M., & Brocki, K. C. (2021). The role of psychological flexibility in the context of COVID-19: Associations with depression, anxiety, and insomnia. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 19, 28-35.
Mishara, B. & Riddle, A(2003). Adult Psychology. Translated by Hamzeh Ganji, Alma Davodian and Farangis Habibi. Tehran: Information Publications.
Mohammadi, A & Azerbijan, M. (2009). An Investigation of the Relationship between Islamic Happiness and Psychological Happiness among the Students of Qom University .Journal of sychologyand religion. 3(7). 283-287.
Musaei, M. (2004). Social and Psychological Impacts of Retirement of Faculty Members: A Case Study at the University of Tehran. Quarterly Journal of Teacher of Humanities. 36. 157-180.
Nazarnejad, N. & Sharaf Tadvani, L (2010) Justification of religious beliefs based on their psychological function in the Holy Quran, Philosophy of Religion. 7 (8). 45-64.
Pargament, K, I .(1990). God help me: Toward a theoretical frame work of coping for the Psychology of religion research in the social scientific study of religious. Newyork, Wiley. 2. 195-224.
Safari, N (2014). The relationship between resilience and quality of life with happiness of women heads of households under the auspices of Shiraz Relief Committee. Master Thesis in Educational Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Marvdasht.
Salles, A., Cohen, G. L., & Mueller, C. M. (2014). The relationship between grit and resident well-being. The American Journal of Surgery. 207(2). 251-254.
Seon Ahn, H., Bong, M., & Kim, S. (2017). Social models in the cognitive appraisal of self-efficacy information. Contemporary Educational Psychology. 48. 149 – 166
Tough, P. (2012). How children succeed: Grit, curiosity, and the hidden power of character. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Yang, K.P., & Mao, X.Y. (2007). A study of nurses'spiritual intelligence: A cross-sectional questionnairesurvey. Journal of Nursing Studies. 144. 999-1010.
Zeinih, H., & Nilsaz, N. (2012).Happiness and Joyfulness from the Viewpoint of Holly Koran & Islamic Traditions. Culture in Islamic University. 1 (1).50-68.
