Predicting Child Abuse during the Covid-19 Epidemic based on Parental Burnout and Control
Subject Areas :صدیقه نجفی 1 , مجتبی امیری مجد 2
1 - کارشناس ارشد، گروه روان شناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد ابهر، ابهر، ایران.
2 - Mo.Amiri@iau.ac.ir . 2. نویسنده مسئول: دانشیار گروه روان شناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد ابهر، ابهر، ای
Keywords: Keywords: child abuse, parental control, Parental Burnout,
Abstract :
AbstractThe aim of the current research was to predict child abuse during the covid-19 epidemicbased on parental burnout and control. The research community was formed by all themothers of preschool students in Qazvin city in 1401, of which 90 people were selected as asample by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The tools used in this research wereStrauss et al.'s (1998) parent-child conflict assessment questionnaire, Rozkam et al.'s (2018)parental burnout scale, and PARQ parental control questionnaire. Pearson's correlationcoefficient and multivariate regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The findingsshowed that there is an inverse relationship between parental burnout and assertivediscipline, and there is also a direct relationship between parental burnout and mental andphysical abuse (p<0.05). Also, acceptance and affection have a direct relationship with firmdiscipline, but an inverse relationship with mental and physical abuse. Hostility/aggressionalso has an inverse relationship with firm discipline, but a direct relationship with mentaland physical abuse. Parental rejection also has a direct relationship with mental abuse andan inverse relationship with physical abuse (p<0.05). No significant relationship wasobserved between other variables. The findings of this research show the importance of therelationship between parental fatigue and control and child abuse, and 30.4% of child abusecan be predicted by parental exhaustion and control.
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pandemic. Journal of family violence, 1-7.
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between exposure to family violence in childhood and post-traumatic stress symptoms
in young adulthood: the mediating role of social support. Child Abuse & Neglect, 92,
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people need guidance. Lancet, 395(10228), 945.
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does it matter? Clinical Psychological Science, 7(6), 1319–1329.
Mikolajczak, M., Raes, M-E., Avalosse, H., Roskam, I. (2018). Exhausted parents:
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Consequences of parental burnout: Its specific effect on child neglect and violence,
Child abuse & neglec, 80, 134-145.
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childhood anxiety: The mediating role of perceived lack of control. Journal of Child
and Family Studies, 21(4), 637-645.
فصلنامه پژوهش های کاربردی در علوم رفتاری/ 55
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systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 9(11), e1001349.
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Immediate psychological effects of the COVID-19 quarantine in youth from Italy and
spain.
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mothers with high and low education. Journal of Family Psychology, 29(6), 907–918.
Prikhidko, A., Long, H., & Wheaton, M. G. (2020). The Effect of Concerns About COVID-
19 on Anxiety, Stress, Parental Burnout, and Emotion Regulation: The Role of
Susceptibility to Digital Emotion Contagion. Frontiers in public health, 8, 894.
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and parenting styles. Violence and Victims, 25(6), 728–741.
Roskam, I., Brianda, M. E., & Mikolajczak, M. (2018). A step forward in the
conceptualization and measurement of parental burnout: the parental burnout
assessment (PBA). Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 758.
Séjourné, N., Sanchez-Rodriguez, R., Leboullenger, A., & Callahan, S. (2018). Maternal
burn-out: an exploratory study. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 36(3),
276–288.
Shaw, D. S., & Bell, R. Q. (1993). Developmental theories of parental contributors to
antisocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21(5), 493-518.
Sorkkila, M., & Aunola, K. (2020). Risk factors for parental burnout among Finnish
parents: the role of socially prescribed perfectionism. Journal of Child and Family
Studies, 29, 648–659.
Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., Finkelhor, D., Moore, D. W., & Runyan, D. (1998).
Identification of child maltreatment with the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales:
Development and psychometric data for a national sample of American parents. Child
abuse & neglect, 22(4), 249-270.
Vigouroux, S. L., Scola, C. (2018). Differences in parental burnout: Influence of
demographic factors and personality of parents and children. Front Psychol. 9, 887.
Widom, C. S., Czaja, S., & Dutton, M. A. (2014). Child abuse and neglect and intimate
partner violence victimization and perpetration: a prospective investigation. Child
Abuse & Neglect, 38(4), 650–663.
Xie, X., Xue, Q., Zhou, Y., Zhu, K., Liu, Q., Zhang, J., & Song, R. (2020). Mental health
status among children in home confinement during the coronavirus disease 2019
outbreak in Hubei Province, China.
Baumrind, D., Larzelere, R. E., & Owens, E. B. (2010). Effects of preschool parents' power
assertive patterns and practices on adolescent development. Parenting: Science and
Practice, 10(3), 157-201.
Costa S, Santi G, di Fronso S, Montesano C, Di Gruttola F, Ciofi EG, et al. (2020). Athletes
and adversities: Athletic identity and emotional regulation in time of COVID-19.
Sport Sci Health, 16(4), 609-18. [PMID]
Fortson, B. L., Klevins, J., Merrick, M. T., Gibert, L. K., & Alexander, S. P. (2016).
Preventing child abuse and neglect: A technical package for policy, norm, and
programmatic activities. Atlanta: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control,
Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
Griffith, A. K. (2020). Parental burnout and child maltreatment during the COVID-19
pandemic. Journal of family violence, 1-7.
Haj-Yahia, M., Sokar, S., Hassan-Abbas, N., & Malka, M. (2019). The relationship
between exposure to family violence in childhood and post-traumatic stress symptoms
in young adulthood: the mediating role of social support. Child Abuse & Neglect, 92,
126–138.
Hubert, Sarah., Aujoulat, Isabelle. (2018), Parental Burnout: When Exhausted Mothers
Open Up, Front Psychol, 9, 1021.
Jiao, W. Y., Wang, L. N., Liu, J., Fang, S. F., Jiao, F. Y., Pettoello-Mantovani, M.,
Somekh, E. (2020). Behavioral and Emotional Disorders in Children during the
COVID-19 Epidemic. The Journal of Pediatrics, January.
Kuppens, S., & Ceulemans, E. (2019). Parenting styles: A closer look at a well-known
concept. Journal of child and family studies, 28(1), 168-181.
Le Vigouroux, Sarah., Scola, Celine and Raes, Marie_Emilie and Mikolajczak, Moira and
Roskam, Isabelle. (2017). The big five personality traits and parental burnout:
protective and risk factors, Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 119, 216-219.
León-del-Barco, B., Mendo-Lázaro, S., Polo-Del-Río, M. I., & López-Ramos, V. M.
(2019). Parental psychological control and emotional and behavioral disorders among
Spanish adolescents. International journal of environmental research and public
health, 16(3), 507.
Leung, C. C., Lam, T. H., Cheng, K. K. (2020). Mass masking in the COVID-19 epidemic:
people need guidance. Lancet, 395(10228), 945.
Manja, S. A., Mohamad, I., Ismail, H., & Yusof, N. I. (2020). Covid-19: The Investigation
On the Emotional Parental Burnout During Movement Control Order in Malaysia.
European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 7(2), 4912-4929.
Mikolajczak, M., Gross, J. J., & Roskam, I. (2019). Parental burnout: what is it, and why
does it matter? Clinical Psychological Science, 7(6), 1319–1329.
Mikolajczak, M., Raes, M-E., Avalosse, H., Roskam, I. (2018). Exhausted parents:
Sociodemographic, child-related, parentrelated, parenting and family-functioning
correlates of parental burnout. J Child Fam Stud, 27(2), 602–14.
Mikolajczak, Moira., Roskam, Isabelle. (2017). Le burn-out parental, JACOB pub., First
Edition, 336 pages.
Mikolajczak, Moria., Brianda, Mariaelena., Avalosse, Herve., Roskam, Isabelle. (2018).
Consequences of parental burnout: Its specific effect on child neglect and violence,
Child abuse & neglec, 80, 134-145.
Nanda, M. M., Kotchick, B. A., & Grover, R. L. (2012). Parental psychological control and
childhood anxiety: The mediating role of perceived lack of control. Journal of Child
and Family Studies, 21(4), 637-645.
فصلنامه پژوهش های کاربردی در علوم رفتاری/ 55
Norman, R. E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., & Vos, T. (2012). The longterm
health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a
systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 9(11), e1001349.
Orgilés, M., Morales, A., Delvecchio, E., Mazzeschi, C., & Espada, J. P. (2020, April 21).
Immediate psychological effects of the COVID-19 quarantine in youth from Italy and
spain.
Parkes, A., Sweeting, H., & Wight, D. (2015). Parenting stress and parent support among
mothers with high and low education. Journal of Family Psychology, 29(6), 907–918.
Prikhidko, A., Long, H., & Wheaton, M. G. (2020). The Effect of Concerns About COVID-
19 on Anxiety, Stress, Parental Burnout, and Emotion Regulation: The Role of
Susceptibility to Digital Emotion Contagion. Frontiers in public health, 8, 894.
Rodriguez, C. M. (2010). Parent-child aggression: association with child abuse potential
and parenting styles. Violence and Victims, 25(6), 728–741.
Roskam, I., Brianda, M. E., & Mikolajczak, M. (2018). A step forward in the
conceptualization and measurement of parental burnout: the parental burnout
assessment (PBA). Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 758.
Séjourné, N., Sanchez-Rodriguez, R., Leboullenger, A., & Callahan, S. (2018). Maternal
burn-out: an exploratory study. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 36(3),
276–288.
Shaw, D. S., & Bell, R. Q. (1993). Developmental theories of parental contributors to
antisocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21(5), 493-518.
Sorkkila, M., & Aunola, K. (2020). Risk factors for parental burnout among Finnish
parents: the role of socially prescribed perfectionism. Journal of Child and Family
Studies, 29, 648–659.
Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., Finkelhor, D., Moore, D. W., & Runyan, D. (1998).
Identification of child maltreatment with the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales:
Development and psychometric data for a national sample of American parents. Child
abuse & neglect, 22(4), 249-270.
Vigouroux, S. L., Scola, C. (2018). Differences in parental burnout: Influence of
demographic factors and personality of parents and children. Front Psychol. 9, 887.
Widom, C. S., Czaja, S., & Dutton, M. A. (2014). Child abuse and neglect and intimate
partner violence victimization and perpetration: a prospective investigation. Child
Abuse & Neglect, 38(4), 650–663.
Xie, X., Xue, Q., Zhou, Y., Zhu, K., Liu, Q., Zhang, J., & Song, R. (2020). Mental health
status among children in home confinement during the coronavirus disease 2019
outbreak in Hubei Province, China.
