Analyzing online participatory planning with a sustainable development approach in Shahinshahr city
Subject Areas : Journal of Radar and Optical Remote Sensing and GIS
Mahdi
Fadaei
1
(PhD student in Geography and Urban Planning, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran)
Sayyed Ali
Almodaresi
2
(Faculty Member of Geography, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran)
Amir
Kandomkar
3
(Department of Geography, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran)
Maliheh
Zakeriyan
4
(Faculty Member of Geography, Meybod Branch, Islamic Azad University, Meybod, Iran)
Keywords: Arc GIS, Sustainable Development, urban management, participatory planning, Shahin Shahr,
Abstract :
The purpose of this research is to analyze participatory planning on the web with a sustainable development approach in the city of Shahin Shahr. In the present research, first the raw layers of Shahinshahr map including regions, districts and urban blocks were prepared from the municipality. In this research, the statistical population is those who have the most connections with urban areas. Based on this and according to the opinion of experts and district managers, trustees who live in Shahin Shahr city and their number is 70 were selected. Then, the address of the place of residence of these people was placed on the city map in Arc GIS software and its various factors were checked. The purpose of writing this research, which is survey and applied, is to analyze the relationship between age, gender, education level, occupation and the suggestions of trustees with the municipality. In the end, it was found that the spatial distribution of the residences of trustees participating in urban programs is not uniform and on the other hand, there is a dependency between the age, gender, level of education and the place of residence of the trustees with the level of their cooperation.
Analyzing online participatory planning with a sustainable development approach in Shahinshahr city
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to analyze participatory planning on the web with a sustainable development approach in the city of Shahin Shahr. In the present research, first the raw layers of Shahinshahr map including regions, districts and urban blocks were prepared from the municipality. In this research, the statistical population is those who have the most connections with urban areas. Based on this and according to the opinion of experts and district managers, trustees who live in Shahin Shahr city and their number is 70 were selected. Then, the address of the place of residence of these people was placed on the city map in Arc GIS software and its various factors were checked. The purpose of writing this research, which is survey and applied, is to analyze the relationship between age, gender, education level, occupation and the suggestions of trustees with the municipality. In the end, it was found that the spatial distribution of the residences of trustees participating in urban programs is not uniform and on the other hand, there is a dependency between the age, gender, level of education and the place of residence of the trustees with the level of their cooperation.
Keywords: participatory planning, sustainable development, urban management, Shahin Shahr, Arc Gis
Introduction
The positive results of citizens joining the planning process are undeniable. In recent years, the subject of citizens' participation in planning has received much attention in most countries, and efforts have been made to provide the possibility of public participation at various levels of planning and decision-making. Administrative decentralization, transfer of planning responsibilities from government levels to local institutions and finally involving people in urban development processes through the formulation of official laws and processes to obtain people's opinions on urban planning and management in developed or developing countries seriously. It is mentioned. Being a citizen meant the ability of people to participate in decision-making, setting policies, and also participating in the selection of leaders, and their special privileges include the right of citizenship along with market monopolies, free trade rights, exchange licenses and the right to reduce competitive trade, participation in affairs Judiciary and special situations were for purposes such as war purposes. From the point of view of economic rights, the most important civil privileges in the form of formal rights did not mean the right to have semi-free associations of citizens, but the guarantor of lordly ownership of the city. Therefore, Weber has paid more attention to the political rights of citizens, such as the right to vote and the election of representatives, and he considered citizen participation to be a fundamental pillar in this field. The active and effective participation of citizens leads to the flourishing of citizens' talents and capabilities and the improvement of urban management performance, and in different countries, participation is the main component in the development process, and it has been proposed as a solution of urban diplomacy and democracy that affects the urban development process. And its proportional improvement has a significant effect. This matter is very important from the officials and city management to make fundamental changes in attracting citizens' participation and in recent decades due to the existence of many problems in the city of Shahinshahr, the discussion of participation has received special attention, which is analyzed in the present research on participatory planning. On the web, with the approach of sustainable development in the city of Shahinshahr, and based on this, the address of the residence of the trustees of Shahinshahr neighborhoods was placed in the Arc GIS software, and while examining its various factors, the relationship between age, gender, education level, occupation and suggestions. The trustees were checked with the municipality and it was determined that the spatial distribution of the residences of the trustees participating in urban programs was not uniform, but there is a relationship between the age, gender, level of education and the place of residence of the trustees and their cooperation.
problem statement
Cities in developing countries are facing significant problems such as low public participation, growth without development, controlling the excessive growth rate of immigration, increasing the number of poor people, and inequality in opportunities and incomes. A look at the goals, principles and philosophy of sustainable development makes it clear that the sustainability of development depends on the participation of the people of a country in the planning and implementation and evaluation of projects. The participation of citizens in the design, implementation and evaluation of urban programs, especially in the field of services and urban environment, is considered a basic principle in urban management, and in modern society, citizens should have two-way rights and duties, and in a free and equal manner in To participate in political decision-making and the current trends of their political community.
Urban participation as a serious, active, conscious and voluntary, organized and effective presence of urban people, groups and organizations in the political, economic, social and cultural activities of urban life to achieve collective urban goals. In fact, participation as a conscious and self-motivated (voluntary) participation of people in the development program is considered one of the main pillars of urban development. The formation and continuation of this process in urban societies is affected by many factors and conditions (Azimi Amoli and Sodagar, 2014: 36).
Social participation is not only collective work, but a kind of collective thinking, collective participation, collective decision-making, collective production and ultimately collective use. which increases citizens' understanding and awareness of issues related to themselves and mutual need for each other, helps to create a better society and strengthens the abilities of a society to coordinate the actions of individuals in order to develop and improve valuable collective goods And it creates better governance and also increases the opportunities to develop smart policies and helps sustainable urban development (Jamali and Nemat Elahi, 1400: 95). The subject of the current research is the investigation of web-based participatory planning with a sustainable development approach in the city of Shahin Shahr, in which it examines the relationship between public participation and sustainable urban development in Shahin Shahr.
Theoretical Foundations
people's participation
Using the capabilities of citizens in different societies is a strong point for improving the social status of citizens and increasing security at the community level (Farji et al., 2019: 14). A modern citizen must also assume obligations regarding citizenship rights, because citizenship has a broader concept than urbanism, and we consider passive citizens to lack civic personality. The foundation of participation, which is proposed in the process of civilizing the society, has the sub-base of rights and obligations. Participation plays a fundamental and decisive role in a person's identity. Participation is the basis for turning a person into a citizen. Participation has two dimensions, active and passive. Active participation is the right of citizens and passive participation is considered their duty. The maturation process of urban culture is formed in this continuum (Rahmani, 2013: 203). The subject of its participation and application in various sciences, especially urban planning and urban development programs, has been the subject of the attention of experts and thinkers for several decades and is considered one of the success factors and components of urban plans. The neighborhood as a physical and social place that has the ability to perform collective actions and organize people can provide suitable conditions for increasing people's participation and using their collective power (Karkeabadi and Rajabi, 2019). People's participation has a special place in human societies today. The strategy of participation in all dimensions expresses the spirit of democracy and democracy of governments. However much the role of the people in different fields of a government system is, it shows the high legitimacy of that government and the government, among the members of the society and the international system. An organization and social system, in order to achieve its goals and realize its plans, needs to take measures, the most important of which is to deal with the principle of participation. As a semi-governmental and non-profit organization that has many dependencies on the facilities of its society, the municipality should move its management structure and administrative organization towards a cooperative system in order to be able to make the best use of the conditions and facilities of the society and in addition to It achieves its organizational goals, by creating a process of participation and people's involvement in decision-making and the fate of the city, it obtains some kind of legal legitimacy from the citizens and thus minimizes both its economic issues and its social and political problems. Participation means finding a share in something and benefiting from it, or participating in a group and cooperating with it. A group of experts have defined participation management as follows:
It is the mental and emotional conflict of people in group situations that motivates them to help each other and share in the responsibility of work in order to achieve group goals. In the above definition, the following three components are important, which we will explain:
A) Mental and emotional involvement: Participation is not limited to physical efforts. In participation, the person himself is also involved and not only his skills and abilities or the facilities provided by him are involved.
b) Motivation to help: In participation, a person gets the opportunity to use his abilities, initiatives and creativity to achieve group goals. Participation is a two-way transaction between people, not a method of accepting the thoughts of higher officials. In fact, in participation, the main role is with the participant who tries to reveal his abilities.
c) Acceptance of responsibility: participation motivates individuals to accept responsibility in their group's efforts. In fact, participation is achieved when indifference and irresponsibility give way to a sense of dependence, destiny and responsibility (Abuzari et al., 2013: 14).
Collaborative planning
Wide global experiences, especially in developing countries, have indicated that the top-down approach has failed in finding solutions to the problems of societies such as unemployment, inequality, migration, destruction of natural resources, and destruction of productive resources. This failure and experiences led to the revision of the concept of development and planning in recent decades. The major change in people's view is from mere receivers of programs to activists in the field of development and planning. Therefore, new concepts under the title of development of local communities, local planning and participatory development and planning entered the development and planning literature of third world countries. This also led to serious attention to developing local skills and abilities and encouraging local people to play a role and take responsibility in development and planning. Therefore, from the beginning of the eighties, according to the issues that arose as a result of non-participatory development, experts turned their attention to the advancement of participatory development. With this literature, the preparations for the formation of a system of planning as participatory planning were provided, and in this way, participatory planning became a means to improve The quality and implementation of programs as well as providing people with more control over their own lives (Efti, 2017). The positive results of citizens joining the planning process are undeniable. In recent years, the subject of citizens' participation in planning has received much attention in most countries, and efforts have been made to provide the possibility of public participation at various levels of planning and decision-making. But when the concept that has been formed gradually and harmoniously with the social, economic, political and cultural structures of developed countries is tried, in developing countries and without paying attention to the characteristics of the planning environments of these societies - along with a multitude of issues and problems such as Poverty, rapid urbanization, inefficiency in providing services and infrastructural and institutional weaknesses, etc., are used, significant successes are not achieved. The possibility of participation in the structure of such difficult environments, according to Connelly, requires the modification of existing procedures and structures, which is considered a long-term solution, or that by relying on the key role of planners, maximum use of the citizens' participation capacities in the current structures and procedures is possible (Daneshpour et al., 2019: 23).
The effect of participatory planning in sustainable urban development
Today, participation is one of the main concepts of sustainable development. Managers and urban planners have always tried to achieve their goals in the field of implementing plans and programs in the best possible way by attracting people's participation. Therefore, identifying the requirements, challenges facing sustainable urban development and also searching for solutions to eliminate them, which should be among the necessities of the current urban development programs. The increasing growth of urbanization dimensions and the complexity of the nature of urban issues have caused the emphasis and attention of urban managers and planners to be directed to the lower levels and tangible dimensions of citizens' lives more than ever before. Therefore, nowadays, people's participation in the process of urban management has become the center of attention (Nasiri, 2019). City and citizen is one of the most important socio-political concepts that has always traveled ups and downs throughout history and has been discussed and challenged by thinkers and experts interested in social issues since ancient times. With the expansion of urbanization, every day we see people who somehow separate themselves from the villages and move closer to the cities. By studying the evolutionary course of human societies, we find that progress and development are possible when humans participate with each other in the course of their lives. In fact, social participation is not just collective work, but a kind of collective thinking. Collective participation is collective decision-making, collective production and ultimately collective use. Advancing urban development and responding to diverse economic, social, financial, educational, etc. issues of citizens in urban neighborhoods requires "social participation of citizens" and "using the capacities of non-governmental institutions and organizations". The sustainable growth and development of a country in all domestic and international arenas depends on the observance of citizen's rights. In modern urban management and in a world that is increasingly moving towards urbanization, citizen participation has a high place, and in order to realize this importance, municipalities must involve citizens in the process of preparing and implementing planning plans that guarantee the success of urban management. put their operational plans, which can be said that Tehran municipality has been advanced and successful in this area and has been able to take good measures. The position of citizen participation in city planning and also explaining the concepts of participation in this context is important (Bashirzadegan; 2009: 47).
Regarding the role of people's participation and their influence in urban management and ultimately the all-round development of the city in the field of social, cultural development, etc., in order to promote citizenship education, empowering and effective participation of citizens in their destiny in a desirable urban life that meets the demands And it is our responsibility to make continuous efforts in these fields. City management and planners believe that participation makes citizens responsible for the decisions made in the city, that is, public support for the decisions taken by the officials makes it easy for the trustees to implement their plans. Citizens should be effective in the administration of city affairs, citizens' participation in urban management is to create sustainable development. Based on this, things like the age variable of citizens and their participation in the process of urban planning and management, the social solidarity of citizens and the level of their participation in the management of urban programs, the duration of their life in the neighborhood and the desire to maintain the stability of the place of residence, the type of ownership in the place of residence and so on. .. have a direct and meaningful relationship with the amount of constructive participation of citizens in neighborhood and urban development programs and participation in sustainable urban development plans. For example, one of the main parts of urban management is urban waste management. In all stages of waste management, one of the keys to success is public awareness and participation. According to the conducted research, the largest percentage of household wastes can be recycled, which is forward-looking and cooperative planning regarding the optimal disposal and also the use of large amounts of household waste materials. If the compost industry is used to eliminate waste, in addition to creating a culture of separating waste from its source to citizens, an economic and commercial industry can be created from 80% of recyclable materials and create useful employment in the country (Kranul, 2013: 1325).
Sustainable development is a part of development studies that is related to economic, political and sociological sciences. In theoretical and practical discussions, economic policies, sustainable development should be integrated and balanced from various economic, political and environmental aspects. The concept of sustainable urban development as the most important center of human settlement and the place where there is the greatest threat to the destruction of resources has been given more attention than anything else, as sustainability in the city is not compatible with the dominant trends observed in the development of cities. The city in civil life consists of three main pillars of the city, the city body and urban management. Citizen and urban management have an active nature and the city body has a passive nature. Due to his civic nature, man has a desire for citizenship and needs a civic life, and urban management is obliged to organize and manage the body of the city (Kreiton, 2015: 21).
Proper education of citizens and raising the level of their citizenship culture can be the basis for creating a sustainable city for future generations. On the other hand, taking advantage of citizens' participation in this process can also play a significant role. So that it leads to failure in organizing any urban activity without the participation of people anywhere in the world. It is clear that urban development plans with
Theories of citizen participation
Several theories in the field of participatory planning and participatory urban planning have been proposed since the second half of the 1960s. The criterion for choosing these theories is the degree of innovation and creativity, theoretical strength and impact on subsequent theories.
John Turner's collaborative theory:
In the process of evolution of ideas related to the role of the people and the government in development, which has been theorized by the United Nations and the experts of that organization, the formation of local organizations by local communities has been emphasized, so that these local non-governmental organizations play an active role in development. and take charge of local affairs (Masoumi, 2010: 47).
James Megley's collaborative theory:
Mijli divides it into four types based on the response of governments to participation:
1- anti-participatory method
2- The method of guiding participation
3- Increasing participation method
4- The method of real participation (Granouter, 2012: 3).
Sherry Ernstein's collaborative theory:
In the late 1960s, the role of citizens' participation in societies was more and more noticed. Ernstein used citizenship participation with the interpretation of citizenship power and used the participation ladder to explain it (Haley, 2017: 325).
Scott Davidson's collaborative theory:
Scott Davidson designed his participation wheel to discuss citizen participation. This circular offers different levels of participation without giving preference to any one. In this model, continuous interactive decision-making takes place between the government and citizens (Joers and Brown, 2018: 190).
David Driskell's collaborative theory:
He believes that participation is based on the following three beliefs:
a) Development, first and foremost, should benefit local residents.
b) People who live in the planned area have the most accurate information about that area.
c) People who accept the most effects from decisions have a greater share to participate in decision-making (Hirst, 2014: 31).
Mediation theory:
This theory was proposed in a research commissioned by the British Deputy Prime Minister's office in 2003, and contains deep and practical discussions in the field of participatory planning, and in this regard, suggests a mediation strategy to maximize participation. (Azita, 1390: 108).
Electronic participation (under the web)
E-participation uses information and communication technology to develop and expand political participation that occurs through communication between citizens and representatives (Bruce, 1996). The electronic partnership system is the result of combining new concepts in organizational partnerships and the development of information and communication technology. Electronic participation uses information and communication technology to develop and expand social and organizational partnerships that arise through employee communication with each other (Macintosh, 2004).
In the background of the research, the following can be mentioned:
Internal
Shabani and Saeedi (2019) investigated the role of people's participation in urban management to achieve sustainable development in Isfahan city, and as a result, there is a significant relationship between citizens' cultural participation in urban planning and sustainable urban development. This means that there is a direct and positive relationship between cultural participation and detailed planning. Correlation test has also been used to confirm or reject these hypotheses. Mominzadeh and Hashemi (2018) in a research to investigate the attitude of citizens towards the social capital of municipalities with an emphasis on Shahin Shahr municipality, the results of the research show that the relationship between gender and education on the social capital of the municipality is not significant, but the different educational levels of the respondents on Social capital has been significant. Also, the relationship between job and education had a low level of significance, but the relationship between jobs separately has influenced the social capital of municipalities in this research. Amiri et al. (2015) in an article on the mutual cultural development of managers of urban organizations and the role of people's participation in the social development of Bandar Abbas neighborhoods, the results show that the passivity of citizens, the increase of people's expectations from municipalities, and being in line with other popular institutions in other Asian countries and Oceania and European pointed out. Mafi and Namur (2015) in the article examining the factors affecting the social participation of citizens in urban development and management, active participation and effective social harmony of community members have been considered as one of the most effective factors in national development in third world and developing countries, and the lack of They have considered this social partnership and harmony as the ground of conflict and conflict between the functions of different parts of society (private and public), and they have also stated that the attitude of planners should be aimed at increasing the role of public participation of the people in the development process, especially in the social, political and be economical In a research, Mohammadizadeh Kermaninejad (2014) investigated the participation of people and civil society institutions in the development and security of society based on the principles of crime prevention, the results of which show that the failure of monopolistic approaches in combating social deviations in order to create security And public order has caused governments to adopt participatory approaches in their criminal policy since the last half century. This approach, which is called participatory criminal policy, means the participation of people in different stages of the criminal justice system. In a research, Haji Mohammad Kazemi (2014) investigated the role of social capital in increasing people's participation in establishing sustainable social security with an emphasis on community-oriented police. The results indicate that the analysis of the relationship between social capital and the performance of community-oriented police organizations should be the starting point. Let's put the level of analysis of activities, attitudes and performances of citizens, which are effective in strengthening general, stable security and national order. In a research, Ghasemi and Atainejad (2012) investigated the idea generation system of a new format for citizens' participation in the discussion of citizens' intellectual participation in urban management, which increases the social capital of cities, and while stating the goals of the urban management idea generation system, They explained the process of this system and the methods of producing and attracting ideas, and further analyzed the reasons for the failure of idea generation systems in Iran. Finally, the Internet has been introduced as the best platform and the social network as the best tool for citizens' ideas. Salman Al-Hassan Qazvini, Shadi Firouzger and Morteza Razvinejad (2015) in a research to investigate and analyze the spatial distribution of participation in urban management, a case example: the Idea Shahr website of the Mashhad Municipality Young Consultants Group, and finally the residence of the users has a significant effect. It has an effect on their participation rate, and they also considered the gender of the citizens as one of the influential factors in the participation rate.
Foreign
Chu et al. (2022) in a study entitled "Using participatory GIS and participatory management approaches to increase the participation of local actors in rangeland management: the case of Valindella, South Africa" point out that participatory geographic information systems (PGIS) are a powerful tool. To increase the participation of local communities in the planning and management of natural resources. Inadequate participation of local stakeholders in rangeland planning and management is of great concern. The debate about the role of PGIS and participatory management approaches in promoting local participation in rangeland management is not clearly understood due to the lack of literature. This paper assessed how local participation in rangeland management can be enhanced using a hybrid participatory management framework and PGIS approach. The combination of PGIS and participatory management approach enabled the empowerment of local actors through knowledge enhancement, encouraging the implementation of rangeland governance and transfer of responsibility to local actors. This study provides a conceptual contribution to improve the participation of local actors in rangeland management.
Roy Ball (2022) examines the application of participatory GIS as a methodological approach to urban social work research with a focus on socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods and resident health and well-being. The discussion begins with a brief overview of the framework of the individual in the social work environment and the historical use of mapping in social work research and practice. Collaborative GIS is then mapped and evaluated within the framework of social work values and significant social work scholarship. Finally, actions that social work researchers can take to develop GIS skills and integrate participatory GIS into community-based scholarship are addressed.
Wang et al. (2022) in a research titled "Resolving Greens' Conflict: A Minimal Conflict Collaborative GIS-based Siting Framework for Solar Energy Development in Southwest Taiwan" proposed a minimal conflict collaborative solar energy siting framework based on equity theory. have presented energy that utilizes location-based stakeholder engagement combined with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS) based multi-criteria decision making. The results of the AHP surveys show a general consensus that the protection of the natural environment is important as three priority factors: "avoidance of environmentally protected lands", with a priority of 20.8%, "avoidance of other important natural areas", with a priority of 11.9% and "Avoidance of other natural areas" with a priority of 8.2 percent. In addition, if only 12% of land with moderate to high suitability is developed for solar power generation, Tainan City and Chiayi County alone can support the Taiwan government's solar development goal of 20 GW of installed solar capacity for the entire country by 2025. do Also, their study shows that it is important to use participatory methods in site assessment and final site design to ensure true fit with local ecological, social, and economic systems. This approach helps normalize a more comprehensive multi-objective solar development strategy that recognizes renewable energy infrastructure as part of socio-ecological-technical systems and climate justice.
Valverde (2021) in a research titled "Participatory Geographic Information Systems for Integrated Risk Analysis: A Case of Arequipa, Peru" proposes a method to develop an integrated risk management model using participatory GIS (PGIS) in three phases of disaster risk management. : prevention, response and corrective phases. Different PGIS techniques are used in each step. The PGIS method included the following steps: first, collaborative community maps were produced to identify disaster-prone areas; Second, a mobile application was developed to provide real-time information on risk monitoring, including the occurrence of catastrophic events and the evolution of emergency response. Once the most at-risk areas were identified, a highly detailed risk model was subsequently generated based on data obtained from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Finally, a collaborative urban regeneration plan was proposed to strengthen social resilience.
Shreshta et al. (2021) in an article prioritized key areas of biodiversity for conservation based on threats and ecosystem services using collaborative and GIS-based modeling in the Chindwin River Basin, Myanmar. Thus, a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach based on GIS was used to assess the threats of key economic sectors through stakeholder participation. Also, the InVEST model was used to evaluate ecosystem services, including water performance, nutrient conservation, and carbon storage. The results showed that the most important threats to biodiversity in the mining basin are tree cutting, dam construction and agriculture.
Loos et al. (2021) in a study entitled "An Advanced Analytical Framework of Collaborative GIS for Assessing Ecosystem Services at a Ramsar Convention Wetland Site in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam" used three methods to assess the spatial correlation of ES across the landscape: least squares; ordinal (OLS), geographic weighted regression (GWR) and Moran's I. In addition to participatory mapping, respondents were also involved in completing a semi-structured questionnaire, which was subsequently analyzed using principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. it placed. These two multivariate analyzes show the structured diversity of people's perceptions regarding the importance of different ecosystem services. It was shown that provision of ecosystem services had the greatest advantage, followed by legislation, protection and culture. This study also helps promote the PPGIS method in ecosystem services research and other human geographic studies, especially those that rely on community participation.
Engelmeyer et al. (2021) in an article titled "Participatory GIS Mapping Highlighting Indirect Use Value and Existence of Coastal Resources and Marine Protected Areas" and by examining respondent demographics, conservation values, and coastal geographic features, obtained values That varies by region in Oregon. Combining use (indirect and direct) and non-use (presence) values into a total economic value framework showed that participants prioritized indirect use (scenery, recreation) over direct use and beach-wide values. The spatial diversity of participant use and value locations demonstrates the utility of participatory mapping in marine spatial planning efforts, both in documenting the non-market values of coastal areas and in identifying potential areas of overlap between coastal interest groups. In the Oregon Marine Reserve Network, which was not identified in the mapping exercise, value priorities differed from the coast-wide averages, where existing values (biodiversity/wildlife, wilderness, etc.) were higher than other categories.
In an article, Bam (2020) investigated the benefits of citizens' participation in the city and concluded that participation provides the possibility for citizens to develop their individual characteristics such as self-confidence, a sense of power, knowledge, and the ability to solve problems within strengthen themselves By expanding their relations with the organization and companies in planning for organizational development and by discussing their common interests, the society and resolving disputes, they contribute to social development, which consequently causes the growth and development of the society in general. Ling Hin Lee (2015) has studied the participation of private owners and investors in urban affairs with an emphasis on the city of Hong Kong in a research titled "Participation in Urban Renewal". He came to the conclusion that there are two different models of participation. First, the participation plan should be given to these owners and investors (by city and government officials). Second, the participation plans should be from the people and investors. Although the first plan has more profit considering compensations etc., it is not favored, but for the second plan, the participation of people and investors has always been high (Lee, 2015:21). Dosa and colleagues (2011) also analyzed the effect of the socio-economic base of West African families (SES) on the level of participation in the affairs of urban and rural areas and its agriculture (UPA) in three different cities. Using a survey method and with a sample size of 700 families (250 in Kano and Nigeria, 250 in Bombo and Burkina Faso, 200 in Sikaso and Mali), they have come to these results that there is no significant difference between the participation rate of households and social and economic groups, but between the rate Participation in urban affairs and rural agriculture has been confirmed to have a positive and significant relationship with the number of households. It should be noted that the research area is a semi-desert and part of the city and its suburbs in the research area have horticulture, agriculture, and cattle keeping (Dosa et al., 2011:569). In 2010, Prosper Tsikata, in his master's thesis titled "Cyber Dimensions of Ghanaian Citizens' Participation in the Presidential Campaign of Ghana" has analyzed 82 selected news articles on the level of citizens' participation in the 2008 presidential election. He used Hall's theoretical framework and structured participation in four separate dimensions. It has come to the conclusion that the amount and manner of people's participation has a direct relationship with their structural and tribal roots (Tsikata, 2008:11).
According to the background and precedents mentioned, unfortunately in our country, despite the high importance of the topic of participation on the web, valuable researches in this field are few and comprehensive researches have not been done except in some university researches, therefore, dealing with the topic of participatory planning on the web with The approach of sustainable development seems necessary. On the other hand, most of the foreign researches that have been conducted in the field of participatory planning on the web examine one aspect of environmental and human issues such as solar energy development (Wang et al., 2022), risk analysis (Valverdeh, 2021), biodiversity (Sharshta et al. et al., 2021), ecosystem services (Loss et al., 2021), coastal resources (Engelmeyer et al., 2021), elections (Tsikata, 2010), urban renewal (Ling Hin Lee, 2015) and... Therefore, it is necessary to address the issue of sustainable development, which is one of the most important issues of the present era. It is a development that considers responding to the needs of the present while considering the ability to respond to the needs of the future.
Research hypothesis
It seems that there is a significant relationship between public participation and sustainable urban development in Shahin Shahr.
Research method
This research, which is of a survey and applied type, investigates and analyzes participatory planning on the web with a sustainable development approach in the city of Shahin Shahr. In this research, in the field of collecting information and primary data, library studies and books, articles and interviews with managers and experts of municipal areas have been used. The statistical population of this research is the citizens of Shahin Shahr city with a population of 123,229 people based on the last census of 2015, and the sample size of this research was determined to be 383 people. Based on this, after interviewing the managers and experts of the municipal areas, in terms of the continuous communication of the trustees with the municipality, a sample was selected from the number of 70 trustees of the neighborhoods, and in the stage of information analysis from the geographic information system Gis and using Arc Gis software. It was used with spatial Analyst, kriging, IDW and Query modules. Based on the purpose, this research can be considered in the category of applied research because it solves a problem and also due to the use of field and library methods, it has a local character and it can be said that Based on the nature and method of collection, it is a descriptive survey.
Spatial distribution analysis based on gender
Since most of the confidants and contacts are male, this issue is proved by using the produced map and diagram. It was found that 84.28% of the trustees are men and 15.72% are women, and in other words, these two variables are interdependent. This is despite the fact that the sex ratio between the trustees of the two regions of the city is different, so that the number of men and women is more in the southern region than in the northern region.
Research variables
Research variables refer to factors that are common among people in society, and can have small amounts and different values. There are different types of variables and they are categorized based on different bases. Based on the relationship, the variables are divided into three groups: independent variables, dependent variables, and mediating variables. The independent variable is a characteristic that after its selection, intervention or manipulation by the researcher, accepts values so that its effect on the dependent variable can be seen. These variables play the role of the cause and affect other variables, they are the origin of phenomena and usually the detection of the influence of the independent variable and its amount is considered one of the main goals of research. Dependent variables examine the changes of the independent variable or are actually considered as their effect, and the goal of the researcher is to describe or predict the variability in it. Mediating variables are variables that are sometimes considered as a relationship between independent and dependent variables. In this research, the variable of participatory planning is the independent variable and the variable of sustainable urban development is considered as the dependent variable.
Zoning and geographical location of the studied area
Region | District
| The Neighbourhood | The names of neighborhoods |
District 1, north of the city | 1 | 2 & 1 | Hasht Behesht , Koi Karmandan , Goldys |
2 | 4 & 3 | Fadak . Bonyad Ezdevaj Hafez Northern , Saadi Northern | |
3 | 6 & 5 | Mokhaberat , Milad | |
District 2, south of the city | 1 | 9 & 8 & 7 | Haji Abad , Khaneh Karekar , Hafez & Sadi South , Razi |
2 | 12 & 11 & 10 | Attar , Bank Ostan , Eisar Karan , Wooden Houses | |
3 | 15 & 14 & 13 | Site , Radani Poor , Pardis , Housing Mehr |
Population changes and population growth rate of Shahinshahr during different periods from 1345 to 1395
Year | Population | Rate of increase | Annual growth rate | Number of households | Family size |
1345 | 233 | - | 42.98 | 28 | 4.8 |
1355 | 8321 | 8088 | 19.48 | 2262 | 2.8 |
1365 | 49312 | 40991 | 5.57 | 9768 | 5 |
1375 | 84827 | 35515 | 1.4 | 18328 | 4.5 |
1385 | 127412 | 42585 | 1.4 | 33515 | 3.8 |
1390 | 143308 | 15896 | 3.4 | 41730 | 3.4 |
1395 | 173329 | 30021 | 4.1 | 54300 | 3.2 |
Source: (Ali Akbari and Warsi, 2018: 238).
Frequency distribution and percentage of the sample group according to gender, marital status, age and education
Statistical indicators | Shahin Shahr | Indicator | Shahin Shahr | ||
Gender | Abundance | Percentage | Marial status | Abundance | Percentage |
Female | 11 | 15.72 | Single | 6 | 8.58 |
Man | 59 | 84.28 | Married | 64 | 91.42 |
Total | 70 | 100 | Total | 70 | 100 |
Age | Abundance | Percentage | Education | Abundance | Percentage |
20 to 30 years | 17 | 2.43 | Diploma | 19 | 27.14 |
31 to 40 years | 21 | 3 | Associate Degree | 23 | 1.61 |
41 to 50 years | 23 | 3.29 | Bachelor's degree | 18 | 25.71 |
more than 51 | 9 | 1.28 | Master's degree | 10 | 15.54 |
Total | 70 | 100 | Total | 70 | 100 |
Source: (research findings, 1400).
Distribution of frequency and percentage of the sample group according to occupation
Statistical Indicators Job | Shahin Shahr | |
Abundance | Percentage | |
Private sector employee (freelance) | 6 | 8.57 |
business person | 8 | 11.42 |
Public sector employee | 6 | 8.57 |
Retired | 5 | 7.14 |
housewife | 9 | 12.87 |
Student and student | 6 | 8.57 |
Unemployed, looking for work | 5 | 7.14 |
Farmer and rancher | 4 | 5.72 |
Military | 4 | 5.72 |
Technician and work technician | 4 | 5.72 |
Services | 3 | 4.28 |
Driver | 3 | 4.28 |
other | 7 | 10 |
Total | 70 | 100 |
Source: (research findings, 1400).
Inferential statistics
Checking the assumption of normality
One-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check the normality of the study variables. The results show that the assumption of normality for all variables cannot be rejected (P<0.05). The results of this test are given in the table below. Based on this, the higher the significance level is greater than 0.05, the better the situation is, and the closer it is to 0.05, the less normal the situation is.
Ranking of localities in participation and sustainable development indicators
localities | participation | Sustainable Development |
Quarters 1 and 2 (District 1 , District 1) | 3 | 4 |
Quarters 3 and 4 (District 1 , District 2) | 1 | 1 |
Quarters 5 and 6 (District 1 , District 3) | 2 | 3 |
Quarters 7 and 8 (District 2 , District 1) | 4 | 2 |
Quarters 10 and 11 and 12 (District 2 , District 2) | 5 | 5 |
Quarters 13 and 14 and 15 (District 2 , District 3) | 6 | 5 |
The results of the above table show that according to the participation index, neighborhoods 3 and 4 (Zone 1, District 2) which are located in the center of the city, have the highest participation rate, and neighborhoods 13, 14, and 15 (Zone 2, District 3) which are on the outskirts. It is located in the southeast of the city and has the lowest participation rate. In the sustainable development index, neighborhoods 3 and 4 (region 1, region 2) have the highest amount of sustainable development, and neighborhoods 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 (region 2, regions 2 and 3) have the lowest amount of sustainable development. This shows the influence and sensitivity of participation index to sustainable development and vice versa.
Ranking of localities based on participation index
Ranking of localities based on sustainable development index
Investigating the impact of public participation in sustainable urban development
In this part of the research, an attempt has been made to investigate people's participation in the sustainable urban development of Shahinshahr using regression test. Regression analysis is used when we want to predict the values of one variable from the values of other variables. In this case, the variable that we use to predict the value of another variable is called the independent variable (or predictor). The variable that we want to predict is called dependent variable (or criterion). If the correlation between variables is not perfect in prediction, regression is an interesting phenomenon. Using regression analysis, it is possible to determine and predict changes in the dependent variable through the independent variable or variables. Regression analysis is a statistical method in which the variance of the dependent variable is determined and predicted based on the independent variable or variables.
One-way analysis of variance test results of regression analysis of the effect of public participation in sustainable urban development
Model | The correlation coefficient | The coefficient of determination | justified | error |
1 | 0.290 | 0.084 | 0.073 | 1.09914 |
Source | sum of squares | Degrees of freedom | mean square | F | Significance level |
regression | 9.321 | 1 | 9.321 | 7.715 | 0.007 |
left over | 101.482 | 381 | 0.266 |
|
|
Total | 110.802 | 382 |
|
|
|
Dependent variable: sustainable urban development - predictor: public participation
The above table is called (ANOVA). This table shows whether the regression model can significantly (and appropriately) predict changes in the dependent variable. To check the significance, we look at the last column of the table (sig). This column shows the statistical significance of the regression model, if the obtained value is less than 0.05, it is concluded that the used model is significant. The significance level in our example is less than 0.05, which indicates that the regression model is significant.
In the Coefficients table, it gives us information about the prediction variables. This table provides us with the necessary information to predict the dependent variable. The Standardized Coefficients column shows the adjusted regression coefficient or beta value. The standardized regression coefficient or Beta is equal to 073. In fact, the prediction coefficient of the independent variable on the amount of the dependent variable was equal to 73%. By realizing the independent variable and improving the status of people's participation in the neighborhoods, it will make sustainable urban development a reality.
Conclusion
According to what was examined and analyzed in different parts of this chapter, it was observed that in the descriptive data and various indicators, the status of the items is in the middle to high position, and in this part, it can be concluded that the trust variable Social has the highest average and payment variable has the lowest average.
In the inferential statistics section and in the analysis of structural equations, it was observed that based on the confirmatory factor analysis of the options "To what extent is there scope for the expansion of non-governmental organizations in urban affairs?" and "To what extent are local officials consulted on how to do local affairs better?" respectively, with factor coefficients of 0.93 and 0.91, the highest amount and options of "To what extent is the role of people's participation in the social development of neighborhoods?" And "to what extent has the level of intimacy, cooperation and participation of the people with the municipality been in carrying out city affairs?" It has the lowest factor with factor coefficient of 0.31 and 0.33, respectively.
In the structural equation model, it was also observed that the index of leisure time on participatory planning with a sustainable development approach has an impact factor of 0.37, social trust on participatory planning with a sustainable development approach has an impact factor of 0.86, and payments on participatory planning with a sustainable development approach has an impact factor of 17. 0.0, elections on participatory planning with a sustainable development approach with an impact factor of 0.30, neighborhood affairs on participatory planning with a sustainable development approach with an impact factor of 0.52, urban affairs on participatory planning with a sustainable development approach with an impact factor of 0.33, an individual's view on Participatory planning with a sustainable development approach has been effective with an impact factor of 0.28 and feeling powerless has been effective on participatory planning with a sustainable development approach with an impact factor of 0.74. In the meantime, social trust has had the greatest impact on participatory planning with a sustainable development approach with an impact factor of 0.86, and payments have had the least impact on collaborative planning with a sustainable development approach with an impact factor of 0.17. Also, based on the regression test, it was found that people's participation had a positive and significant effect on the sustainable urban development of Shahinshahr city.
The results obtained from the researches of Chu et al. (2022), Roy Bal (2022), Bam (2020), Ling Hin Lee (2015) and Dosa et al. (2011) are consistent with the results of this research.
Hypothesis test
The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between public participation and sustainable urban development in Shahinshahr city. According to the obtained results and the one-way variance analysis test, the significance level is less than 0.05, which indicates that the regression model is significant. The Standardized Coefficients column shows the adjusted regression coefficient or beta value. The standardized regression coefficient or Beta is equal to 073. In fact, the prediction coefficient of the independent variable on the amount of the dependent variable was equal to 73%. By realizing the independent variable and improving the status of people's participation in the neighborhoods, it will make sustainable urban development a reality.
Qualitative conclusion
In recent years, the rapid growth and expansion of urbanization and the increase in urban population have created countless problems for cities, problems such as marginalization and slums, poverty and inequality, social damage (crime) and... Each of the above factors is a kind of urban problems and more or less they can be observed in different cities of the world, especially in Iranian cities. This is where the role of sustainable development in general and sustainable urban development in particular is more visible. Therefore, if we want to respond to today's needs in the sustainable development of today's cities and consider the future generations' share of resources, we must define and plan the wise management of cities based on the informed participation of citizens. In fact, the presence and participation of people in the administration of city affairs is one of the principles of achieving sustainable urban development. Since the topic of online participation is one of the new topics that have been recently discussed and no serious research has been done in this field yet. The results of the research show that by realizing the independent variable and promoting the position of people's participation in the neighborhoods, it will lead to the realization of sustainable urban development. On the one hand, sustainable development helps to preserve the environment and on the other hand, to preserve the social and economic structures of the city. In the discussion of planning, urban development, economic, social, cultural and environmental goals have been placed at the top of its policies, and in fact, the realization of these goals requires the interaction of cooperation between the people and the government, the presence and participation of the people in the matter of sustainable development. It is necessary and inevitable. In fact, although participation means cooperation and cooperation in Iran, it has a long history, but it has not yet been institutionalized in our society, and the formation of city councils and people's representatives is one of the measures that emphasize the need for people's participation in urban affairs with a focus on sustainable development in order to solve It reveals many problems of the city, and by studying the experiences of most countries of the world in the field of citizens' participation in urban affairs and the effect of this participation on sustainable urban development, it can be considered as one of the necessary measures for people's participation in urban affairs, which itself plays a significant role in It has sustainable urban development. Solving the problems and problems of Shahin Shahr city in the economic, social and environmental fields will be possible only in the shade of the conscious participation of citizens in the management of city affairs.
Research proposals for the future
- Analysis of key players in public participation
- Future research of drivers affecting people's participation in sustainable urban development
- Explaining the development scenarios of public participation with the scenario writing approach
- Investigating smart city indicators with a good urban governance approach
- Analysis of spatial autocorrelations of sustainable development indicators using Moran's spatial analysis and G index
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