Investigating the role of ethical leadership as a new strategy for good governance in sports
Subject Areas : Others
Taha Razmara
1
(
PhD in Sports Management, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.
)
Mozhgan Khodamradpour
2
(
Ph.D., assistant professor, Sports Management, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
)
Keywords: ", effectiveness, organization", Sports governance", values", ethical leadership",
Abstract :
The purpose of the current research was to investigate the role of ethical leadership as a strategy in the implementation of good governance in sports organizations. In terms of practical purpose, the research was conducted in the category of descriptive-survey research, and in terms of implementation, it was carried out in a field form. Data were collected using 2 versions of a standard questionnaire. The statistical population was estimated to be 121 members of the academic staff of the sports management department of the country's universities and general managers of the sports and youth departments of the country's provinces, and due to the small number of the statistical population, all 121 people were selected as a statistical sample in this research. For more certainty, the opinions of professors and other available experts were used. SPSS software was used for data processing. The output of the statistical test (One Sample T-Test) showed that there is a significant difference between the hypothetical average and the community average. The output of the linear regression coefficient (R2=.72) was reported to be significant and Friedman's test showed that the component of promoting values with a rank of 9.54 and an average of 19.3677 and capacity building with a rank of 9.54 and an average of 10.5031 are the most and least important in good governance in sports organizations. had. Based on the results of the research, it seems that top sports managers consider ethical leadership as a main asset in sports organizations.
- Airlangga.H, & et al.(2021). The role of humanistic leadership on good governance in sport organization: A literature review, Jurnal SPORTIF:Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran,7(3 ),378-399. https://ojs.unpkediri.ac.id/index.php/pjk/article/view/14997/2371
-Allan., A, Rieu-Clarke A. (2010). Good governance and a legal perspective. Irrigation and Drainage Systems; 24(3-4): 239-248.
-Arnout, G & Frank v, E.(2022). Good Governance in Sport, Critical Reflections. 1st Edition, Routledge, Pp,1- 269. file:///C:/Users/Soheil%20System/Downloads/9781003172833_webpdf-1.pdf.
- Australian Sports Commission (2015), Mandatory Sports Governance Principles, Australian Sports Commission, Canberra
- Azeez, A. (2016). “Endangering good governance for sustainable democracy: the continuing struggle against corruption in Nigeria. Jourrnal in Research, Peace, Gender and Development, 1(11), 307-314.
-Bedi, A, Alpaslan, CM & Green, S (2016). ‘A meta-analytic review of ethical leadership outcomes and moderators’, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 139, no. 3, pp. 517–36. doi:10.1007/s10551-015-2625-1.
-Brown, ME, Treviño, LK & Harrison, DA (2005). ‘Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing.’, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, vol. 97, no. 2, pp. 117–34. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002.
- Chappelet, JL & Mrkonjic, M (2019), ‘Assessing sport governance principles and indicators’, in M Winand & C Anagostopoulos (eds), Research Handbook on Sports Governance,Edward Elgar, London, pp. 10–28. doi:10.4337/9781786434821.00008.
- Constandt, B, De Waegeneer, E &Willem, A(2018). ‘Coach ethical leadership in soccer clubs: An analysis of its influence on ethical behavior’, Journal of Sport Management, vol.32, no. 2, pp. 185–98. doi:10.1123/jsm.2017-0182.
- Constandt, B, Heres, L, Marlier, M & Willem, A (2020). ‘A stakeholder perspective on ethical Leadership in sport: Bridging the gap between the normative and descriptive lines of inquiry’, Psychologica Belgica, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 381–95. doi:10.5334/pb.543.
-Cotrufo, RJ (2014), Examining the influence of ethical and authentic leadership behaviors of NCAA division-I athletic directors, Doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut: University of Connecticut’s Library, Connecticut.
-Council of Europe (2016), 14th Council of Europe Conference of Ministers responsible for Sport. Budapest, Hungary 29 November 2016. Final resolutions, Strasbourg, Council of Europe.
-De Schrijver, A, Delbeke, K, Maesschalck, J & Pleysier, S (2010). ‘Fairness perceptions and organizational misbehavior: An empirical study’, American Review of Public Administration, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 691–703. doi:10.1177/0275074010363742.
-Epstein, G. S., & Gang, I. N. (2019). “Inequality, good governance, and endemic corruption”. International Tax and Public Finance, 26(5), 999-1017.
-European Parliament (2015), Resolution on recent revelations of high-level corruption cases in FIFA, P8_TA-PROV(2015)0233.
-Faúndez, J. (Ed.). (2016). “Good government and law: Legal and institutional reform in developing countries”. Springer.
- Geeraert, A, Alm, J & Groll, M (2014), ‘Good governance in international sport organizations: An analysis of the 35 Olympic sport governing bodies’, International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 281–306. doi:10.1080/19406940.2013.825874.
- Geeraert, A & Drieskens, E (2021), ‘The dynamics of de-delegation: A principal-agent explanation of the reversal of private authority in international sport governance’, Public Administration, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 156–70. doi:10.1111/padm.12668.
-Greenbaum, RL, Quade, MJ & Bonner, J (2015). ‘Why do leaders practice amoral management? A conceptual investigation of the impediments to ethical leadership’, Organizational Psychology Review, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 26–49. doi:10.1177/2041386614533587.
-Hamilton, MGB & LaVoi, NM(2017). ‘Ethical professional identity and the development of moral exemplar collegiate coaches’, Journal of Moral Education, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 114–28. doi:10.1080/03057240.2017.1313724.
-Hamilton, MGB & LaVoi, NM (2020). ‘Coaches who care: Moral exemplars in collegiate athletics’, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 81–103. doi:10.1080/1 0413200.2018.1557763.
- Hums, M; Maclean, J (2017). Governance and Policy in Sport Organizations, Published by Routledge.
-Hu, Y, Zhu, L, Zhou, M, Li, J, Maguire, P, Sun, H & Wang, D (2018). ‘Exploring the influence of ethical leadership on voice behavior: How leader-member exchange, psychological safety and psychological empowerment influence employees’ willingness to speak out’, Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 1718. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01718.
- Kalshoven, K. (2010). Ethical leadership: through the eyes of employees(Vol. 49, pp. 1395-1415).
-Kaptein, M (2019), ‘The moral entrepreneur: A new component of ethical leadership’, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 156, no. 4, pp. 1135–50. doi:10.1007/s10551-017-3641-0.
-Kim, D & Vandenberghe, C( 2020). ‘Ethical leadership and team ethical voice and citizenship behavior in the military: The roles of team moral efficacy and ethical climate’, Proceedings, vol. 2020, no. 1, pp. 17273. doi:10.5465/AMBPP.2020.34.
-Loyens, KM, Claringbould, IEC, Heres, L & Van Eekeren, F (2021), ‘The social construction of integrity: A qualitative case study in Dutch football’, Sport in Society. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/17430437.2021.1877661.
-Mayer, DM, Kuenzi, M, Greenbaum, R, Bardes, M & Salvador, R (2009). ‘How low does ethical leadership flow? Test of a trickle-down model’, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, vol. 108, no. 1, pp. 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2008.04.002.
- Mohammadi., R, (2021). Governance in Iranian sports: a conceptual review. Quarterly Journal of Knowledge Management in Sports, Islamic Azad University, Unit 1, Number 1. pp. 55-67. [In Persian]. https://kmsj.sanandaj.iau.ir/article_685993_2ce27681d7c66c09be35a29c6ebbc607.pdf.
-Morrissey Oliver (2012), Governance, Private Investment and Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries, World Development, 40 (3), Pages 437–445.
- OPM & CIPFA.(2004). "The Good Governance Standard for Public Services". The Independent Commission on Good Governance in Public Services, Office for Public Management Ltd & The Chartered Institutes of Public Finance and Accountancy. Printed by Hackney Ltd.
-Peng, AC & Kim, D (2020), ‘A meta-analytic test of the differential pathways linking ethical leadership to normative conduct’, Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 348–68. doi.org/10.1002/job.2427.
-Quade, MJ, Bonner, JM & Greenbaum, RL (2020), ‘Management without morals: Construct development and initial testing of amoral management’, Human Relations. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/0018726720972784.
-Rowland, J.(2021 ).The role of sport governance consultants,Help or hindrance? Good Governance in Sport, 1st Edition, Routledge Pp,115- 128-
file:///C:/Users/Soheil%20System/Downloads/10.4324_9781003172833-9_chapterpdf.pdf
- Saluki., H. Shajie,. Reza Ahmadi S, A,( 2014). Determining the status of the moral leadership perception of the employees of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, Conference: National Conference of Sports Management Scientific Association,1,Tehran.pp267-273.[In Persian].file:///C:/Users/Soheil%20System/Downloads/6951393h01212-1.pdf.
- Shell International Limited (2014), Shell General Business Principles, Shell, The Hague.
-Shokouh, Z. and Nikpour, A., (2018), The effect of genuine leadership on organizational citizenship behavior: The mediating role of employees' job motivation, Public Management Research, Summer 97, 246-266. [In Persian]. https://jmr.usb.ac.ir/article_4301_b3c280a3eaaa72830a2fdce2e267abff.pdf
-Steinbauer, R, Renn, RW, Taylor, RR & Njoroge, PK (2014). ‘Ethical leadership and followers’ moral judgment: The role of followers’ perceived accountability and self-leadership’, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 120, no. 3, pp. 381–92. doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1662-x.
- Tiell., B; Cebula, K(2021). Governance in sport : analysis and application, Human Kinetics pub.
-Tomlinson, A 2014, ‘The supreme leader sails on: Leadership, ethics and governance in FIFA’, Sport in Society, vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 1155–69. doi:10.1080/17430437.2013.856590.
-Treviño, LK, Weaver, GR, Gibson, DG & Toffler, B (1999), ‘Managing ethics and legal compliance: What works and what hurts’, California Management Review, vol. 41, no. 2,pp. 131–51. doi:10.2307/41165990.
-Treviño, LK & Nelson, KA (2016), Managing Business Ethics. Straight Talk about How To Do It Right, John Wiley and Sons, New York
-Yukhymenko-Lescroart, MA, Brown, ME & Paskus, TS (2015). ‘The relationship between ethical and abusive coaching behaviors and student-athlete well-being’, Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 36–49. doi:10.1037/spy0000023.
-White, S & Rezania, D (2019), ‘The impact of coaches’ ethical leadership behaviour on athletes’ voice and performance’, Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 460–76. doi:10.1108/SBM-11-2017-0079.
- Walumbwa, F.O., Wang, P., Wang, H., Schaubroeck, J., Avolio, B.J. (2010); Psychological Processes Linking Authentic Leadership to Follower Behaviors, The Leadership Quarterly, 21(5):901-914.
-Wells, JE and Walker, NA( 2016). Organizational change and justice: The impact of transparent and ethical leaders, Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 179–99. doi:10.1123/jis.2016-0007.
-Welty Peachey, J, Zhou, Y, Damon, ZJ & Burton, LJ (2015). ‘Forty years of leadership research in sport management: A review, synthesis, and conceptual framework’, Journal of Sport Management, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 570–87. doi:10.1123/jsm.2014-0126.
-Zandi, Kh., Mousavi Majd, S. M., Seif Panahi, H. and Rastad, A., (2015) The Relationship between Ethical Leadership and Social Responsibility (Case Study of Sanandaj Administrative Site Staff), Applied Sociology, No. 60, No.213-222.[In Persian]. file:///C:/Users/Soheil%20System/Downloads/38113946012.pdf
_||_- Airlangga.H, & et al.(2021). The role of humanistic leadership on good governance in sport organization: A literature review, Jurnal SPORTIF:Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran,7(3 ),378-399. https://ojs.unpkediri.ac.id/index.php/pjk/article/view/14997/2371
-Allan., A, Rieu-Clarke A. (2010). Good governance and a legal perspective. Irrigation and Drainage Systems; 24(3-4): 239-248.
-Arnout, G & Frank v, E.(2022). Good Governance in Sport, Critical Reflections. 1st Edition, Routledge, Pp,1- 269. file:///C:/Users/Soheil%20System/Downloads/9781003172833_webpdf-1.pdf.
- Australian Sports Commission (2015), Mandatory Sports Governance Principles, Australian Sports Commission, Canberra
- Azeez, A. (2016). “Endangering good governance for sustainable democracy: the continuing struggle against corruption in Nigeria. Jourrnal in Research, Peace, Gender and Development, 1(11), 307-314.
-Bedi, A, Alpaslan, CM & Green, S (2016). ‘A meta-analytic review of ethical leadership outcomes and moderators’, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 139, no. 3, pp. 517–36. doi:10.1007/s10551-015-2625-1.
-Brown, ME, Treviño, LK & Harrison, DA (2005). ‘Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing.’, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, vol. 97, no. 2, pp. 117–34. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002.
- Chappelet, JL & Mrkonjic, M (2019), ‘Assessing sport governance principles and indicators’, in M Winand & C Anagostopoulos (eds), Research Handbook on Sports Governance,Edward Elgar, London, pp. 10–28. doi:10.4337/9781786434821.00008.
- Constandt, B, De Waegeneer, E &Willem, A(2018). ‘Coach ethical leadership in soccer clubs: An analysis of its influence on ethical behavior’, Journal of Sport Management, vol.32, no. 2, pp. 185–98. doi:10.1123/jsm.2017-0182.
- Constandt, B, Heres, L, Marlier, M & Willem, A (2020). ‘A stakeholder perspective on ethical Leadership in sport: Bridging the gap between the normative and descriptive lines of inquiry’, Psychologica Belgica, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 381–95. doi:10.5334/pb.543.
-Cotrufo, RJ (2014), Examining the influence of ethical and authentic leadership behaviors of NCAA division-I athletic directors, Doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut: University of Connecticut’s Library, Connecticut.
-Council of Europe (2016), 14th Council of Europe Conference of Ministers responsible for Sport. Budapest, Hungary 29 November 2016. Final resolutions, Strasbourg, Council of Europe.
-De Schrijver, A, Delbeke, K, Maesschalck, J & Pleysier, S (2010). ‘Fairness perceptions and organizational misbehavior: An empirical study’, American Review of Public Administration, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 691–703. doi:10.1177/0275074010363742.
-Epstein, G. S., & Gang, I. N. (2019). “Inequality, good governance, and endemic corruption”. International Tax and Public Finance, 26(5), 999-1017.
-European Parliament (2015), Resolution on recent revelations of high-level corruption cases in FIFA, P8_TA-PROV(2015)0233.
-Faúndez, J. (Ed.). (2016). “Good government and law: Legal and institutional reform in developing countries”. Springer.
- Geeraert, A, Alm, J & Groll, M (2014), ‘Good governance in international sport organizations: An analysis of the 35 Olympic sport governing bodies’, International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 281–306. doi:10.1080/19406940.2013.825874.
- Geeraert, A & Drieskens, E (2021), ‘The dynamics of de-delegation: A principal-agent explanation of the reversal of private authority in international sport governance’, Public Administration, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 156–70. doi:10.1111/padm.12668.
-Greenbaum, RL, Quade, MJ & Bonner, J (2015). ‘Why do leaders practice amoral management? A conceptual investigation of the impediments to ethical leadership’, Organizational Psychology Review, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 26–49. doi:10.1177/2041386614533587.
-Hamilton, MGB & LaVoi, NM(2017). ‘Ethical professional identity and the development of moral exemplar collegiate coaches’, Journal of Moral Education, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 114–28. doi:10.1080/03057240.2017.1313724.
-Hamilton, MGB & LaVoi, NM (2020). ‘Coaches who care: Moral exemplars in collegiate athletics’, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 81–103. doi:10.1080/1 0413200.2018.1557763.
- Hums, M; Maclean, J (2017). Governance and Policy in Sport Organizations, Published by Routledge.
-Hu, Y, Zhu, L, Zhou, M, Li, J, Maguire, P, Sun, H & Wang, D (2018). ‘Exploring the influence of ethical leadership on voice behavior: How leader-member exchange, psychological safety and psychological empowerment influence employees’ willingness to speak out’, Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 1718. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01718.
- Kalshoven, K. (2010). Ethical leadership: through the eyes of employees(Vol. 49, pp. 1395-1415).
-Kaptein, M (2019), ‘The moral entrepreneur: A new component of ethical leadership’, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 156, no. 4, pp. 1135–50. doi:10.1007/s10551-017-3641-0.
-Kim, D & Vandenberghe, C( 2020). ‘Ethical leadership and team ethical voice and citizenship behavior in the military: The roles of team moral efficacy and ethical climate’, Proceedings, vol. 2020, no. 1, pp. 17273. doi:10.5465/AMBPP.2020.34.
-Loyens, KM, Claringbould, IEC, Heres, L & Van Eekeren, F (2021), ‘The social construction of integrity: A qualitative case study in Dutch football’, Sport in Society. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/17430437.2021.1877661.
-Mayer, DM, Kuenzi, M, Greenbaum, R, Bardes, M & Salvador, R (2009). ‘How low does ethical leadership flow? Test of a trickle-down model’, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, vol. 108, no. 1, pp. 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2008.04.002.
- Mohammadi., R, (2021). Governance in Iranian sports: a conceptual review. Quarterly Journal of Knowledge Management in Sports, Islamic Azad University, Unit 1, Number 1. pp. 55-67. [In Persian]. https://kmsj.sanandaj.iau.ir/article_685993_2ce27681d7c66c09be35a29c6ebbc607.pdf.
-Morrissey Oliver (2012), Governance, Private Investment and Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries, World Development, 40 (3), Pages 437–445.
- OPM & CIPFA.(2004). "The Good Governance Standard for Public Services". The Independent Commission on Good Governance in Public Services, Office for Public Management Ltd & The Chartered Institutes of Public Finance and Accountancy. Printed by Hackney Ltd.
-Peng, AC & Kim, D (2020), ‘A meta-analytic test of the differential pathways linking ethical leadership to normative conduct’, Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 348–68. doi.org/10.1002/job.2427.
-Quade, MJ, Bonner, JM & Greenbaum, RL (2020), ‘Management without morals: Construct development and initial testing of amoral management’, Human Relations. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/0018726720972784.
-Rowland, J.(2021 ).The role of sport governance consultants,Help or hindrance? Good Governance in Sport, 1st Edition, Routledge Pp,115- 128-
file:///C:/Users/Soheil%20System/Downloads/10.4324_9781003172833-9_chapterpdf.pdf
- Saluki., H. Shajie,. Reza Ahmadi S, A,( 2014). Determining the status of the moral leadership perception of the employees of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, Conference: National Conference of Sports Management Scientific Association,1,Tehran.pp267-273.[In Persian].file:///C:/Users/Soheil%20System/Downloads/6951393h01212-1.pdf.
- Shell International Limited (2014), Shell General Business Principles, Shell, The Hague.
-Shokouh, Z. and Nikpour, A., (2018), The effect of genuine leadership on organizational citizenship behavior: The mediating role of employees' job motivation, Public Management Research, Summer 97, 246-266. [In Persian]. https://jmr.usb.ac.ir/article_4301_b3c280a3eaaa72830a2fdce2e267abff.pdf
-Steinbauer, R, Renn, RW, Taylor, RR & Njoroge, PK (2014). ‘Ethical leadership and followers’ moral judgment: The role of followers’ perceived accountability and self-leadership’, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 120, no. 3, pp. 381–92. doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1662-x.
- Tiell., B; Cebula, K(2021). Governance in sport : analysis and application, Human Kinetics pub.
-Tomlinson, A 2014, ‘The supreme leader sails on: Leadership, ethics and governance in FIFA’, Sport in Society, vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 1155–69. doi:10.1080/17430437.2013.856590.
-Treviño, LK, Weaver, GR, Gibson, DG & Toffler, B (1999), ‘Managing ethics and legal compliance: What works and what hurts’, California Management Review, vol. 41, no. 2,pp. 131–51. doi:10.2307/41165990.
-Treviño, LK & Nelson, KA (2016), Managing Business Ethics. Straight Talk about How To Do It Right, John Wiley and Sons, New York
-Yukhymenko-Lescroart, MA, Brown, ME & Paskus, TS (2015). ‘The relationship between ethical and abusive coaching behaviors and student-athlete well-being’, Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 36–49. doi:10.1037/spy0000023.
-White, S & Rezania, D (2019), ‘The impact of coaches’ ethical leadership behaviour on athletes’ voice and performance’, Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 460–76. doi:10.1108/SBM-11-2017-0079.
- Walumbwa, F.O., Wang, P., Wang, H., Schaubroeck, J., Avolio, B.J. (2010); Psychological Processes Linking Authentic Leadership to Follower Behaviors, The Leadership Quarterly, 21(5):901-914.
-Wells, JE and Walker, NA( 2016). Organizational change and justice: The impact of transparent and ethical leaders, Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 179–99. doi:10.1123/jis.2016-0007.
-Welty Peachey, J, Zhou, Y, Damon, ZJ & Burton, LJ (2015). ‘Forty years of leadership research in sport management: A review, synthesis, and conceptual framework’, Journal of Sport Management, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 570–87. doi:10.1123/jsm.2014-0126.
-Zandi, Kh., Mousavi Majd, S. M., Seif Panahi, H. and Rastad, A., (2015) The Relationship between Ethical Leadership and Social Responsibility (Case Study of Sanandaj Administrative Site Staff), Applied Sociology, No. 60, No.213-222.[In Persian]. file:///C:/Users/Soheil%20System/Downloads/38113946012.pdf
