The Effectiveness of Group -Based Compassion Therapeutic on Uncertainty and Concern in Female Students with Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Subject Areas : Psychology

Seyede Maryam Akbari Klor ¹ , Marzieh Habibi ² , Zeinab Ghator ³ , Fatemeh Azimi Raviz ⁴

1 - Tehran University, Department of Family Counselling, Tehran, Iran.
2 - Allameh Tabtabai University in Tehran, Department of Educational Psychology, Tehran, Iran.
3 - Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch in Tehran, Department of Psychology, Tehran, Iran.
4 - Islamic Azad University Kerman Branch, Department of Clinical Psychology, Kerman, Iran.

Received: 2019-02-20 Accepted : 2019-05-29 Published : 2019-06-22

Keywords: compassion therapy, concern, generalized anxiety disorder, Uncertainty,

Abstract :

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of group-based compassion therapy on uncertainty and concern among female students with generalized anxiety disorder. The research method was semi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group. The research population was comprised of all third grade secondary school female students in Mashhad, Iran during the first half of the academic year of 1394-1394. After initial evaluation for comprehensive anxiety disorder, using the semi-structured interview of Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version 30 female students were selected via judgmental sampling procedure and randomized samples were assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group received compassionate therapy intervention in 8 sessions of 90 minutes per week in two sessions (grouped); the control group was placed on the waiting list for two months. To analyze the data, multivariate analysis of covariance analysis was implemented. The results showed that by controlling the effect of pre-test, the mean post-test scores of the experimental groups and the control group in the uncertainty variable and its components included; the disability to perform the operation, the stressfulness of the uncertainty, There was significant difference between uncertainties about the future and the variable of concern in the experimental and control groups . The research concluded that compassion therapy was able to reduce the incidence of uncertainty and concern among students with generalized anxiety disorder.

References:

- احمدپور دیزچی، جمیله.، زهراکار، کیانوش و کیامنش، علیرضا. (1396). مقایسه اثربخشی درمان متمرکز بر شفقت و درمان بهزیستی بر سرمایه روان شناختی دانشجویان دختر دچار شکست عاطفی. فصلنامه زن و فرهنگ، 8(31): 21-7.

- بشار، مهسا.، سرداری پور، مهران و قمری، محمد. (1396). اثربخشی درمان شناختی مبتنی بر ذهن شفقت­ورز بر روان­سازه­های ناسازگار اولیه و کاهش عواطف منفی بیماران افسرده. سومین همایش بین­المللی افق­های نوین در علوم تربیتی، روان­شناسی و آسیب­های اجتماعی ایران، تهران.

- پورمحد قوچانی، کامران و عرب، سیمین. (1397). اثربخشی گروه درمانی متمرکز بر شفقت بر احساس تنهایی و نشخوار فکری زنان با سندرم پیش از قاعدگی. ماهنامه رویش روان­شناسی، در دست انتشار.

- دشت بزرگی، زهرا. (1396). تأثیر مداخله مبتنی بر شفقت خود بر احساس تنهایی و تنظیم هیجانی زنان آسیب دیده از خیانت زناشویی. فصلنامه دانش و پزوهش در روان­شناسی کاربردی، 18(2): 79-72.

- دهشیری، غلامرضا.، گلزاری، محمود.، برجعلی، احمد و سهرابی، فرامرز. (1388). خصوصیات روانسنجی نسخه فارسی پرسشنامه نگرانی ایالت پنسیلوانیا در دانشجویان. مجله روا­ن­شناسی بالینی، 1(4): 75-67.

- رضایی، فاطمه.، سپهوندی، محمد علی و میرزایی هابیلی، خدیجه. (1396). اثربخشی طرحواره درمانی هیجانی بر اجتناب شناختی- رفتاری و شدت نشانه­های اختلال اضطراب فراگیر در دانشجویان مبتلا به اختلال اضطراب فراگیر. فصلنامه مطالعات روان­شناختی، 13(1): 63-43.

- رضایی، محسن. (1393). تأثیر آموزش شفقت خود بر میزان گذشت، احساس تنهایی و کیفیت زندگی افراد متأهل. پایان­نامه کارشناسی ارشد. دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی تهران مرکز.

- سلیمی، آرمان.، ارسلان ده، فرشته.، زهراکار، کیانوش.، داورنیا، رضا و شاکرمی، محمد. (1397).  اثربخشی درمان متمرکز بر شفقت بر سلامت روان زنان مبتلا به مالتیپل اسکلروزیس. مجله افق دانش، ۲۴(۲): ۱۲۵-۱۳۱.

- شیرالی نیا، خدیجه.، چلداوی، رحیم و امان الهی، عباس. (1397). اثربخشی درمان متمرکز بر شفقت  بر افسردگی و اضطراب زنان مطلقه. مجله روان­شناسی بالینی، 10(1): 19-9.

- عبدل پور، قاسم.، هاشمی، تورج.، شعیری، محمد رضا و علیزاده، فریدون. (1397). رابطه عدم تحمل بلاتکلیفی با باورهای فراشناختی با نگرانی در افراد مبتلا به نشانه-های افسردگی. مجله روان­شناسی و روان­پزشکی شناخت، 5(2): 26-15.

- فتح اله زاده، نوشین.، مجلسی، زینب.، مظاهری، زهرا.، رستمی، مهدی و نوابی نژاد، شکوه. (1396). اثربخشی درمان متمرکز بر شفقت بر شرم درونی شده  و خودانتقادی زنان آزار دیده عاطفی. فصلنامه مطالعات روان­شناختی، 13(2): 169-151.

- فتواتی، سجاد علی.، بهرامی، فاطمه.، گودرزی، کوروش و روزبهانی، مهدی. (1397). اثربخشی درمان مبتنی بر شفقت بر نشخوار فکری و نگرانی زنان مبتلا به سرطان سینه. فصلنامه روان­شناسی سلامت، 7(3): 168-152.

- نائینیان، محمدرضا.، شعیری، محمدرضا.، شریفی نیا، معصومه.، و هادیان، مهری. (1390).  بررسی پایایی و اعتبار مقیاس کوتـاه اخـتلال اضطراب فراگیر (GAD-7) . فصلنامه روان‌شناسی بالینی و شخصیت، 3(4): 50-41.

- Alexander, J.R., Houghton, D.C., Twohig, M.P., Franklin, M.E., Saunders, S.M., Neal-Barnett, A.M., & et al. (2017). Clarifying the relationship between Trichotillomania and anxiety. Journal Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord, 13: 30-34.

- American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(5thed) .Washington, DC: Author.

- Barlow, D. H. (2008). Clinical handbook of psychologicaldisorders: A step-by-step treatment manual (4thed.). New York: Guilford Press.

- Behar, E., DiMarco, I.D., Hekler, E.B., Mohlman, J., & Staples, A.M. (2009). Current theoretical models of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): conceptual review and treatment implications. Journal Anxiety Disorder, 23(8): 1011-23.

- Buher, K., Dugas, M. J. (2002). The intolerance of uncertainty scale: Psychometric properties of the English version. Journal of Behave Research Therapy, 40(8): 931–945.

- Chen, S., Yao, N., &  Qian, M. (2018).  The influence of uncertainty and intolerance of uncertainty on anxiety. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 61(7): 60-65.

- Dar, K.A., Iqbal, N., & Mushtaq, A. (2017). Intolerance of uncertainty, depression, and anxiety:  Examining the indirect and moderating effects of worry. Asian Journal Psychiatry, 29: 129-133.

- Dugas, M. J., Buhr, K., & Ladouceur, R. (2004). The role of intolerance of uncertainty in etiology and maintenance. In: R. G. Heimberg, C. L. Turk, & D. S. Mennin (Eds.). Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research andpractice. New York: Guilford Press.

- Ebrahimzadeh, Z. (2006). The study of cognitive beliefs perfectionism and social problem solving ability according to uncertainty levels among OCD and MDD.Dissertation in MA, Ardabil University (Text in Persian).

- Eley, T.C., McAdams, T.A., Rijsdijk, F.V., & et al. (2015). The intergenerational transmission of anxiety: a children-of-twins study. Am Journal Psychiatry. 172: 630-637.

- Freeston, M. H., Rheauma, J., Litarte, H., Dugas, M. J., Ladouceur, R. (1994). WhyDo People Worry?. Personality and Individual Difference, 17(6): 791- 802.

- Gary, I., & et al. (2019).  The effect of worrying on intolerance of uncertainty and positive and negative beliefs about worry. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 62(7): 65-71.

- Gilbert, P. (2009). An introduction to compassion focused therapy. Advances inPsychiatric Treatment, 15(3): 199-208.

- Gilbert, P. (2014). The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. BritishJournal of Clinical Psychology, 53(1): 6-41.

- Gonzalez-Hernandez, E., Romero, R., Campos, D., Burichka, D., DiegoPedro, R., Baños, R., ... & Cebolla, A. (2018). Cognitively-Based Compassion Training (CBCT) in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Randomized Clinical Trial   Study.  Integrative cancer therapies, 1534735418772095.

- Hill, C., Waite, P., & Creswell, C. (2016). Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. PaediatrChild Health, 26: 548-553.

- Hirsch, C. R., & Mathews, A. A. (2012). Cognitive model of pathological worry. Behav Res Ther. 50(10): 636- 646.

- Irons, C. & Lad, S. (2017). Using Compassion Focused Therapy to Work with Shame and Self-Criticism in Complex Trauma. Australian Clinical Psychologist, 3(1): 47-54.

- Jensen, D., Kind, A.J., Morrison, A.S., & Heimberg, R. G. (2014). Intolerance of uncertainty and immediate decision-making in high-risk situations. Journal Exp Psychopathol, 5(2):178-190.

- Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U. M. A., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., & Ryan, N. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(7): 980-988.

- Lawrence, P.J., Rooke, S.M., & Creswell, C. (2017). Review: prevention of anxiety among at-risk children and adolescentsea systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Adolesc MentHealth, 22:118-130.

- Leaviss, J., & Uttley, L. (2015). Psychotherapeutic benefits compassion-focused therapy: An early systemati review. Journal of  Psychological Medicine, 45(5): 927-945.

- Muller-Pinzler, L., Gazzola, V., Keysers, C., Sommer, J., Jansen, A., Frassle, S., and
Krach, S. (2015). Neural pathways of embarrassment and their modulation by
social anxiety. Neuroimage, 119(1): 252-261.

- Neff, K. (2013). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity.3,54-67. partner violence. Journal WomHealth; 21(9): 942-9.

- Ottaviani, C., Borlimi, R., Brighetti, G., Caselli, G., Favaretto, E., Giardini, I., & et al.(2014).  Worry as an adaptive avoidance strategy in healthy controls but not in pathological worriers. Int Journal Psychophysiol, 93(3): 349-355.

- Peter,  J., Lawrence, D, C., Murayama, K.,  & Creswell, C. (2019). Systematic review and meta-analysis: Anxiety and depressive disorders in offspring of parents with anxiety disorders. Journal Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 58(1): 46–60.

- Polanczyk, G.V., Salum, G.A., Sugaya, L.S., Caye, A., & Rohde, L.A. (2015). Annual research review: a meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Journal Child Psychol Psychiatry, 56: 345-365.

- Ros-Morente, A., Mora, C. A., Nadal, C. T., Belled, A. B., & Berenguer, N. J. (2017). An examination of trelationship between emotional intelligence, positive affect and character strengths and virtues. Analesde Psicología /Annals of Psycholog, 34(1): 63-67.

- Shahrivar, Z., Kosha, M., Moallemi, SH.,Tehrani-Dost, M. and Alaghband-rad J. (2010). The Reliability and Validity of Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia- and Schizophrenia- Present and Life-time. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 15(2): 97-102.

- Spitzer, R. L. Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Archives of internal medicine, 166(10): 1092-1097

- Stumper, A., Danzig, A.P., Dyson, M.W., Olino, T.M., Carlson, G.A., & Klein, D.N. (2017). Parents’ behavioral inhibition moderates association of preschoolers’ BI with risk for age 9 anxiety disorders. Journal Affect Disord,  210: 35-42.

- Villagrasa, R., & et al.. (2019). Clinically relevant anxiety and risk of Alzheimer's disease in an elderly community sample: 4.5 years of follow-up. Journal of Affective Disorders, 23(9): 657-663.

- Williams, M. O., Mathews, A., & Hirsch, C. R. (2014). Verbal worry facilitates attention to threat in high-worriers. Journal Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 45(1):8-14.