Analysis of the effects and factors of reducing energy consumption in sustainable urban development (case study, Shiraz city)

Subject Areas : Urban planning

Peyman Afroozeh ¹ , mohammad reza Ghorbani param ²

1 - M.A in construction technology, Fars Province Engineering Organization, Shiraz, Iran
2 - Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture and Urban Management, Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Received: 2023-04-22 Accepted : 2023-09-12 Published : 2024-04-29

Keywords: energy, Optimal consumption, Sustainable Development, Shiraz City,

Abstract :

Energy is one of the important and effective indicators in the direction of sustainable urban development; Because sustainable development aims to meet human needs and strives to preserve the environment. Therefore, it is impossible to ignore the relationship and effects of optimal energy management in different parts of the city. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects and factors of reducing energy consumption in the sustainable development of Shiraz city. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on field data. The data collection tool is a questionnaire. The statistical population consists of 1,565,572 citizens of Shiraz. Based on Cochran's formula, the sample size was determined to be 384 people. Also, 21 related experts were used for interviews to identify and analyze the factors of reducing energy consumption in Shiraz city. The structural and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed as well as the reliability with Cronbach's alpha above 0. 70. The results show that the factors of reducing energy consumption in sustainable urban development include 20 indicators, which are in total through factor analysis in 5 categories including urban body and form (39. 05), expansion of urban public services (21. 25), use Renewable energy (10. 92), improvement of social indicators (8. 55) and climate adaptation (7. 25) were recognized. Also, based on the content analysis, reducing energy consumption in sustainable urban development has 12 major effects, which using structural equation modeling, this effect is equal to 0. 76. The modeling results show that the most effective reduction of energy consumption on sustainable urban development is related to the improvement of the consumption pattern with a total effect value of 0. 88, followed by environmental protection with an effect of 0. 85, an increase in urban investment resources with an effect of 0. 83, and consumption Optimum energy in the building sector with a total effect of 0. 82. Extended Abstract Introduction: The formation, maintenance and development of a city based on the sustainable development approach requires various indicators. In fact, due to the nature of integration and correlation of various indicators in the sustainable development approach, one cannot hope for the realization of sustainable development in a city except in the shadow of attention and planning based on various economic, social and environmental indicators. In this regard, one of the indicators that has a wide connection with sustainable development and preservation of the environment and various resources is the energy index. Today, with the expansion of population, urbanization and large industries, a large part of energy is consumed in cities. In many cases, the amount of energy consumption in different parts of the city is more than the standard amount, and this issue has created many challenges. Considering the importance of the subject, exploration in various sectors of sustainable urban development and energy consumption is very important and undeniable. A large part of the sustainable development of Iranian cities can be realized by reducing energy consumption; Because energy and its optimal consumption play an important role in different parts of the development of cities. This impact can be seen in various fields of services, environmental management, urban traffic, construction management and buildings, etc. In this research, the aim is to identify and then analyze the effects and factors of reducing energy consumption in sustainable urban development, which was investigated in the case of Shiraz. The city of Shiraz has a special geographical, service, tourism and industrial position, and its multiple role-playing causes the effects of reducing energy consumption in the development of this city to be known and the related factors to be identified. Methodology: The research method is descriptive-analytical in nature and practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study included the citizens of Shiraz and experts familiar with the subject. The population of this city was equal to 1565572 people according to the latest statistics available to the researcher and based on the population and housing census of 2015. Based on Cochran's formula, the statistical sample was calculated as 384 people and the sampling method was random. A statistical sample of 21 experts was also selected. Data collection methods are in two forms: library (documents) and field (survey). The tools of data collection were questionnaires and interviews. The interview method has been used to identify the factors of reducing energy consumption in sustainable urban development and in order to prepare a questionnaire. The structural and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through the elite community, and reliability was also confirmed with Cronbach's alpha above 0. 70. For analysis, the data are summarized, coded and categorized and finally processed to provide the basis for analyzes and connections between these data in order to answer the questions. SPSS and AMOS software were used for data analysis. Quantitative methods were used to measure and analyze the data, which included structural equation modeling and factor analysis. In the method of structural equations, based on the drawn model based on theoretical foundations, various indicators have been placed in the model and the effectiveness of each of the resilience indicators has been determined. Results and discussion: The measurement of sustainable urban development indicators through the T-Tech test shows that except for a few employment indicators of citizens with a significance level of 0. 222; Access of citizens to technology and technology with a significance level of 0. 071 and participation of citizens in city management with a significance level of 0. 055, other indicators were significant at a level less than 0. 05 and equal to 0. 000. Examining the significance direction according to the average indicates that sustainable development indicators include quality of life (2. 882), youth employment (2. 078), economic efficiency (2. 291), poverty reduction (2. 289), improvement of lifestyle Life and consumption pattern (2/085), participation of citizens in city management (2/752), use of clean energy (solar and. . ) (2/205), prevention of excessive city growth (2/362) Preservation of historical and cultural monuments (2/057), preventing the destruction of the city's environment (1/966), air pollution management (2/151) and appropriate distribution of uses (2/640) are in a weak state and this Indicators need serious planning. Also, the result shows that the three indicators of citizens' access to technology and technology with an average of 3. 114, citizens' access to appropriate education with an average of 3. 323 and access to appropriate medical and health centers with an average of 3. 625 are in an average situation and In fact, compared to other indicators of sustainable development in Shiraz, they have more suitable conditions. The results show that the factors for reducing energy consumption in sustainable urban development included 20 indicators. At the level of variables, the highest factor loading was related to the building density factor with a value of 0. 926. Also, two factors of using intelligent energy consumption control systems with a factor load of 0. 920 and using wind energy with a factor load of 0. 910 are known in the second and third ranks. These 20 indicators in total through factor analysis in 5 categories including urban body and form (39/05), expansion of urban public services (21/25), use of renewable energy (10/92), improvement of social indicators (55) 8. ) and climate adaptation (7. 25) were categorized. Also, based on the content analysis, reducing energy consumption in sustainable urban development has 12 major effects, which using structural equation modeling, this effect is equal to 0. 76. In total, it can be said that the 12 examined indicators, including the prosperity of production and economic activities, reducing urban pollution, reducing household expenses, improving the quality of urban life, improving the consumption pattern, increasing access to services, reducing greenhouse gases and etc. can be effective in improving sustainable urban development. Examining the effectiveness of 12 indicators in sustainable urban development shows that the total effect value is 0. 76, and in total, the reviewed indicators can explain about 76% of the variance, role-playing and positive effects in the sustainable urban development of Shiraz. According to the results of this model, the most effective is related to the improvement of the consumption pattern with an explanation of 0. 88. The urban environment preservation index has an explanatory power of 0. 85, the increase of investment has an explanatory power of 0. 83, the optimal energy consumption in the building sector has an explanatory power of 0. 82, and the reduction of household expenses also has an explanatory power of 0. 79 in the field of improving sustainable urban development. Conclusion:  In general, it can be concluded that optimal energy consumption and its reduction can be effective in the sustainable development of Shiraz city, and this influence is realized through different patterns and indicators. Also, the result shows that the effects and factors of reducing energy consumption in various economic, social and environmental dimensions show their effectiveness and therefore affect various dimensions of sustainable urban development. Considering these points, the important role of optimizing energy consumption in the development of Shiraz cannot be ignored. In this regard, it is suggested that 1- local (traditional) patterns should be emphasized in order to reduce energy consumption in the buildings of this city in terms of architecture, form, etc. 2- In order to reduce energy consumption in the building sector and achieve sustainable development, it is suggested Incentive schemes for citizens can be strengthened in order to optimize energy consumption. 3- It is suggested that the costs of reducing the optimal energy consumption should be spent in the urban services sector so that citizens can see the results of their optimal consumption in the energy sector. 4- It is suggested that in order to optimize energy consumption and sustainable development of the city Shiraz, the smart infrastructure sector of this city should be upgraded. 5- It is suggested that suitable financial and credit facilities for citizens to use solar energy should be emphasized and planned. 6- It is suggested that the educational dimension related to energy consumption at the level of Shiraz city neighborhoods and in public places. be explained to the citizens.

References:

• Adedoyin, F. F. , Nwulu, N. , & Bekun, F. V. (2021). Environmental degradation, energy consumption and sustainable development: accounting for the role of economic complexities with evidence from World Bank income clusters.  Business Strategy and the Environment, 30(5), 2727-2740. ‌


• Asarpota, K. , & Nadin, V. (2020). Energy strategies, the urban dimension, and spatial planning.  Energies, 13(14), 1-18.


• Ashaghi, M. , Bahraini, G. R. (2014). Sustainable development of cities with the approach of reducing energy consumption based on the use of regional climatic features, the third national conference on climate, building and optimization of energy consumption with the approach of sustainable development, Isfahan.


• Aslani, A. , Azkia, M. , Zanjani, H. (2017). Investigating the influencing factors on energy (electricity) consumption of urban households with a fundamental theory approach (case study: District 5 of Tehran), Journal of Welfare Planning and Social Development, 10(34), 1-33.


• Bagheri Rad, S. , Mofidi Shemirani, M. (2014). The necessity of energy consumption management in line with the sustainable development plan, the second national conference of new horizons in the empowerment and sustainable development of architecture, civil engineering, tourism, energy and urban and rural environment, Hamadan.


• Bakirtas, T. , & Akpolat, A. G. (2018). The relationship between energy consumption, urbanization, and economic growth in new emerging-market countries.  Energy, 147, 110-121. ‌


• Baldwin, R. F. , Powell, R. B. , Kellert, S. R. (2011). Habitat as architecture: integrating conservation planning and human health, Journal of AMBIO, 40(3), 322–327.


• Beatley,T. (2016). Planning for Biophilic Cities: From Theory to Practice, Journal of Planning Theory & Practice, 17(2), 295-300.


• Bhuniya, S. , Pareek, S. , Sarkar, B. , & Sett, B. K. (2020). A smart production process for the optimum energy consumption with maintenance policy under a supply chain management.  Processes, 9(1), 1-19


• Carréon, J. R. , & Worrell, E. (2018). Urban energy systems within the transition to sustainable development. A research agenda for urban metabolism.  Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 132, 258-266. ‌


• Chel, A. , & Kaushik, G. (2018). Renewable energy technologies for sustainable development of energy efficient building.  Alexandria Engineering Journal, 57(2),655-669. ‌


• Chen, J. , Zhou, C. , Wang, S. , & Li, S. (2018). Impacts of energy consumption structure, energy intensity, economic growth, urbanization on PM2. 5 concentrations in countries globally.  Applied energy, 230, 94-105. ‌


• Cheung, G. , Davies, P. J. , & Trück, S. (2019). Transforming urban energy systems: The role of local governments’ regional energy master plan.  Journal of Cleaner Production, 220, 655-667. ‌


• de Lima Montenegro, J. G. C. , Zemero, B. R. , de Souza, A. C. D. B. , de Lima Tostes, M. E. , & Bezerra, U. H. (2021). Building Information Modeling approach to optimize energy efficiency in educational buildings.  Journal of Building Engineering, 43(2), 45-62.


• Dehghan Shabani, Z. , Sadraei Javaheri, A. , Abbaspour Kazroni, E. (2019). The effect of urbanization on energy consumption in Iranian provinces: a spatial panel data approach. Iranian Energy Economy Research Journal, 9(34), 113-142.


• Elmqvist, T. , Andersson, E. , Frantzeskaki, N. , McPhearson, T. , Olsson, P. , Gaffney, O. , & Folke, C. (2019). Sustainability and resilience for transformation in the urban century.  Nature sustainability, 2(4), 267-273. ‌


• Farhadi, A. , Mehdi Khani, M. , Aalipur, R. (2016). Investigating the amount of construction and operation costs of buildings in Yazd city if different materials are used, with the approach of energy consumption management, the fourth national conference on recent achievements in civil engineering, architecture and urban planning, Tehran.


• Ferrari, S. , Zagarella, F. , Caputo, P. , & Bonomolo, M. (2019). Assessment of tools for urban energy planning.  Energy, 176, 544-551. ‌


• Ghorbani, F. , Salaripour, A. A. (2022). Investigating the relationship between urban form and energy consumption in urban settlements (case study: Qazvin city). Urban and Regional Development Planning Quarterly, 7(20), 115-143.


• Giridharan, R. , & Emmanuel, R. (2018). The impact of urban compactness, comfort strategies and energy consumption on tropical urban heat island intensity: A review.  Sustainable cities and society, 40(3), 677-687. ‌


• Hanif, I. (2018). Impact of fossil fuels energy consumption, energy policies, and urban sprawl on carbon emissions in East Asia and the Pacific: A panel investigation.  Energy strategy reviews, 21(4), 16-24. ‌


• Hong, T. , Chen, Y. , Luo, X. , Luo, N. , & Lee, S. H. (2020). Ten questions on urban building energy modeling.  Building and Environment, 168(2),1-16.


• Hu, H. , Xie, N. , Fang, D. , & Zhang, X. (2018). The role of renewable energy consumption and commercial services trade in carbon dioxide reduction: Evidence from 25 developing countries.  Applied energy, 211, 1229-1244. ‌


• Huang, S. C. (2006). A study of outdoor interactional spaces in high-rise housing, Journal of Landscape and Urban Planning, 78(3), 193-204.


• Islam, F. , Shahbaz, M. , Alam, M. (2013). Financial development and energy consumption nexus in Malaysia: A multivariate time series analysis. MPRA Paper,28(3),1-29.


• Kazemian, G. R. , Rasouli, A. , Khazaei, M. M. (2016). The role of new and renewable energies in making cities livable, a case study of Tehran. Scientific and research quarterly of research and urban planning, 8(29), 118-99.


• Khazarlu, A. , Haji Lu, R. (2014). The role of new energies in sustainable architecture with the approach of reducing energy consumption and improving the quality of life, International Conference on Man, Architecture, Civil Engineering and the City, Tabriz.


• Lotfi, S. , Nikpour, A. , Soleimani, M. (2018). Reducing energy consumption in cities with the approach of sustainable building forms studied: Hamadan city, the second international conference on civil engineering, architecture and urban development management in Iran, Tehran.


• Murphy, K. (2012). The social pillar of sustainable development: A literature review and framework for policy analysis, Journal of Sustainability: Science, Practice, and Policy, 8(1), 15-29.


• Naghdi, Y. , Kagaziyan, S. , Lashkarizadeh, M. (2021). The impact of urbanization on renewable and non-renewable energy consumption in developing countries, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 23(11), 25-36.


• Nikpour, A. , Lotfi, S. , Rezazadeh, M. , Al-Haghli Tabar Nashli, F. (2017). Analysis of the relationship between city form and energy consumption in the housing sector (case study of Babolsar). Geography and Development of Urban Space, 5(1), 71-92.


• Oka, N. (2018). The Conceptualisation of Sustainable Development: An Interdisciplinary Exploration of its Extensity, Practicability and Veracities, Journal of Management of Sustainable Development,9(2), 47-57.


• Satrio, P. , Mahlia, T. M. I. , Giannetti, N. , & Saito, K. (2019). Optimization of HVAC system energy consumption in a building using artificial neural network and multi-objective genetic algorithm.  Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 35, 48-57. ‌


• Surya, B. , Muhibuddin, A. , Suriani, S. , Rasyidi, E. S. , Baharuddin, B. , Fitriyah, A. T. , & Abubakar, H. (2021). Economic evaluation, use of renewable energy, and sustainable urban development Mamminasata Metropolitan, Indonesia.  Sustainability, 13(3), 1-17.


• Vafajo, P. , Yazdi, P. , Loghman, M. (2014). Optimizing energy consumption in buildings with a sustainable development approach, the first national building and city energy conference, Sari.


• Wang, S. , Li, G. , & Fang, C. (2018). Urbanization, economic growth, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions: Empirical evidence from countries with different income levels.  Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 81, 2144-2159. ‌


• Wu, H. , Hao, Y. , & Weng, J. H. (2019). How does energy consumption affect China's urbanization? New evidence from dynamic threshold panel models.  Energy policy, 127, 24-38. ‌


• Zandi Mohib, A. , Rahbar, A. (2013). Sustainable urban development using renewable energies (case study of Germany), the second international congress of structure, architecture and urban development, Tabriz.


• Zheng, W. , & Walsh, P. P. (2019). Economic growth, urbanization and energy consumption—A provincial level analysis of China.  Energy Economics, 80, 153-162. ‌