Study of forest development on regeneration (Case Study: Sistan forestry plan, Gilan Province Rudbar city)
Subject Areas :
Biodiversity
FARSHAD Keivan Behjou
1
,
Morad Hajipour
2
,
Ramin Naghdi
3
,
Meraj Sharari
4
,
zeynab pourgholi
5
1 - -Associate Prof., Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil. Iran
2 - M. Sc. Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources Technology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil
3 - Professor, Faculty of Natural Resources Technology, University of Guilan, Iran
4 - Assistant Prof., Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil. Iran
5 - PhD student, Faculty of Natural Resources Technology, University of Gorgan, Gorgan
Received: 2017-07-24
Accepted : 2017-10-25
Published : 2020-03-20
Keywords:
downstream of road,
upstream of road,
Regeneration,
forest ecosystem,
wooden species,
Abstract :
Background and Objective: One of the most important events in forests is the regeneration of forest trees on which the sustainability of a forest depends. Therefore, understanding the factors affecting the establishment of forest species can help us of better understanding the different stages of the succession of this ecosystem. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of forest development on regeneration of tree species in Zilaki area of Rudbar town.Method: In this study, a part of forest roads in Series 4 of Zilaki rood at the age of 18 was selected in terms of homogeneity of height, aspect, slope changes and species composition status and with sufficient length (500 m). In this road, 6 transect was designed and parallel plots were implemented at intervals of 1, 5, 10, 30 and 50 meters, with dimensions of 2 in 10 meters. The number and type of wooden trees and shrub species regeneration were sampled.Findings: According to the results, there was no significant difference between the mean regeneration of the species in the downstream (28.8 ± 13.9) and upstream of the road (32.4 ± 12.9). Analysis of variance showed that the mean number of regeneration between different intervals in the downstream and upstream of the road had a significant difference. In downstream, with a probability of 95%, the average number of regeneration were (39.0 ± 7.0) and (16.1 ± 10.4) at 5 and 1 meter of the road, respectively.Discussion and Conclusions: For the survival of any vegetation, the possibility of regeneration is so important and since the roads as the access routes to forest ecosystems are important both for humans and invasive plant species, road ecology studies is very important and valuable to monitor and control the impact of forest roads on biodiversity. So, the knowledge about the flora and edaphic conditions is essential to minimize the damage to vegetation and soil in the region influenced by forest roads.
References:
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Metslaid, M., Jo˜giste, K., Nikinmaa, E., Keith Moser, W., Porcar-Castell, A., 2007. Tree variables related to growth response and acclimation of advance regeneration of Norway spruce and other coniferous species after release. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 24, pp. 1-8.
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Avon, C., Bergès, L., Dumas, Y., Dupouey, J.L., 2010. Does the effect of forest roads extend a few meters or more into the adjacent forest? A study on understudy plant diversity in manages oak stands. Forest Ecology and Management,Vol. 259, No. 8, pp. 1546-1555.
Negishi, J.N., Noguchi, S., Sidle, R.C., Abdul Rahim, N., 2004. Some observations on logging road recovery: implications to road rehabilitations. Proceedings of the international workshop on the landscape level rehabilitation of degraded tropical forests. Forestry and Forest Product Research Institute, Tsukuba, Vol. 12, pp. 29-36.
Bowering, M., LeMay, V., Marshal, P., 2006. Effects of forest road on the growth of adjacent lodgeopole pine trees. Canadian journal of forest research, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 919-929.
Karim, M.N., Mallik, A.U., 2008. Roadside revegetation by native plants I. Roadside microhabitats, floristic zonation and species traits. Ecological Engineering, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp.222-237.
Dickinson, M.B., Whigham, D.F., Hermann, S.M., 2000. Tree regeneration in felling and natural tree fall disturbances in a semi deciduous Tropical Forest in Mexico. Forest Ecological Management, Vol. 134, pp. 1-3. 137-151.
Hansen, M.J., Clevenger, A.P., 2005. The Influence of disturbance and habitat on the presence of non-native plant species along transport corridors. Biological conservation, Vol. 125, pp. 249 25.
_||_
Smith, F., 1996. Biological diversity, ecosystem stability and economic development. Journal of Ecological Economics, Vol. 16, pp. 191-203.
Metslaid, M., Jo˜giste, K., Nikinmaa, E., Keith Moser, W., Porcar-Castell, A., 2007. Tree variables related to growth response and acclimation of advance regeneration of Norway spruce and other coniferous species after release. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 24, pp. 1-8.
3. Bazyari, M., Jalilvand, H., Hosseini, S.A. Kooch, Y. (2016). Effect of Forest Roads on Biodiversity Regeneration of Tree Species, Vol. 18, No.2. pp. 5-20.
Jones, P.D., New, N., Parker, D.E., Martin, S., Rigor, I.G., 1999. Surface air temperature and its changes over the past 150 years. Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 37, pp. 173–199.
Tilman, D., 1988. Plant Strategies and the Dynamics and Structure of Plant Communities. Monographs in Population Biology 26. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 360 p.
Newsome, W.T., Mikami, A., Wurtz, R.H., 1986. Motion selectivity in macaque visual cortex. III. Psychophysics and physiology of apparent motion. Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 5, pp. 1340-1351.
Barchuk, A.H., Díaz, M.P., Casanoves, F., Balzarin, M.G., Karlin, U.O., 1998. Experimental study on survival rates in two arboreal species from the Argentinean dry Chaco. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 103, pp. 203-210.
Swindel, B.F., Conde, L.F., Smith, J.E., 1984. Species diversity: concept, measurement, and response to clear cutting and site preparation. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 20, pp.195-208.
Belinchon, R., Martinez, I., Escudero, A., Aragon, G., Valladares, F., 2007. Edge effects on epiphytic communities in a Mediterranean Quercus pyrenaicaforest. Journal of Vegetation Science, Vol. 18, pp. 81-90.
Wronski, E.B., 1984. Impact of tractor thinning operations on soil and tree roots in a Karri forest, Western Australia. Australian forest research, Vol. 14, pp. 319-332.
Bowering, M., Lemay, V., Marshall, P., 2006. Effects of forest roads on the growth of adjacent lodgepole pine trees. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 36, pp. 919-929.
Najafi, A., Hosseini, S.M., Ezzati, S., Torabi, M., Fakhari, M.A., (2011). Comparison of Regeneration and Biodiversity of trees on cut and fill edges of forest road (Case study: Chamestan and Lavige forest, Noor), Journal of wood Forest Science and Technology, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 139-152. (in Persian).
Forman, R.T.T., Alexander, l.e., 1998. Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 29, pp. 207-231.
Lamont, B.B., Rees, R., Witkowski, E., Whitten, V.A., 1994. Comparative size, fecundity and ecophysiology of roadside plants of Banksia hookeriana. Journal Applied Ecology, Vol. 31, pp. 137-144.
Parendes, LA., Jones, J.A., 2000. Role of light availability and dispersal in exotic plant invasion along roads and streams in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon. Conservation Biology, Vol. 14, pp. 64-75.
Gustavsson, T., 1990. Variation in road surface temperature due to topography and wind. Theoretical and applied climatology, Vol. 41, pp. 227-236.
Hansen, M.J., Clevenger, A.P., 2005. The influence of disturbance and habitat on the presence of non-native plant species along transport corridors. Biological Conservation, Vol. 125, pp. 249–259.
Goldblum, D., Beatty, S.W., 1999. Influence of and old/forest edge on a northeastern United States deciduous forest understory community. Journal of the Torrey botanical society, Vol. 4, pp. 335-343.
Torabi, M. (2015). Comparison of biodiversity and regeneration density in cut and fills edges of forest roads, third national forest symposium in Tehran. (in Persian).
Megahan, W.F., 1988. Effects of forest roads on watershed function in mountainous areas, Symposium on environmental geotechnical and problematic soils and rocks. Proceedings, Pp: 335-348.
Lamont, B.B., Whitten, V.A., Witkowski, E.T.F., Rees, R.G., Enright, N.J., 1994b. Regional and local (road verge) effects on size and fecundity in Banksia menziesii. Austral Ecology. 19:197-205.
Zare, H., Habashi, H. Alder, ecologic species in Northern forests, Forests and Rangelands Journal, Vol. 3, No.48, pp. 56-65. (in Persian).
Hosseini, S. A., and Jalilvand, H., 2007. Marginal effect of forest road on Alder trees. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. Vol. 10, No.10, pp. 1766-1771. (in Persian).
Bazyari, M., Jalilvand, H., Kooch, Y., Hosseini, S.A., (2014). Ecological effects of forest roads on biodiversity and floristic composition (case study; leeresar, galanderood, makarood), Journal of Plant Researches, Vol. 27, No.1, pp. 41-51. (in Persian).
Lotfalian. M., Riahifar, N., Fallah,A., and Hodjati, S.A. (2012). Effects of roads on understory plant communities in a froadleaved forest in Hyrcanian zone. Journal of Forest Science, 58 (10): 446–455. (in Persian).
Marvie mahadjerm M.R. (2006). Silvicultura and forest ecology, Tehran University publication. (in Persian).
Anonymous, Kolang Diar,s and Sistan Forest management plan, (1993). Forest, Range and Watershed Organization. (in Persian).
Naghdi, R., Pourbabaei, H., Heidari, M. Nouri, M. (2014). The effect of forest road on vegetation and some physical and chemical properties of soil, Case study: Shafarood forests, District No.2, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp.49-64. (in Persian).
Avon, C., Bergès, L., Dumas, Y., Dupouey, J.L., 2010. Does the effect of forest roads extend a few meters or more into the adjacent forest? A study on understudy plant diversity in manages oak stands. Forest Ecology and Management,Vol. 259, No. 8, pp. 1546-1555.
Negishi, J.N., Noguchi, S., Sidle, R.C., Abdul Rahim, N., 2004. Some observations on logging road recovery: implications to road rehabilitations. Proceedings of the international workshop on the landscape level rehabilitation of degraded tropical forests. Forestry and Forest Product Research Institute, Tsukuba, Vol. 12, pp. 29-36.
Bowering, M., LeMay, V., Marshal, P., 2006. Effects of forest road on the growth of adjacent lodgeopole pine trees. Canadian journal of forest research, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 919-929.
Karim, M.N., Mallik, A.U., 2008. Roadside revegetation by native plants I. Roadside microhabitats, floristic zonation and species traits. Ecological Engineering, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp.222-237.
Dickinson, M.B., Whigham, D.F., Hermann, S.M., 2000. Tree regeneration in felling and natural tree fall disturbances in a semi deciduous Tropical Forest in Mexico. Forest Ecological Management, Vol. 134, pp. 1-3. 137-151.
Hansen, M.J., Clevenger, A.P., 2005. The Influence of disturbance and habitat on the presence of non-native plant species along transport corridors. Biological conservation, Vol. 125, pp. 249 25.
