Comparative study of Urban Management and Normative Autonomy of Local Governments (Case study: Hungry, Austria, Turkey, German, Iran)

Subject Areas : Urban Management Studies

Hassan Esmailzadeh ¹ ( )
Vali allah Cheraghi ² ( )
Arman Moslemi ³ ( )

Received: 2015-03-29 Accepted : 2015-05-30 Published : 2015-05-22

Keywords: Urban Management, Local government, normative autonomy, lack of counteraction (decentr,

Abstract :

Introduction and Objective: the investigation of civil management and normative autonomy in the world is an effort to introduce the patterns, structure and duties of local entities and different countries in the framework of constitution and political regime in these countries. This can be treated as a gate to modeling the global experiences. In this research, as well as the presentation of political classification of countries, five countries and the governing structures of administration and the position of civil management in these countries are addresses. Method: documentary studies have been used in development of this research. In fact, the instances of documentary investigation of this research are the subjects, duty division and structure differentiation, and rule and responsibility definition in various levels of sample countries, as well as analysis of basic laws and provisions. Findings: In all countries studied, relatively local affairs and urban management in the form of a specific and relatively independent, and the role of local and national affairs are separated. So that the central government has fully recognized In the definition of local government administration in the country, municipalities are considered the foundation of the system and the local administration have relative independence But this independence is so far not in violation of the constitutions and laws of the country. Conclusion: investigating the status of creation and establishment of local entities for administrating cities from the legal and legal foundations show that in the constitution of most of the countries there are certain chapters or articles which address the status of local entities. The common aspects of exploring the constitution of studied countries on local entities are macro fundamentals of the method of creation and administrative structure of these countries, as well as the necessity of governing their creation in the form of predefined ratings.  

References:

انصاری، ولی الله .(1384). کلیات حقوق اداری، تهران: نشر میزان.

آستانه، علی دربان .(1385).حکمروایی روستایی در ایران و نقش دهیاری ها در تحقق آن، رساله دکتری.رشته جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه تهران.

امامی، محمد و استوار سنگری، کورش.(1388).حقوق اداری، جلد اول،تهران: بنیاد حقوقی میزان.

 ایمانی جاجرمی، حسین.(1378).مدل های اداره شهر: تجربه آلمان فدرال، ماهنامه آبادی ، وزارت مسکن و شهرسازی.

ایمانی جاجرمی، حسین.(1379).حکومت محلی در ترکیه نیازمند اصلاحات، شهرداری ها، سال دوم، شماره24.

برک پور،ناصر و ایرج اسدی.(1388).مدیریت و حکمروایی شهری، تهران: معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه تهران.

شکیبا مقدم، محمد.(1387).حقوق اداری، تهران: انتشارات میر.

دوبن، آلن.(1379).چالش های مدیریت محلی در ترکیه، مترجم: حسن شفیعی.ماهنامه شهرداری‌ها، شماره12.

کاظمیان، غلامرضا، صالحی، اسماعیل، ایازی، سید محمد هادی، نوذرپور، علی، ایمانی جاجرمی، حسین، سعیدی رضوانی، نوید، عبدالهی، مجید .(1392).مدیریت شهری، جلد سوم،تهران: انتشارات تیسا.

نجفی، مرتضی و  محسنی، فرید.(1388).حقوق اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران، تهران: انتشارات بین المللی الهدی.

نوین، پرویز.(1386) .حقوق اداری تطبیقی، تهران: انتشارات تدریس.

مرادی،علیرضا و هاشم واعظی .(1392). اجتماع محلی و حکومت محلی، تهران: اداره کل مطالعات اجتماعی و فرهنگی شهرداری تهران.

مرکز مطالعات و برنامه ریزی شهر تهران.(1385).مطالعه تطبیقی نظام های مدیریت مناطق شهری در جهان، تهران.

مطیعی لنگرودی، سید حسن.(1386).برنامه ریزی روستایی با تاکید بر ایران،مشهد: انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی، چاپ اول.

اطهاری، کمال .(1386).حاکمیت شایسته و ضرورت احیای حوزه عمومی، جستارهای شهرسازی، شماره 19.

مرکز مطالعات و برنامه ریزی شهر تهران .(1389).امکان سنجی انتخاب مستقیم شهرداران توسط مردم در ایران، تهران.

ویسی، هادی .(1392).بررسی الگوهای دولت محلی و تطبیق آن با شهرهای ایران، جغرافیا و توسعه، دوره 4، شماره 23.

Anderson, William(1964)"The Units of government", Chicago, Public Administration Services.

“Encyclopedias and Dictionaries”.In Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol.18.15th edition ed.Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2008.2

Dollery, B.E., O’Keefe, S.and Crase, L.(2009), ‘State Oversight Models for Australian Local Government’, Economic Papers, 28(4), 279-290.

Jacobsen, Dag Ingvar (2001) ”Are the Relations Between Politicians and Administrators at the Local Level Determined by the Degree of Central Government Regulations?” ECPR joint sessions of workshops, Grenoble 6-11 April 2001 Workshop 21: Local Autonomy and Local Democracy

Hajnal, György (2001) “Hopes and Reality: The First Decade of the Hungarian Local Government System in the View of the Public” in Public Perception of Local Governments ed.by Pawel Swianiewicz.Budapest: Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative

Kramer, Jutta (2005) "Local government and city states in Germany", hanover

Marshall, N.(2008).‘Local Government Reforms in Australia.’ In Local Government Reform.A Comparative Analysis of Advanced Anglo-American Countries, eds.B.E.Dollery, J.Garcea and E.C.LeSage Jr.Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

O’Neill, J.(1997).‘Local Government in the Australian Federal System’, in Dollery, B.E.and Marshall, N.Australian Local Government.Reform and Renewal.MacMillan: Melbourne, pp.17-39.

Pratchett, Lawrence(2001)"Towards a separation of Autonomy and Local Democracy ECPR Joint sessions of workshops Grenoble" 6-11 April 2001, workshop 21: Local Autonomy and Local Democracy.

Robb, A.(Rt.Hon.).‘Australian Local Government – Speech.Royal Theatre, National Convention Centre’.17 June.URL < http://nga.alga.asn.au/event/2010/speeches/AndrewRobb.pdf >.Consulted 24 March 2011.

Soos, Gabor (2002)" Local Government Reforms and the Capacity for Local Governance "available in: www.t-rc.org

Soós, Gábor and Judit Kálmán (2002) “Country Report – Hungary” in The State of Local Democracy in Central Europe ed.by Gábor Soós, Gábor Tóka and Glen Wright.Budapest Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative.

Steytler, Nico(2005) "The place and role of local government in federal systems",Konrad- Adenauer-Stitung.

Truss, W.(Rt.Hon.) (2010).‘Speech to the National General Assembly of Local Government’.17 June.URL <http://nga.alga.asn.au/event/2010/speeches/Warren_Truss.pdf >.Consulted 24 March 2011.

Carr, R.K & et al (1964).American Democracy in Theory and Practice, NewYork: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Caulfield.

Saltzstein A.L et al (2008).Visions of Urban Reform: Comparing English and U.S.Strategies for Improving City Government”, Urban Affairs Review, Vol.44.

DeGaetano, A.& Strom, E (2003).Comparative Urban Governance: an Integrated Approach.Urban Affairs Review.Vol.38, No.3.