An Analysis of Venacular Architecture With emphasis of Residents' Lifestyle in order to Perceptual Homogeneity In the indigenous Built environment. (Case Study: Old tissue of Bushehr)
Subject Areas :
Journal of Iranian Social Development Studies
mohammad ali
rahimi
1
(PhD Candidate in Architecture, Dep.of Architecture, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran)
bagher
karimi
2
(Assistant Professor, Dep.of Architecture, bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran)
Received: 2019-12-21
Accepted : 2020-08-02
Published : 2020-04-20
Keywords:
Vernacular Architecture,
Lifestyle,
Old tissue of Bushehr,
Perceptual homogeneity,
Abstract :
vernacular architecture has been studied in different ways. The present study focuses on a problem-based approach to mid-scale (neighborhood) venacular architecture to enhance the subjective and perceptual homogeneity of audiences of indigenous human environments. At first, the concepts and methods of studying indigenous architecture were evaluated, and later the concepts of human lifestyle with their explicit and hidden aspects as the most important variables of perceptual homogeneity were examined. To explain the perceptual and subjective homogeneity of audiences from the artificial environment, a theoretical framework of research based on the relationship between the indigenous human environment as a system of activity and human life through the use of the theories of Amos Rapport and other experts and the approval of 15 academic experts, formulated and results. It was scrutinized. Based on a qualitative approach with a descriptive and analytical approach, the concepts and theoretical factors were explained and the purposeful selection of the indigenous tissue architecture of Bushehr as a case study was carried out. To this end, research has been undertaken in this field (library and Internet studies including books, documents, papers, and research by other domestic and foreign researchers). The results of promoting perceptual homogeneity in the environment, increasing individual predictability and decreasing psychological stress, strengthening defense and psychological and cultural mechanisms, ... Partnerships and close communication are flexibility, mutual support during times of cultural change, environmental pressures, cultural groups, immigrant satisfaction.
References:
Alexander, Ch. (2012). The phenomenon of life: an essay on the art of building and the nature of the universe, c2002. (Sirus Sabri, R & Akbari, A). Tehran: Parham Naghsh Publications. [Persian]
Allsopp, B. (1977). A Modern theory of Architecture. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Alpago Novello, A (2005). Vernacular Architecture - Introducing Vernacular Architecture, Its Meaning and Current Perspectives. (Sadat Afsari, A.M). Space Science and Cultural Institute, Second Edition. [Persian]
Altman, I. (1975). The Environment and Social Behavior: Privacy, Personal Space, Territory, and Crowding. Brooks/Cole Pub. Co.
Ashoori, D. (2010). Definition and concept of Freemasonry. Tehran: Agah Publications. [Persian]
Askari Khaneghah, A.& Sharif Kamali, M. (2001). General Anthropology. Tehran: Organization for the Study and Development of Humanities Textbooks (Samt). [Persian]
Asquith, L. & Vellinga, M. (Eds.). (2006). Vernacular architecture in the 21st century: Theory, education and practice. London and New York: Taylor & Francis.
Baker, G. H. (1996). Design strategies in architecture: an approach to the analysis of form. Taylor & Francis.
Bourdieu, P(1984). Distinction: a social critique of the judgment of taste. (Nice, R). New York: Routledge.
Bourdieu, P. (2000). The Historical Genisis of Pure Aesthetics. (Farhadpour, M.). Philosophical Quarterly of Organon, 17, 166-147.[Persian]
Bourdieu, p. (2001). Raisons pratiques: sur la theorie de l'action. (Mardiha, M.). Tehran: Naghsh and Negar Publications. [Persian]
Brent, B. & Zeisd, J. (1970). Social Research and Design: Applications to Mass Housing in Gray Moore ed. Emerging Methods. Environmental Design and Planning. Cambridge Mass: MIT Press, 239 – 246
Bronner, S. J. (2006). Building tradition: control and authority in vernacular architecture. In Vernacular Architecture in the 21st Century (pp. 41-63). Taylor & Francis.
Brunskill, R. W. (2000) [1978]. Illustrated Handbook of Vernacular Architecture (4th ed.). London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-19503-2.
Chaney, D. (2002). Lifestyles. Rutledge. London
Coulivand, A. (2002). Spatial-Physical Properties of Bushehr Old Texture. Abadi Quarterly, 36, 60-57. [Persian]
Eehrlich, A.S. (1971). History, Ecology and Demography in the British Caribbean: An Analysis of East Indian Ethnicity. Southwest J. Anthropol, 2, 166-180.
Eidt, R.C. (1971). Pioneer Settlement in Northeast Argentina. University of Wisconsin Press. Madison.
Falamaki, M. M. (2005). Venacular Architecture, Tehran: Space Science and Culture Institute, Second Edition. [Persian]
Fathi, H, (2003), Architecture for People. (Ashrafi, A). Tehran: Art University, Tehran. [Persian]
Fazeli, N. (2003). Modernity and Housing (Ethnographic Approach to the Concept of Home, Rural Lifestyle and Its Modern Developments). Iranian Journal of Cultural Research. 1 (1), 25-63. [Persian]
Floor, W. (2008). The rise and fall of Bushehr. (Zanganeh, h). Tehran: Tolue danesh. [Persian]
Giddens, A. (2013). Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. John Wiley & Sons.
Hendry, L. B. (2002). Leisure and youth lifestyle. (Molla Nazar, M. &Faramarz Kekoli Dezfuli, F.). Tehran: National Youth Organization Publications. [Persian]
Holm, I. (2006). Ideas and Beliefs in Architecture and Industrial design: How attitudes, orientations, and underlying assumptions shape the built environment. AHO.
Hourigan, N. (2015). Confronting Classifications-When and what is Vernacular Architecture? Civil Engineering and Architecture, 3(1), 24
Kanin, A. (2008). Geography of Bushehr Province. Tehran: Mirror Book Publications. First Edition. [Persian]
Kent, S. (2019). 14 The Cultural Revolution in Architecture. Culture-Meaning-Architecture: Critical Reflections on the Work of Amos Rapoport. Routledge.
Lash, S. & Urry, J. (1987). The End of Organised Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity press.
Lawrence, R. J. (2006). Learning from the vernacular: Basic principles for sustaining human habitats. In Vernacular Architecture in the 21st Century (pp. 128-145). Taylor & Francis.
Lesli, G. R., Larson, R. f. & Gorman, B. L. (1994). Introductory Sociology. OxFord Un. Press.
Li, Z., (2013). The influence of tourism on the sustaining of vernacular architechtural tradition embodied in the Bai and Naxi dwellings in Yunnan. Ph.d. thesis, (Unpublished), University of Huddersfield, England.
Mahdavi kani, M. S. (2007). The concept of style and its implication in social science. Journal of Cultural Research, 1, 199-230. [Persian]
Mahdavi kani, M. S. (2008). Religion and lifestyle. Tehran: Imam Sadegh University Press. 2d ed. [Persian]
Mallgrave, H. F. (2005). Architectural Theory: Volume I-An Anthology from Vitruvius to 1870. Wiley-Blackwell.
Mckee, J. B. (1969). Introduction to Sociology. Holt Rinehart & Winston Inc.
Memarian, Gh. H (2007). A Survey on the Theoretical Foundations of Architecture, Tehran: Soroush Danesh Publications. [Persian]
Nourmohammadi, S. (2009). Understanding the Nature of Architectural Space by Reflecting on the Similarity of Space in Indigenous Settlements. Ph.d. thesis, Unpublished, University of Tehran. [Persian]
Oliver, P. (1987). Dwellings: the house across the world. Phaidon.
Oliver, P. (1989). Handed down architecture. In J.-P. Bourdier & N. AlSayyad (Eds.), Dwellings, Settlements and Tradition: Cross-Cultural Perspectives, (pp. 49-75). Lanham: University Press of America.
Oliver, P. (1998). Architectural Approach. Encyclopedia of vernacular architecture of the world by Paul Oliver. Cambridge University Press.
Oliver, P. (Ed.). (1997). Encyclopedia of vernacular architecture of the world (Vol. 3). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pahlavan, G. (2011). Linguistics, discourses on culture and civilization, linguistics, politics and cultural development. Tehran: Ghatreh Publications. [Persian]
Pétonnet, C. (1972). Méthodologie ethnologique en milieu urbain: un groupe espagnol. Paris: Cujas, pp.457-468.
Porter, T. (2004). Archispeak: An illustrated guide to architectural terms. Routledge.
Rafiepour, F. (2010). The anatomy of society. Tehran: Sherkat Sahami Enteshar. [Persian]
Rahvandshahr Designers, Consulting Engineers. (2012). Comprehensive Historical and Cultural Studies of the Texture of Bushehr, Second Step: Scope of Organization, First Edition. [Persian]
Rapoport, A. (1976). The Mutual Interaction of People and Their Built Environment: A Cross Cultural Perspective. The Hague Mouton Publishers.
Rapoport, A. (1980). Neighborhood heterogeneity or homogeneity. The field of man-environment studies. Architecture et comportement= Architecture and behaviour Saint-Saphorin, 1(1), 65-77.
Rapoport, A. (2009). House form and Cultua. (Afzalian, KH.). Tehran: Herfehe Honarmand. [Persian]
Rapoport, A. (2012). Culture, Architecture and Design. (Barzegar, M, & Yusuf Nia Pasha, M.). Sari: Chalphin Publishing. First Edition. [Persian]
Rapoport, A. (2016). Human aspects of urban form: towards a man-environment approach to urban form and design. Elsevier.
Rudofsky, B. (1965). Architecture without Architects, Doubleday and Company, Inc., Garden City, New York.
Rudofsky, B. (1977). The prodigious buildersnotes toward a natural history of architecture with special regard to those species that are traditionally neglected or downright ignored. (No. 723 R8).
Scheiner, J. & Kasper, B. (2003). Lifestyles, choice of housing location and daily mobility The lifestyle approach in the context of spatial mobility and planning. International Social Science Journal, 55(176), 319-332.
Seifter, R. H. Correll, M. R., Marani, G. F. & Brewer, G. L. (2015). Designs for Living: Housesby Robert A.M. Stern Architects. The Monacelli Press.
Shasti, Sh. & Flamaki, M. M. (2014). The Relationship between Iranian Lifestyle and Housing; Based on Short-Term Community Theory and Theory of Strategy and Territorial Policy of Iranian Society. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities. 23, 117 - 136.
Shias, M.& Vali Arab, M. (2017). The Influence of the Sea on the Folk Culture of Bushehr, Journal of Kharazmi, 15, 116 - 132. [Persian]
Simmel, G. (1990). The Philosophy of Money. (Bottomore, T. & Frisby, D. & Mengelberg, K.). Routledge. 2d ed.
Sobel, M. E. (1981). Lifestyle and Social Structure: Concepts”, Definitions and Analyses. New York: Academic Press.
Steadman, P. (2008). The Evolution of Designs: Biological analogy in architecture and the applied arts. Routledge.
Upton, D. (1983). The power of things: Recent studies in American vernacular architecture. American Quarterly, 35(3), 262-279
Uth, T. C. (1996). Definitions of life style and its applications to travel behavior. Extraído de: www. i4. auc. dk/trg/td/papers/papers96/tr_og_ad/uth/uth. pdf.
Veblen, T. (2007). The theory of the leisure class. (Ershad, F). Tehran: Ney Publications. [Persian]
Walker, J. L. & Li, J. (2007). Latent lifestyle preferences and household location Decisions. J Geograph Syst, 9:77–101.
Webster Online, Dic. (2004)
_||_
Alexander, Ch. (2012). The phenomenon of life: an essay on the art of building and the nature of the universe, c2002. (Sirus Sabri, R & Akbari, A). Tehran: Parham Naghsh Publications. [Persian]
Allsopp, B. (1977). A Modern theory of Architecture. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Alpago Novello, A (2005). Vernacular Architecture - Introducing Vernacular Architecture, Its Meaning and Current Perspectives. (Sadat Afsari, A.M). Space Science and Cultural Institute, Second Edition. [Persian]
Altman, I. (1975). The Environment and Social Behavior: Privacy, Personal Space, Territory, and Crowding. Brooks/Cole Pub. Co.
Ashoori, D. (2010). Definition and concept of Freemasonry. Tehran: Agah Publications. [Persian]
Askari Khaneghah, A.& Sharif Kamali, M. (2001). General Anthropology. Tehran: Organization for the Study and Development of Humanities Textbooks (Samt). [Persian]
Asquith, L. & Vellinga, M. (Eds.). (2006). Vernacular architecture in the 21st century: Theory, education and practice. London and New York: Taylor & Francis.
Baker, G. H. (1996). Design strategies in architecture: an approach to the analysis of form. Taylor & Francis.
Bourdieu, P(1984). Distinction: a social critique of the judgment of taste. (Nice, R). New York: Routledge.
Bourdieu, P. (2000). The Historical Genisis of Pure Aesthetics. (Farhadpour, M.). Philosophical Quarterly of Organon, 17, 166-147.[Persian]
Bourdieu, p. (2001). Raisons pratiques: sur la theorie de l'action. (Mardiha, M.). Tehran: Naghsh and Negar Publications. [Persian]
Brent, B. & Zeisd, J. (1970). Social Research and Design: Applications to Mass Housing in Gray Moore ed. Emerging Methods. Environmental Design and Planning. Cambridge Mass: MIT Press, 239 – 246
Bronner, S. J. (2006). Building tradition: control and authority in vernacular architecture. In Vernacular Architecture in the 21st Century (pp. 41-63). Taylor & Francis.
Brunskill, R. W. (2000) [1978]. Illustrated Handbook of Vernacular Architecture (4th ed.). London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-19503-2.
Chaney, D. (2002). Lifestyles. Rutledge. London
Coulivand, A. (2002). Spatial-Physical Properties of Bushehr Old Texture. Abadi Quarterly, 36, 60-57. [Persian]
Eehrlich, A.S. (1971). History, Ecology and Demography in the British Caribbean: An Analysis of East Indian Ethnicity. Southwest J. Anthropol, 2, 166-180.
Eidt, R.C. (1971). Pioneer Settlement in Northeast Argentina. University of Wisconsin Press. Madison.
Falamaki, M. M. (2005). Venacular Architecture, Tehran: Space Science and Culture Institute, Second Edition. [Persian]
Fathi, H, (2003), Architecture for People. (Ashrafi, A). Tehran: Art University, Tehran. [Persian]
Fazeli, N. (2003). Modernity and Housing (Ethnographic Approach to the Concept of Home, Rural Lifestyle and Its Modern Developments). Iranian Journal of Cultural Research. 1 (1), 25-63. [Persian]
Floor, W. (2008). The rise and fall of Bushehr. (Zanganeh, h). Tehran: Tolue danesh. [Persian]
Giddens, A. (2013). Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. John Wiley & Sons.
Hendry, L. B. (2002). Leisure and youth lifestyle. (Molla Nazar, M. &Faramarz Kekoli Dezfuli, F.). Tehran: National Youth Organization Publications. [Persian]
Holm, I. (2006). Ideas and Beliefs in Architecture and Industrial design: How attitudes, orientations, and underlying assumptions shape the built environment. AHO.
Hourigan, N. (2015). Confronting Classifications-When and what is Vernacular Architecture? Civil Engineering and Architecture, 3(1), 24
Kanin, A. (2008). Geography of Bushehr Province. Tehran: Mirror Book Publications. First Edition. [Persian]
Kent, S. (2019). 14 The Cultural Revolution in Architecture. Culture-Meaning-Architecture: Critical Reflections on the Work of Amos Rapoport. Routledge.
Lash, S. & Urry, J. (1987). The End of Organised Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity press.
Lawrence, R. J. (2006). Learning from the vernacular: Basic principles for sustaining human habitats. In Vernacular Architecture in the 21st Century (pp. 128-145). Taylor & Francis.
Lesli, G. R., Larson, R. f. & Gorman, B. L. (1994). Introductory Sociology. OxFord Un. Press.
Li, Z., (2013). The influence of tourism on the sustaining of vernacular architechtural tradition embodied in the Bai and Naxi dwellings in Yunnan. Ph.d. thesis, (Unpublished), University of Huddersfield, England.
Mahdavi kani, M. S. (2007). The concept of style and its implication in social science. Journal of Cultural Research, 1, 199-230. [Persian]
Mahdavi kani, M. S. (2008). Religion and lifestyle. Tehran: Imam Sadegh University Press. 2d ed. [Persian]
Mallgrave, H. F. (2005). Architectural Theory: Volume I-An Anthology from Vitruvius to 1870. Wiley-Blackwell.
Mckee, J. B. (1969). Introduction to Sociology. Holt Rinehart & Winston Inc.
Memarian, Gh. H (2007). A Survey on the Theoretical Foundations of Architecture, Tehran: Soroush Danesh Publications. [Persian]
Nourmohammadi, S. (2009). Understanding the Nature of Architectural Space by Reflecting on the Similarity of Space in Indigenous Settlements. Ph.d. thesis, Unpublished, University of Tehran. [Persian]
Oliver, P. (1987). Dwellings: the house across the world. Phaidon.
Oliver, P. (1989). Handed down architecture. In J.-P. Bourdier & N. AlSayyad (Eds.), Dwellings, Settlements and Tradition: Cross-Cultural Perspectives, (pp. 49-75). Lanham: University Press of America.
Oliver, P. (1998). Architectural Approach. Encyclopedia of vernacular architecture of the world by Paul Oliver. Cambridge University Press.
Oliver, P. (Ed.). (1997). Encyclopedia of vernacular architecture of the world (Vol. 3). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pahlavan, G. (2011). Linguistics, discourses on culture and civilization, linguistics, politics and cultural development. Tehran: Ghatreh Publications. [Persian]
Pétonnet, C. (1972). Méthodologie ethnologique en milieu urbain: un groupe espagnol. Paris: Cujas, pp.457-468.
Porter, T. (2004). Archispeak: An illustrated guide to architectural terms. Routledge.
Rafiepour, F. (2010). The anatomy of society. Tehran: Sherkat Sahami Enteshar. [Persian]
Rahvandshahr Designers, Consulting Engineers. (2012). Comprehensive Historical and Cultural Studies of the Texture of Bushehr, Second Step: Scope of Organization, First Edition. [Persian]
Rapoport, A. (1976). The Mutual Interaction of People and Their Built Environment: A Cross Cultural Perspective. The Hague Mouton Publishers.
Rapoport, A. (1980). Neighborhood heterogeneity or homogeneity. The field of man-environment studies. Architecture et comportement= Architecture and behaviour Saint-Saphorin, 1(1), 65-77.
Rapoport, A. (2009). House form and Cultua. (Afzalian, KH.). Tehran: Herfehe Honarmand. [Persian]
Rapoport, A. (2012). Culture, Architecture and Design. (Barzegar, M, & Yusuf Nia Pasha, M.). Sari: Chalphin Publishing. First Edition. [Persian]
Rapoport, A. (2016). Human aspects of urban form: towards a man-environment approach to urban form and design. Elsevier.
Rudofsky, B. (1965). Architecture without Architects, Doubleday and Company, Inc., Garden City, New York.
Rudofsky, B. (1977). The prodigious buildersnotes toward a natural history of architecture with special regard to those species that are traditionally neglected or downright ignored. (No. 723 R8).
Scheiner, J. & Kasper, B. (2003). Lifestyles, choice of housing location and daily mobility The lifestyle approach in the context of spatial mobility and planning. International Social Science Journal, 55(176), 319-332.
Seifter, R. H. Correll, M. R., Marani, G. F. & Brewer, G. L. (2015). Designs for Living: Housesby Robert A.M. Stern Architects. The Monacelli Press.
Shasti, Sh. & Flamaki, M. M. (2014). The Relationship between Iranian Lifestyle and Housing; Based on Short-Term Community Theory and Theory of Strategy and Territorial Policy of Iranian Society. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities. 23, 117 - 136.
Shias, M.& Vali Arab, M. (2017). The Influence of the Sea on the Folk Culture of Bushehr, Journal of Kharazmi, 15, 116 - 132. [Persian]
Simmel, G. (1990). The Philosophy of Money. (Bottomore, T. & Frisby, D. & Mengelberg, K.). Routledge. 2d ed.
Sobel, M. E. (1981). Lifestyle and Social Structure: Concepts”, Definitions and Analyses. New York: Academic Press.
Steadman, P. (2008). The Evolution of Designs: Biological analogy in architecture and the applied arts. Routledge.
Upton, D. (1983). The power of things: Recent studies in American vernacular architecture. American Quarterly, 35(3), 262-279
Uth, T. C. (1996). Definitions of life style and its applications to travel behavior. Extraído de: www. i4. auc. dk/trg/td/papers/papers96/tr_og_ad/uth/uth. pdf.
Veblen, T. (2007). The theory of the leisure class. (Ershad, F). Tehran: Ney Publications. [Persian]
Walker, J. L. & Li, J. (2007). Latent lifestyle preferences and household location Decisions. J Geograph Syst, 9:77–101.
Webster Online, Dic. (2004)
