Study and simulation of small signal stability of gas turbine plant with combined LFC and AVR control loops in single area power system
Subject Areas : Journal of Simulation and Analysis of Novel Technologies in Mechanical Engineering
1 -
Keywords: Automatic voltage regulator, Gas turbine, Load frequency control, Small signal model, Stability,
Abstract :
In order to manage voltage and frequency stability, a hybrid model of two control loops including load frequency control and automatic voltage regulation is used in power systems. This paper focuses on a hybrid model that integrates load frequency control (LFC) and automatic voltage regulator (AVR) to ensure voltage and frequency stability in a single-area power system with a gas turbine power plant. The effect of these two control loops in a single-zone power system is investigated and simulated. The single-zone power system includes a gas turbine power plant, and a small-signal model is used to analyze the dynamic behavior of the power system. The system equations are represented in the state space model, and the simulation results are analyzed by calculating the system states. Also, to check the accuracy of the simulation results, the power system model is implemented in the MATLAB Simulink environment, which shows the accuracy of the simulation results and their analysis.
References:
[1] Jaberolansar, M., Rezaei, M.M., Khodadadi, H., Madani, S.M. (2022). Optimizing the control of dfig based wind turbines using sensitivity analysis and particle swarm optimization method, Technovations of Electrical Engineering in Green Energy System, 1(3), 75-90.
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[4] Ahmed, S., Ali, A., D’Angola, A. (2024). A review of renewable energy communities: Concepts, scope, progress, challenges, and recommendations, Sustainability, 16(5), 1749.
[5] Kashki, A., Azarfar, A., Samiei-Moghaddam, M., Davarzani, R.. (2024). Optimal charging of electric vehicles in smart stations and its effects on the distribution network using meerkat optimization algorithm, Energy Reports, 12, 1936-1946.
[6] Ihsan, A., Brear, M.J., Jeppesen, M. (2021). Impact of operating uncertainty on the perfo-rm¬ance of distributed, hybrid, renewable power plants, Applied Energy, 282, 116256.
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[8] Nejad, B.M., Vahedi, M., Hoseina, M., Samiei-Moghaddam, M. (2023). Economic model for coordinating large-scale energy storage power plant with demand response management options in smart grid energy management, IEEE Access, 11, 16483-16492.
[9] Ali, T., Malik, S.A., Hameed, I.A., Daraz, A., Mujlid, H. and Azar, A.T. (2022). Load frequency control and automatic voltage regulation in a multi-area interconnected power system using nature-inspired computation-based control methodology, Sustainability, 14, 12162.
[10] Singh, A., Sharma, V., Kumar, V., Naresh, R., Rahi, O.P. (2023). AOA based optimal control of combined AVR-LFC model in wind integrated power system, Wind Engineering, 47(3), 515–527.
[11] Ali, T., Malik, S.A., Daraz, A., Adeel, M., Aslam, S., Herodotou, H. (2023). Load frequency control and automatic voltage regulation in four-area interconnected power systems using a gradient-based optimizer, Energies, 16(5), 2086.
[12] Aboras, K.M., Ragab, M., Shouran, M., Alghamdi, S., Kotb, H. (2023). Voltage and frequency regulation in smart grids via a unique fuzzy PIDD2 controller optimized by gradient-based optimization algorithm, Energy Reports, 9, 1201-1235.
[13] Alharbi, M., Ragab, M., AboRas, K.M. , Kotb, H., Dashtdar, M., Shouran, M., Elgamli, E. (2023). Innovative AVR-LFC design for a multi-area power system using hybrid fractional-order PI and PIDD2 controllers based on dandelion optimizer, Mathematics, 11(6), 1387.
[14] Nahas, N., Abouheaf, M., Darghouth, M.N., Sharaf, A. (2021). A multi-objective AVR-LFC optimization scheme for multi-area power systems, Electric Power Systems Research, 200, 107467.
[15] Rajbongshi, R., Saikia, L.C. (2018). Coordinated performance of interline power flow controller and superconducting magnetic energy storage in combined ALFC and AVR system under deregulated environment, Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 10(4), 044102.
[16] Dekaraja, B., Saikia, L.C., Ramoji, S.K., Behera, M.K., Bhagat, S.K. (2022). Performance analysis of diverse energy storage on combined ALFC and AVR control of multiarea multiunit system with AC/HVDC interconnection, IFAC-PapersOnLine, 55(1), 479-485.
[17] Gulzar, M.M., Sibtain, D., Alqahtani, M.m Alismail, F., Khalid, M. (2025). Load frequency control progress: A comprehensive review on recent development and challenges of modern power systems, Energy Strategy Reviews, 57, 101604.
[18] Samal, P., Nayak, N., Satapathy, A., Bhuyan, S.K. (2025). Load frequency control in renewable based micro grid with deep neural network based controller, Results in Engineering, 25, 103554.
[19] Gupta, A., Verma, Y.P., Chauhan, A. (2020). Contribution of frequency linked pricing control on ALFC and AVR power system integrated with DFIG based wind farms, Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 23(2), 325-333.
[20] Bora, C., Kerim, D., Şeymanur, B., Erdinç, S., Mehmet, N.F. (2023). A novel objective function design and detailed analysis for the AVR-LFC system, Sādhanā, 48, 229.
[21] Shukla, H., Raju, M. (2024). Combined frequency and voltage regulation in an interconnected power system using fractional order cascade controller considering renewable energy sources, electric vehicles and ultra capacitor, Journal of Energy Storage, 84, 110875.
[22] Rajbongshi, R., Saikia, L.C. (2019). Performance of coordinated interline power flow controller and power system stabilizer in combined multiarea restructured ALFC and AVR system, International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 29(5), e2822.
[23] Sahoo, A.K., Sahoo, A.K., Nayak, S., Kar, S.K. (2024). Load frequency and voltage control of two area interconnected power system using covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy based Aquila optimization optimized fast fuzzy-fractional order tilt integral derivative controller, e-Prime- Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy, 8, 100488.
[24] Molière, M. (2023). The fuel flexibility of gas turbines: A review and retrospective outlook, Energies, 16(9), 3962.
[25] Anand, M., Chatterjee, D., Goswami, S.K., Bhattachary, A., Kwon, H.H., Piran, M.J. (2024). Loss minimization and voltage stability with optimum frequency determination of lf-hvac lines based on wind-hydro-gas turbine unit, IEEE Access, 12, 6799-6811.
[26] Elwardany, M., Nassib, A.M. , Mohamed, H.A. (2024). Advancing sustainable thermal power generation: insights from recent energy and exergy studies, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 183, 617-644.
[27] Kalyan, C.N.S., Goud, B.S., Reddy, C.R., Bajaj, M., Sharma, N.K., Alhelou, H.H., Siano, P., Kamel, S. (2022). Comparative performance assessment of different energy storage devices in combined LFC and AVR analysis of multi-area power system, Energies, 15(2), 629.
[28] Shahgholian, G., Moazaami, M., Honarvar, M.A. (2024). Small signal stability analysis of dynamic behavior of gas turbine power plant with secondary control loop in electric power system, Journal of Simulation and Analysis of Novel Technologies in Mechanical Engineering, 16(1), 23-35.
[29] Riahinasab, M., Moazzami, M., Zanjani, S.M., Behzadfar, N. Golsorkhi-Esfahani, A. (2024). Load frequency control system in power grid with gas turbine power plant: Stability analysis for parameter changes, Journal of Novel Researches on Smart Power Systems, 13(1), 13-21.
[30] Yin, L., Luo, S., Wang, Y., Gao, F., Yu, J. (2020). Coordinated complex-valued encoding dragonfly algorithm and artificial emotional reinforcement learning for coordinated secondary voltage control and automatic voltage regulation in multi-generator power systems, IEEE Access, 8, 180520-180533.
[31] Rajbongshi, R., Saikia, L.C. (2018). Combined voltage and frequency control of a multi-area multisource system incorporating dish-Stirling solar thermal and HVDC link, IET Renewable Power Generation, 12(3), 323-334.
[32] Nahas, N., Abouheaf, M., Sharaf, A., Gueaieb, W. (2019). A self-adjusting adaptive AVR-LFC scheme for synchronous generators, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, 34(6), 5073-5075.
[33] Kalyan, C.H.N.S., Rao, G.S. (2021). Impact of communication time delays on combined LFC and AVR of a multi-area hybrid system with IPFC-RFBs coordinated control strategy, Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems, 6(1), 1-20.
[34] Grover, H., Verma, A., Bhatti, T.S. (2023). A fast and robust DOBC based frequency and voltage regulation scheme for future power systems with high renewable penetration, Energy Conversion and Economics, 4(4), 287-302.
[35] Shahgholian, G. (2023). Comparison and analysis of dynamic behavior of load frequency control in power system with steam, hydro and gas power plants, Hydrogen, Fuel Cell and Energy Storage, 10(4), 311-325.
[36] Gupta, M., Srivastava, S., Gupta, J.R.P. (2014). A novel controller for model with combined LFC and AVR loops of single area power system, Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India), 97, 21-29.
[37] Moradian, M.R., Moazzami, M., Shahgholian, G. (2024). Analysis and simulation of dynamic behavior of load frequency control for a thermal–hydro power system with photovoltaic system, Journal of Novel Research on Smart Power System, 13(2), 36-47.
[38] Dholakiya, V.M., Suthar, B.N. (2024). Impact of ABT based control strategies on ALFC and AVR in DFIG-integrated interconnected power systems, e-Prime- Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy, 9, 100665.
[39] Roy, T.K., Oo, A.M.T. (2025). Virtual inertia and damping-based cascaded control approach for enhancing load frequency control in low-inertia multi-area power systems, The Journal of Engineering, 2025(1), e70054.
[40] Salman, G.A., Jafar, A.S., Ismael, A.I. (2019). Application of artificial intelligence techniques for LFC and AVR systems using PID controller, International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System, 10(3), 1694-1704.
[41] Rajbongshi, R., Saikia, L.C. (2017). Performance of coordinated FACTS and energy storage devices in combined multiarea ALFC and AVR system, Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 9(6), 064101.
[42] Shahgholian, G. (2013). Modeling and simulation of a two-mass resonant system with speed controller, International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, 3(5), 448-452.
[1] Jaberolansar, M., Rezaei, M.M., Khodadadi, H., Madani, S.M. (2022). Optimizing the control of dfig based wind turbines using sensitivity analysis and particle swarm optimization method, Technovations of Electrical Engineering in Green Energy System, 1(3), 75-90.
[2] Eyvazi, A. (2024). Thermoeconomic analysis of a novel multi generation system combined with compressed air energy storage and sulfur dioxide-based ejector cooling system, .Journal of Simulation and Analysis of Novel Technologies in Mechanical Engineering, 16(4), 5-16.
[3] Olabi, A.G., Elsaid, K., Obaideen, K., Abdelkareem, M.A., Rezk, H., Wilberforce, T., Maghrabie, H.M., Sayed, E.T. (2023). Renewable energy systems: Comparisons, challenges and barriers, sustainability indicators, and the contribution to UN sustainable development goals, International Journal of Thermofluids, 20, 100498.
[4] Ahmed, S., Ali, A., D’Angola, A. (2024). A review of renewable energy communities: Concepts, scope, progress, challenges, and recommendations, Sustainability, 16(5), 1749.
[5] Kashki, A., Azarfar, A., Samiei-Moghaddam, M., Davarzani, R.. (2024). Optimal charging of electric vehicles in smart stations and its effects on the distribution network using meerkat optimization algorithm, Energy Reports, 12, 1936-1946.
[6] Ihsan, A., Brear, M.J., Jeppesen, M. (2021). Impact of operating uncertainty on the perfo-rm¬ance of distributed, hybrid, renewable power plants, Applied Energy, 282, 116256.
[7] Rasolomampionona, D.D., Połecki, M., Zagrajek, K., Wróblewski, W., Januszewski, M. (2024). A comprehensive review of load frequency control technologies, Energies, 17(12), 2915.
[8] Nejad, B.M., Vahedi, M., Hoseina, M., Samiei-Moghaddam, M. (2023). Economic model for coordinating large-scale energy storage power plant with demand response management options in smart grid energy management, IEEE Access, 11, 16483-16492.
[9] Ali, T., Malik, S.A., Hameed, I.A., Daraz, A., Mujlid, H. and Azar, A.T. (2022). Load frequency control and automatic voltage regulation in a multi-area interconnected power system using nature-inspired computation-based control methodology, Sustainability, 14, 12162.
[10] Singh, A., Sharma, V., Kumar, V., Naresh, R., Rahi, O.P. (2023). AOA based optimal control of combined AVR-LFC model in wind integrated power system, Wind Engineering, 47(3), 515–527.
[11] Ali, T., Malik, S.A., Daraz, A., Adeel, M., Aslam, S., Herodotou, H. (2023). Load frequency control and automatic voltage regulation in four-area interconnected power systems using a gradient-based optimizer, Energies, 16(5), 2086.
[12] Aboras, K.M., Ragab, M., Shouran, M., Alghamdi, S., Kotb, H. (2023). Voltage and frequency regulation in smart grids via a unique fuzzy PIDD2 controller optimized by gradient-based optimization algorithm, Energy Reports, 9, 1201-1235.
[13] Alharbi, M., Ragab, M., AboRas, K.M. , Kotb, H., Dashtdar, M., Shouran, M., Elgamli, E. (2023). Innovative AVR-LFC design for a multi-area power system using hybrid fractional-order PI and PIDD2 controllers based on dandelion optimizer, Mathematics, 11(6), 1387.
[14] Nahas, N., Abouheaf, M., Darghouth, M.N., Sharaf, A. (2021). A multi-objective AVR-LFC optimization scheme for multi-area power systems, Electric Power Systems Research, 200, 107467.
[15] Rajbongshi, R., Saikia, L.C. (2018). Coordinated performance of interline power flow controller and superconducting magnetic energy storage in combined ALFC and AVR system under deregulated environment, Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 10(4), 044102.
[16] Dekaraja, B., Saikia, L.C., Ramoji, S.K., Behera, M.K., Bhagat, S.K. (2022). Performance analysis of diverse energy storage on combined ALFC and AVR control of multiarea multiunit system with AC/HVDC interconnection, IFAC-PapersOnLine, 55(1), 479-485.
[17] Gulzar, M.M., Sibtain, D., Alqahtani, M.m Alismail, F., Khalid, M. (2025). Load frequency control progress: A comprehensive review on recent development and challenges of modern power systems, Energy Strategy Reviews, 57, 101604.
[18] Samal, P., Nayak, N., Satapathy, A., Bhuyan, S.K. (2025). Load frequency control in renewable based micro grid with deep neural network based controller, Results in Engineering, 25, 103554.
[19] Gupta, A., Verma, Y.P., Chauhan, A. (2020). Contribution of frequency linked pricing control on ALFC and AVR power system integrated with DFIG based wind farms, Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 23(2), 325-333.
[20] Bora, C., Kerim, D., Şeymanur, B., Erdinç, S., Mehmet, N.F. (2023). A novel objective function design and detailed analysis for the AVR-LFC system, Sādhanā, 48, 229.
[21] Shukla, H., Raju, M. (2024). Combined frequency and voltage regulation in an interconnected power system using fractional order cascade controller considering renewable energy sources, electric vehicles and ultra capacitor, Journal of Energy Storage, 84, 110875.
[22] Rajbongshi, R., Saikia, L.C. (2019). Performance of coordinated interline power flow controller and power system stabilizer in combined multiarea restructured ALFC and AVR system, International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 29(5), e2822.
[23] Sahoo, A.K., Sahoo, A.K., Nayak, S., Kar, S.K. (2024). Load frequency and voltage control of two area interconnected power system using covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy based Aquila optimization optimized fast fuzzy-fractional order tilt integral derivative controller, e-Prime- Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy, 8, 100488.
[24] Molière, M. (2023). The fuel flexibility of gas turbines: A review and retrospective outlook, Energies, 16(9), 3962.
[25] Anand, M., Chatterjee, D., Goswami, S.K., Bhattachary, A., Kwon, H.H., Piran, M.J. (2024). Loss minimization and voltage stability with optimum frequency determination of lf-hvac lines based on wind-hydro-gas turbine unit, IEEE Access, 12, 6799-6811.
[26] Elwardany, M., Nassib, A.M. , Mohamed, H.A. (2024). Advancing sustainable thermal power generation: insights from recent energy and exergy studies, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 183, 617-644.
[27] Kalyan, C.N.S., Goud, B.S., Reddy, C.R., Bajaj, M., Sharma, N.K., Alhelou, H.H., Siano, P., Kamel, S. (2022). Comparative performance assessment of different energy storage devices in combined LFC and AVR analysis of multi-area power system, Energies, 15(2), 629.
[28] Shahgholian, G., Moazaami, M., Honarvar, M.A. (2024). Small signal stability analysis of dynamic behavior of gas turbine power plant with secondary control loop in electric power system, Journal of Simulation and Analysis of Novel Technologies in Mechanical Engineering, 16(1), 23-35.
[29] Riahinasab, M., Moazzami, M., Zanjani, S.M., Behzadfar, N. Golsorkhi-Esfahani, A. (2024). Load frequency control system in power grid with gas turbine power plant: Stability analysis for parameter changes, Journal of Novel Researches on Smart Power Systems, 13(1), 13-21.
[30] Yin, L., Luo, S., Wang, Y., Gao, F., Yu, J. (2020). Coordinated complex-valued encoding dragonfly algorithm and artificial emotional reinforcement learning for coordinated secondary voltage control and automatic voltage regulation in multi-generator power systems, IEEE Access, 8, 180520-180533.
[31] Rajbongshi, R., Saikia, L.C. (2018). Combined voltage and frequency control of a multi-area multisource system incorporating dish-Stirling solar thermal and HVDC link, IET Renewable Power Generation, 12(3), 323-334.
[32] Nahas, N., Abouheaf, M., Sharaf, A., Gueaieb, W. (2019). A self-adjusting adaptive AVR-LFC scheme for synchronous generators, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, 34(6), 5073-5075.
[33] Kalyan, C.H.N.S., Rao, G.S. (2021). Impact of communication time delays on combined LFC and AVR of a multi-area hybrid system with IPFC-RFBs coordinated control strategy, Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems, 6(1), 1-20.
[34] Grover, H., Verma, A., Bhatti, T.S. (2023). A fast and robust DOBC based frequency and voltage regulation scheme for future power systems with high renewable penetration, Energy Conversion and Economics, 4(4), 287-302.
[35] Shahgholian, G. (2023). Comparison and analysis of dynamic behavior of load frequency control in power system with steam, hydro and gas power plants, Hydrogen, Fuel Cell and Energy Storage, 10(4), 311-325.
[36] Gupta, M., Srivastava, S., Gupta, J.R.P. (2014). A novel controller for model with combined LFC and AVR loops of single area power system, Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India), 97, 21-29.
[37] Moradian, M.R., Moazzami, M., Shahgholian, G. (2024). Analysis and simulation of dynamic behavior of load frequency control for a thermal–hydro power system with photovoltaic system, Journal of Novel Research on Smart Power System, 13(2), 36-47.
[38] Dholakiya, V.M., Suthar, B.N. (2024). Impact of ABT based control strategies on ALFC and AVR in DFIG-integrated interconnected power systems, e-Prime- Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy, 9, 100665.
[39] Roy, T.K., Oo, A.M.T. (2025). Virtual inertia and damping-based cascaded control approach for enhancing load frequency control in low-inertia multi-area power systems, The Journal of Engineering, 2025(1), e70054.
[40] Salman, G.A., Jafar, A.S., Ismael, A.I. (2019). Application of artificial intelligence techniques for LFC and AVR systems using PID controller, International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System, 10(3), 1694-1704.
[41] Rajbongshi, R., Saikia, L.C. (2017). Performance of coordinated FACTS and energy storage devices in combined multiarea ALFC and AVR system, Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 9(6), 064101.
[42] Shahgholian, G. (2013). Modeling and simulation of a two-mass resonant system with speed controller, International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, 3(5), 448-452.
