Emotional Availability of Parents and Adolescents Psychological Well-being: The Mediating Role of Emotional Expressive Flexibility and Perceived Peer Maryam Safari Shirazi Acceptance
Subject Areas : روانشناسی تحولی
Maryam Safari Shirazi
1
,
لیلا شاملی
2
1 - department of psychology. faculty of humanity and literature, Lorestan university, Lorestan, Iran.
2 - استادیار روانشناسی، گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه سلمان فارسی کازرون، کازرون، ایران
Keywords: expressive flexibility, well-being, perceived peer acceptance, emotional availability of parents,
Abstract :
The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of expressive flexibility and perceived peer acceptance in the relationship between emotional availability of parents and psychological well-being of adolescents. The participants were 410 teenage girls aged 11-16 years old in Shiraz, who were selected by convenience sampling. The research was a cross-sectional type with path analysis method to investigate the relationships between variables and the research tools included The Lum Emotional Availability of Parents scale (Lum & Phares, 2005), Child and Adolescent Flexible Expressiveness Scale (Wang & Hawk, 2020), Brief Scale of Psychological Well-Being for Adolescents (Gómez-López et al., 2019), and Perceived Acceptance Scale (Brock et al., 1998). The results showed the mediating role of enhancement and suppression and perceived peer acceptance in the relationship between emotional availability of mother and father with psychological well-being. Also, mother’s and father’s emotional availability predicted the perceived peer acceptance indirectly and only through the mediation of emotional suppression in adolescents. Therefore, it is possible to increase emotion expression, social acceptance and well-being by training parents in the field of improving parent-child interactions.
Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 217–237.
Aran, P., Lewis, A. J., Watson, S. J., & Galbally, M. (2021). Major depression and generalised anxiety disorder: An analysis of the effects of remission status and comorbidity on mother-infant emotional availability in the perinatal period. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 78(4), 570-589.
Bar-Tur, L., Ifrah, K., Moore, D., & Katzman, B. (2019). Exchange of emotional support between adult children and their parents and the children’s well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(2), 1250–1262.
Blakemore, S. J., & Mills, K. L. (2014). Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing? Annual Review of Psychology, 65(1), 187–207.
Bonanno, G. A., Papa, A., Lalande, K., Westphal, M., & Coifman, K. (2004). The importance of being flexible: The ability to both enhance and suppress emotional expression predicts long-term adjustment. Psychological Science, 15(7), 482–487.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol.1. Attachment. London, United Kingdom: Pimlico.
Bretherton I. (2000). Emotional availability: An attachment perspective. Attachment & Human Development, 2(2), 233–250.
Brock, D. M., Sarason, I. G., Sanghvi, H., & Gurung, R. A. R. (1998). The Perceived Acceptance Scale: Development and validation. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15(1), 5–21.
Canning, J., Denny, S., Bullen, P., Clark, T., & Rossen, F. (2012). Influence of positive development opportunities on student well-being, depression and suicide risk: The New Zealand Youth Health and Well-being Survey.
Chen, S., Chen, T., & Bonanno, G. A. (2018). Expressive flexibility: Enhancement and suppression abilities differentially predict life satisfaction and psychopathology symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 126(5), 78–84.
Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (2008). Hedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: An introduction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 1–11.
Deh Bozorgi, Y., & Davoodi, A. (2020). Mediator role of difficulty in emotion regulation in relation between attachment to parents and social anxiety disorder symptoms in adolescent females. Shenakht Journal of Psychology & Psychiatry, 7(1), 43-56. [In Persian].
Dvorsky, M. R., Kofler, M. J., Burns, G. L., Luebbe, A. M., Garner, A. A., Jarrett, M. A., et al. (2019). Factor structure and criterion validity of the Five Cs Model of positive youth development in a multi-university sample of college students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(3), 537–553.
Etkin, P., De Caluwé, E., Ibánez, M. I., Ortet, G., & Mezquita, L. (2022). Personality development and its associations with the bifactor model of psychopathology in adolescence. Journal of Research in Personality, 97, 104205.
Gökçe, G., & Yılmaz, B. (2018). Emotional availability of parents and psychological health: What does mediate this relationship? Journal of Adult Development, 25(3), 37–47.
Gómez-López, M., Viejo, C., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2019). Psychological well-being during adolescence: Stability and association with romantic relationships. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(8), 1772.
Guo, Y., Killoren, S., & Campione-Barr, N. (2022). Strategies and reasons for nondisclosure in close relationships during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 51(9), 1841-1857.
Hajal, N. J., & Paley, B. (2020). Parental emotion and emotion regulation: A critical target of study for research and intervention to promote child emotion socialization. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 403–417.
Karreman, A., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2012). Attachment and well-being: The mediating role of emotion regulation and resilience. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(7), 821–826.
Kim, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2010). Longitudinal pathways linking child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer relations, and psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 51(6), 706–716.
Laursen, B., & Hartl, A. C. (2013). Understanding loneliness during adolescence: Developmental changes that increase the risk of perceived social isolation. Journal of Adolescence, 36(6), 1261–1268.
Lum, J. J., & Phares, V. (2005). Assessing the emotional availability of parents. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 27(3), 211–226.
Matsumoto, D., Yoo, S. H., & Nakagawa, S. (2008). Culture, emotion regulation, and adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(6), 925–937.
McMahon, G., Creaven, A. M., & Gallagher, S. (2020). Stressful life events and adolescent well‐being: The role of parent and peer relationships. Stress and Health, 36(3), 299-310.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2012). An attachment perspective on psychopathology. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association, 11(1), 11–15.
Morris, A. S., Houltberg, B. J., Criss, M. M., & Bosler, C. (2017). Family context and psychopathology: The mediating role of children’s emotion regulation. In L. Centifanti & D. Williams (Eds.), the Wiley Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology (pp. 365–389). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
Özdoğan, A.Ç. (2020). The mediating role of loneliness in the relationship between parental emotional availability, romantic relationship quality, and social connectedness and well- being. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 12(3), 121-145.
Palmer, C. A., Oosterhoff, B., Bower, J. L., Kaplow, J. B., & Alfano, C. A. (2018). Associations among adolescent sleep problems, emotion regulation, and affective disorders: Findings from a nationally representative sample. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 96(1), 1–8.
Paquette, D. (2004). Theorizing the father-child relationship: Mechanisms and developmental outcomes. Human Development, 47(4), 193–219.
Patton, G. C., Sawyer, S. M., Santelli, J. S., Ross, D. A., Afifi, R., Allen, N. B., et al. (2016). Our future: A lancet commission on adolescent health and wellbeing. Lancet (London, England), 387(10036), 2423–2478.
Perry-Parrish, C., Webb, L., Zeman, J., Spencer, S., Malone, C., Borowski, S., et al. (2017). Anger regulation and social acceptance in early adolescence: Associations with gender and ethnicity. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 37(4), 475–501.
Rezaei Varmazyar, M. (2018). The relationship between perceived social supports with psychological well-being: The mediator role of developmental assets. Journal of Developmental Psychology: Iranian Psychologists, 15(58), 175-188. [In Persian].
Rothbaum, F., & Wang, Y. Z. (2012). Fostering the child’s malleable views of the self and the world: Caregiving practices in East Asian and European-American communities. In B. Mayer & H.-J. Kornadt (Eds.), Psychologie Kultur Gesellschaft (Psychology- Culture- Society) (pp. 101 -120). Wiesbaden, Germany: VS Verlag fur Sozialwissenschaften.
Ryff, C. D. (2017). Eudaimonic well-being, inequality, and health: Recent findings and future directions. International Review of Economics, 64(2), 159–178.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069.
Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. The American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14.
Seligman, M. E. (2008). Positive health. Applied Psychology, 57(6), 3-18.
Seyed Mousavi, P., Nouri Moghadam, S. (2016). Attachment and developmental outcomes: The role of mental representations in predicting internalizing and externalizing problems in preschool children. Journal of Developmental Psychology: Iranian Psychologists, 12 (47), 263-251. [In Persian].
Son, H. (2020). Maternal and paternal emotion socialization: Relations to expressive flexibility in American and South Korean children. Educational Studies Dissertations, Lesley University.
Soper, D. S. (2021). A priori sample size calculator for structural equation models [Software].
Strickland, M. G., & Skolnick, A. J. (2020). Expressive flexibility and trait anxiety in India and the United States. Personality and Individual Differences, 163(9), 110–116.
Trommsdorff, G., Cole, P. M., & Heikamp, T. (2012). Cultural variations in mothers’ intuitive theories: A preliminary report on interviewing mothers from five nations about their socialization of children’s emotions. Global Studies of Childhood, 2(1), 158-169.
Van Lissa, C. J., Keizer, R., Van Lier, P., Meeus, W., & Branje, S. (2019). The role of fathers versus mothers’ parenting in emotion-regulation development from mid-late adolescence: Disentangling between-family differences from within-family effects. Developmental Psychology, 55(2), 377–389.
Wang, Y., & Hawk, S. T. (2020a). Expressive enhancement, suppression, and flexibility in childhood and adolescence: Longitudinal links with peer relations. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 20(6), 1059–1073.
Wang, Y., & Hawk, S. T. (2020b). Development and validation of the Child and Adolescent Flexible Expressiveness (CAFE) Scale. Psychological Assessment, 32(4), 358–373.
Wang, Y., Hawk, S. T., & Zong, W. (2020). Bidirectional effects between expressive regulatory abilities and peer acceptance among Chinese adolescents. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 199(11), 104891.
Weymouth, B. B., Buehler, C., Zhou, N., & Henson, R. A. (2016). A meta-analysis of parent-adolescent conflict: Disagreement, hostility, and youth maladjustment. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 8(1), 95–112.
Ziv, Y., Capps Umphlet, K., Olarte, S., & Venza, J. (2018). Early childhood trauma in high-risk families: Associations with caregiver emotional availability and insightfulness, and children’s social information processing and social behavior. Attachment and Human Development, 20, 309–332.
