Interaction Effect of Dietary Fatty Acid (N-6 vs. N-3) and Rumen Undegradable Protein Source (Fish Meal vs. Corn Gluten Meal) on Plasma Metabolites, Hormones and Reproductive Performances of Lori Goats during the Breeding Season
Subject Areas :A. Shiravand 1 , M. Shamsolahi 2 , F. Fatahnia 3 , Y. Mohammadi 4 , M. Nemati 5
1 -
2 -
3 -
4 -
5 -
Keywords: flushing diet, goat, n-3 and n-6 fatty acid, reproductive performances, rumen unde-gradable protein source,
Abstract :
This study aimed to investigate the effect of the interaction effect of fatty acid (FA) and rumen undegrad-able protein (RUP) source in diet around mating on body weight (BW), plasma metabolites, minerals, ster-oid hormones, and reproductive performances of Lori goats. Forty-eight Lori goats were divided into four groups (n=12) based on age (2-3 years), BW (39.85 kg), and body condition score (BCS) (2.5) and ran-domly assigned to one of four experimental diets. Goats were fed one of the experimental flushing diets supplemented with calcium (Ca) salt of n-6 FA (soybean oil) and corn gluten meal (CGM; n-6-CGM), Ca salt of n-6 FA and fish meal (FM; n-6-FM), Ca salt of n-3 FA (fish oil) and CGM (n-3-CGM) and Ca salt of n-3 FA and FM (n-3-FM). Results showed that dry matter intake (DMI), BW, BCS and plasma glucose, total cholesterol, urea nitrogen (UN), Ca, magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) concentrations did not influenced by experimental diets (P<0.05). However, fertility rate tended to be lower in goats fed n-6-CGM diet (P=0.07). Furthermore, numerical higher kidding rate, twinning rate and kid birth BW were observed in goats fed n-6-FM and n-3-FM diets compared to other groups. In conclusion, feeding a flushing diet containing Ca salt of n-6 or n-3 FA in combination with FM (n-6-FM and n-3-FM diets) rather than n-6 FA in combination with CGM around mating may improve the reproductive performances of Lori goats, however, further research is required to confirm these findings.
Akbarinejad V., Niasari-Naslaji A., Mahmoudzadeh H. and Moha-jer M. (2012). Effects of diets enriched in different sources of fatty acids on reproductive performance of Zel sheep. Ira-nianian J. Vet. Res. 13, 4-41.
Ambrose D.J., Kastelic J.P., Corbett R.P., Pitney A.H., Petit V., Small J.A. and Zalkovic P. (2006). Lower pregnancy losses in lactating dairy cows fed a diet enriched in alpha-linolenic acid. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 3066-3074.
Amerio M., Vignali C., Castelli L., Fiorentini L. and Tibaldi E. (1998). Vegetable protein sources, protein vegetable protein sources, protein evaluation indexes and ‘ideal protein’ of sea bream (Sparus aurata). Riv. Ital. Acquacolt. 33, 135-145.
AOAC. (2007). Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. I. 18th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.
Bazer F.W., Wu G., Johnson G.A. and Wang X. (2014). Environ-mental factors affecting pregnancy: endocrine disrupters, nu-trients and metabolic pathways. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 398, 53-68.
Bazer F.W., Johnson G.A. and Wu G. (2015). Amino acids and conceptus development during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy. Pp. 102-131 in Cell Signaling During Mammalian Early Embryo Development, Advances in Experimental Medi-cine and Biology. H.J. Leese and D.R. Brison, Eds., Springer Publication, New York.
Blauweikel R.R. and Kincaid L. (1986). Effect of crude protein and solubility on performance and blood constituents of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 69, 2091-2098.
Calsamiglia S., Ferret A., Reynolds C.K., Kristensen N.B. and Vuuren A.M. (2010). Strategies for optimizing nitrogen use by ruminants. Animal 4, 1184-1196.
Cameron E.Z. and Linklater W.L. (2007). Extreme sex ratio varia-tion in relation to change in condition around conception. Bio. Lett. 3, 395-397.
Chacher B., Liu H., Wang D. and Liu J. (2013). Potential role of N-carbamoyl glutamate in biosynthesis of arginine and its sig-nificance in production of ruminant animals. J. Anim. Sci. Bio-technol. 4, 16-22.
Childs S., Hennessy A.A., Sreenan J.M., Wathes D.C., Cheng Z., Stanton C., Diskin M.G. and Kenny D.A. (2008). Effect of level of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on systemic and tissue fatty acid concentrations and on se-lected reproductive variables in cattle. Theriogenology. 70, 595-611.
Daniel J.A., Foradori C.D., Withlock B.K. and Sartin J.L. (2013). Hypothalamic interaction of nutrient status and reproduction in the sheep. Reprod. Dom. Anim. 48, 44-52.
Ferguson J.D., Galligan D.T., Blanchard T. and Reeves M. (1993). Serum urea nitrogen and conception rate: The usefulness of test information. J. Dairy Sci. 76, 3742-3746.
Gargallo S., Ferret A. and Calsamiglia S. (2020). Estimating deg-radation of individual essential amino acids in fish meal and blood meal by rumen microbes in a dual-flow continuous-culture system. J. Dairy Sci. 103, 6209-6217.
Geppert T.C., Meyer A.M., Perry G.A. and Gunn P.J. (2016). Effects of excess metabolizable protein on ovarian function and circulating amino acids of beef cows: 2. Excessive supply in varying concentrations from corn gluten meal. Animal. 10, 1-9.
Gong J.G., Lee W.J. and Garnsworthy P.C. (2002). Effect of die-tary-induced increases in circulating insulin concentrations during the early postpartum period on reproductive function in dairy cows. Reproduction. 123, 419-427.
Greyling J. (2010). Applied reproductive physiology. Pp. 58-72 in Goat Science and Production. S.G. Solaiman, Ed., A John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
Grippo A.A., Henault M.A., Anderson S.H. and Killian G.J. (1992). Cation concentrations in fluid from the oviduct am-pulla and isthmus of cows during the estrous cycle. J. Dairy Sci. 75, 58-65.
Gulliver C.E., Friend M.A.B., King J. and Clayton E.H. (2012). The role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in reproduc-tion of sheep and cattle. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 31, 9-22.
Guoyao W.U. (2021). Amino Acids in Nutrition and Health. Ad-vances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer Pub-lication. Texas A&M Univesity College Station, TX, USA.
Halloran K.M., Stenhouse C., Wu G. and Bazer F.W. (2021). Ar-ginine, agmatine, and polyamines: Key regulators of concep-tus development in mammals. Pp. 58-67 in Amino Acids in Nutrition and Health, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. G. Wu, ed., Springer Publication. Texas A&M Univesity College Station, TX, USA.
Harvatine K.J. and Allen M.S. (2005). The effect of production level on feed intake, and endocrine responses to two fatty acid supplements in lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 88, 4018-27.
Hoon J.H., Herselman M.J., Van Heerden M. and Pretorius A.P. (2000). The effect of bypass protein supplementation on the reproductive performance of Merino sheep grazing mixed ka-roo veld. South African J. Anim. Sci. 30, 60-61.
Hugentobler S.A., Morris D.G., Sreenan J.M. and Diskin M.G. (2007). Ion concentrations in oviduct and uterine fluid and blood serum during the estrous cycle in the bovine. Therio-genology. 68, 538-548.
Iranian Council of Animal Care. (1995). Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals, vol. 1. Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran.
Jenkins T.C., Wallace R.G., Moate P.J. and Mosley E.E. (2008). Recent advances in biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty ac-ids within the rumen microbial ecosystem. J. Anim. Sci. 86, 397-412.
Lassala A., Bazer F.W., Cudd T.A., Datta S., Keisler D.H., Satterfield M.C., Spencer T.E. and Wu G. (2011). Parenteral administration of L-arginine enhances fetal survival and growth in sheep carrying multiple pregnancies. J. Nutr. 141, 849-855.
Mattos R.C., Staples R. and Thatcher W.W. (2000). Effects of dietary fatty acids on reproduction in ruminants. Rev. Reprod. 5, 38-45.
Merchen N.R. and Titgemeyer E.C. (1992). Manipulation of amino acid supply to the growing ruminant. J. Anim. Sci. 70, 3238-3247.
Mirzaei Alamouti H., Mohammadi Z.M., Shahir H., Vazirigohar M. and Mansouryar M. (2018). Effects of short-term feeding of different sources of fatty acids in pre-mating diets on repro-ductive performance and blood metabolites of fat-tailed Ira-nian Afshari ewes. Theriogenology. 113, 85-91.
Moallem U. (2018). Roles of dietary n-3 fatty acids in perform-ance, milk fat composition and reproductive and immune sys-tems in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 101, 8641-8661.
Navara K.J. (2018). Choosing Sexes: Mechanisms and Adaptive Patterns of Sex Allocation in Vertebrates. Springer, Switzer-land.
NRC. (2021). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 8th Ed. Na-tional Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.
NRC. (2007). Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants, Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
Parkhurst C.R. and Mountney G.J. (1987). Poultry Meat and Egg Production. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. USA.
Rezaei Roodbari A., Towhidi A., Zhandi M., Rezayazdi G., Ra-himi Mianji E., Dirandeh M. and Colazo G. (2016). Effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during the transition period on plasma metabolites and productive and reproductive performance in dairy cows. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 219, 294-303.
Robinson J.J., Ashworth C.A.J., Rooke A., Mitchell J.A. and McEvoy T.G. (2006). Nutrition and fertility in ruminant live-stock. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 126, 259-276.
Robinson R.S., Pushpakumara P.G.A., Cheng Z., Peters A.R., Abayasekara D.R.E. and Wathes D.C. (2002). Effects of die-tary polyunsaturated fatty acids on ovarian and uterine func-tion in lactating dairy cows. Reproduction. 124, 119-131.
Rooke J.A., Evan M., Mackie K.M., Staines E., McEvoy T.G. and Sinclair K.D. (2004). Effect of ammonium chloride on the growth and metabolism of bovine ovarian granulosa cell and the development of ovine oocytes matured in the presence of bovine granulosa cells previously exposed to ammonium chlo-ride. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 84, 53-71.
SAS Institute. (2013). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 9.4. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Scaramuzzi R.J., Campbell B.K., Downing J.A., Kendall N.R. and Khalid M. (2006). A review of the effects of supplementary nutrition in the ewe on the concentrations of reproductive and metabolic hormones and the mechanisms that regulate follicu-logenesis and ovulation rate. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 46, 339-354.
Staples C.R., Burke J.M. and Thatcher W.W. (1998). Influence of supplemental fats on reproductive tissues and performance of lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 81, 856-871.
Tamminga S. (2006). The effect of the supply of rumen degrad-able protein on negative energy balance and fertility in dairy cows. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 96, 227-239.
Van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B. and Lewis B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch poly-saccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3593-3597.
Verma A.K., Mahla A.S., Chaudhari R.K., Singh A.K., Khatti A., Singh S.K., Dutta N., Singh G., Sarkar M., Kumar H., Yadav D. and Krishnaswamy N. (2018). Effect of different levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids rich fish oil supplementation on the ovarian and endometrial functions in the goat (Capra hircus). Anim. Reprod. Sci. 195, 153-161.
Webb R., Garnsworthy P.C., Gong J.G. and Armstrong D.G. (2004). Control of follicular growth: Local interactions and nutritional influences. J. Anim. Sci. 82, 63-74.
Wu G., Bazer F.W., Dai Z., Li D., Wang J. and Wu Z. (2014). Amino acid nutrition in animals: Protein synthesis and be-yond. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 2, 387-417.
Zhang H., Sun L.W., Wang Z.Y., Deng M.T., Zhang G.M., Guo R.H., Ma T.W. and Wang F. (2016). Dietary N-carbamylglutamate and rumen-protected l-arginine supple-mentation ameliorate fetal growth restriction in undernour-ished ewes. J. Anim. Sci. 94, 2072-2085.
