The Expansion Planning of a Microgrid in the Presence of Load, Electricity Market Price and Renewable Resources Uncertainties
Subject Areas : Power Engineering
1 - Department of Electrical Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
Keywords: Battery, Optimization in power system, Microgrid expansion, Uncertainty, Battery discharge depth,
Abstract :
The concerns arising from fossil fuels have drawn significant attention to the development of microgrids with the presence of energy storage batteries. Microgrids, utilizing batteries, can store energy during peak production times and inject it into the grid during peak consumption periods, thereby enhancing the stability and reliability of the system. Additionally, batteries assist in load management and reduce energy losses, enabling optimal use of renewable resources. To ensure the economic performance of microgrids, optimizing the measurement of battery energy storage is essential. Factors significantly impacting the accuracy and efficiency of battery energy storage measurement results are often overlooked. These factors include a range of characteristics for different technologies, the effects of depth of discharge, the number of charge/discharge cycles on the degradation of battery energy storage quality, and the coordination of microgrid operating modes. This paper presents a model for measuring battery energy storage in microgrid applications that considers key factors such as size, technology type, number, and optimal maximum depth of discharge in the presence of uncertainties related to renewable resources and electrical load. Monte Carlo simulation is employed to analyze these uncertainties. The model used is a mixed-integer linear programming model. Furthermore, the nonlinear relationship between the depth of discharge of battery energy storage and its cycle life is modeled using a piecewise linearization approach. The results indicate that the proposed model can effectively determine the size, technology type, number, and optimal maximum depth of discharge for battery energy storage.
[1] R. H. Lasseter, "Smart distribution: Coupled microgrids," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 99, no. 6, pp. 1074-1082, 2011, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2011.2114630.
[2] A. Khalid, A. Stevenson, and A. I. Sarwat, "Overview of technical specifications for grid-connected microgrid battery energy storage systems," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 163554-163593, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3132223.
[3] C. Xie, D. Wang, C. S. Lai, R. Wu, X. Wu, and L. L. Lai, "Optimal sizing of battery energy storage system in smart microgrid considering virtual energy storage system and high photovoltaic penetration," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 281, p. 125308, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125308.
[4] K. Prompinit and S. Khomfoi, "Battery Management System for Microgrid Applications," in 2018 15th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON), pp. 245-248, 2018, doi: 10.1109/ECTICon.2018.8619879.
[5] M. Faisal, M. A. Hannan, P. J. Ker, A. Hussain, M. B. Mansor, and F. Blaabjerg, "Review of energy storage system technologies in microgrid applications: Issues and challenges," Ieee Access, vol. 6, pp. 35143-35164, 2018, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2841407.
[6] S. Choudhury, "Review of energy storage system technologies integration to microgrid: Types, control strategies, issues, and future prospects," Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 48, p. 103966, 202, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2022.103699.
[7] D. Q. Oliveira et al., "A critical review of energy storage technologies for microgrids," Energy Systems, pp. 1-30, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s12667-021-00464-6.
[8] S. Parhizi, H. Lotfi, A. Khodaei, and S. Bahramirad, "State of the art in research on microgrids: A review," IEEE access, vol. 3, 890-925, 2015, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2443119.
[9] N. Günter and A. Marinopoulos, "Energy storage for grid services and applications: Classification, market review, metrics, and methodology for evaluation of deployment cases," Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 8, pp. 226-234, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2016.08.011.
[10] Q. Fu, A. Hamidi, A. Nasiri, V. Bhavaraju, S. B. Krstic, and P. Theisen, "The Role of Energy Storage in a Microgrid Concept: Examining the opportunities and promise of microgrids," IEEE Electrification Magazine, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 21-29, 2013, doi: 10.1109/MELE.2013.2294736.
[11] M. Koller, T. Borsche, A. Ulbig, and G. Andersson, "Defining a degradation cost function for optimal control of a battery energy storage system," in 2013 IEEE Grenoble Conference, pp. 1-6: IEE, 2013, doi: 10.1109/PTC.2013.6652329.
[12] C. Ju and P. Wang, "Energy management system for microgrids including batteries with degradation costs," in 2016 IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON), pp. 1-6: IEEE, 2016, doi: 10.1109/POWERCON.2016.7754011.
[13] K. Abdulla et al., "Optimal operation of energy storage systems considering forecasts and battery degradation," IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 2086-2096, 2016, doi: 10.1109/TSG.2016.2606490.
[14] E. Hajipour, M. Bozorg, and M. Fotuhi-Firuzabad, "Stochastic capacity expansion planning of remote microgrids with wind farms and energy storage," IEEE transactions on sustainable energy, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 491-498, 201, doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2014.2376356.
[15] J. P. Fossati, A. Galarza, A. Martín-Villate, and L. Fontan, "A method for optimal sizing energy storage systems for microgrids," Renewable Energy, vol. 77, pp. 539-549, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2014.12.039.
[16] M. R. Aghamohammadi and H. Abdolahinia, "A new approach for optimal sizing of battery energy storage system for primary frequency control of islanded microgrid," International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 54, pp. 325-333, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.07.005.
[17] T. Kerdphol, Y. Qudaih, and Y. Mitani, "Battery energy storage system size optimization in microgrid using particle swarm optimization," in IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Europe, pp. 1-6: IEEE, 2014, doi: 10.1109/ISGTEurope.2014.7028895.
[18] B. Shaghayegh and D. Hossein, "Optimal sizing of smart grid storage management system in a microgrid Innovative smart grid technologies.(ISGT),", 2012, doi: 10.1109/ISGT.2012.6175774.
[19] S. Bahramirad, W. Reder, and A. Khodaei, "Reliability-constrained optimal sizing of energy storage system in a microgrid," IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 2056-2062, 2012, doi: 10.1109/TSG.2012.2217991.
[20] M. Ross, R. Hidalgo, C. Abbey, and G. Joós, "Analysis of energy storage sizing and technologies," in 2010 IEEE Electrical Power & Energy Conference, pp. 1-6: IEEE, 2010 doi: 10.1109/EPEC.2010.5697212.
[21] M. Asensio, P. M. de Quevedo, G. Muñoz-Delgado, and J. Contreras, "Joint distribution network and renewable energy expansion planning considering demand response and energy storage—Part I: Stochastic programming model," IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 655-666, 2016, doi: 10.1109/TSG.2016.2560339.
[22] M. Asensio, P. M. de Quevedo, G. Muñoz-Delgado, and J. Contreras, "Joint distribution network and renewable energy expansion planning considering demand response and energy storage—Part II: Numerical results," IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 667-675, 2016, doi: 10.1109/TSG.2016.2560341.
[23] T. A. Nguyen, M. L. Crow, and A. C. Elmore, "Optimal sizing of a vanadium redox battery system for microgrid systems," IEEE transactions on sustainable energy, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 729-737, 2015, doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2015.2404780.
[24] L. Wu, M. Shahidehpour, and T. Li, "Cost of reliability analysis based on stochastic unit commitment," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1364-1374, 2008, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2008.922231.
[25] X. Luo, J. Wang, M. Dooner, and J. Clarke, "Overview of current development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application potential in power system operation," Applied energy, vol. 137, pp. 511-536, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.09.081.
[26] N. Lu, M. R. Weimar, Y. V. Makarov, and C. Loutan, "An evaluation of the NaS battery storage potential for providing regulation service in California," in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, pp. 1-9: IEEE, 2011, doi: 10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772494.
