Examining Sociological Factors Affecting the Level of Street Harassment: Case Study of Kermanshah City
Subject Areas : Quarterly Journal of Woman and Society
Mohsen safarian
1
(Instructor, Department of Sociology, Payam-e-Noor University)
Golmorad Moradi
2
(Department of Social Science, Eslam Abad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Eslam Abad-e-gharb)
Maryam Narimani
3
(. M.A. of psychology)
Keywords: Women, FRIENDS, Street Harassment, Relative Deprivation, Disorganization,
Abstract :
The purpose of this study was to examine sociological factors affecting the level of street harassment in the city of Kermanshah. The research used descriptive and survey method. Required data collected by a questionnaire was analyzed by SPSS software. The population included all girls and women aged between 15 and 49 years old in Kermanshah that in date of study (2015) and by statistic of 2011 all of them included 20325. Cluster random sampling contributed to choose the sample size. The result of correlation coefficient shows that there is meaningful relationship between the social disorganization and religion, influence of friends and the relative deprivation. The result of comparing averages indicates that socioeconomic status, material status and being accompanied with others in the street have a significant effect on street harassment. The result of multivariate regression shows that four variables including the relative deprivation (Beta=.36), influence of friends (Beta=.27), the religion (Beta= .19), and social disorganization (Beta=.17), in order of importance in explaining the dependent variable were entered and all together explained 57% of internal changes in dependent variable.
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Parish, W. L., A. Das & E. O. Laumann (2006). “Sexual harassment of women in urban China”, Arch Sex Behave, Vol. 2, No. 35, pp. 411-425.
Sahabi, J., Faizi. A. and Samadi. B. J. J. (2010). The effect of social factors on social security in Sanandaj, Bulletin of Social Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 155-182. (Persian).
Samani. S. and Folad Chang. M. (2007). Psychology of Adolescence, Shiraz: Publication Malek Soliman. (Persian).
Sigal, J. & H. Jacobsen (1999), "A cross-cultural exploration of factors affecting reactions to sexual harassment: Attitudes and policies". Psychology, Public policy, and Law, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 760-785.
Sigal, J. & H. Jacobsen (1999).”A cross-cultural exploration of factors affecting reactions to sexual harassment: Attitudes and policies”. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 760-785.
Yamawaki, Niwako(2007) Rape Perception and the Function of Ambivalent Sexism and Gender-Role Traditionalist, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol. 22, No. 4, 406-423.
Zokaei. S. (2006). Sexual harassment of women in different environments, Archives of the National Youth Organization Tehran. (Persian).
Allport, G. W & Ross, M. J. Jr. (1967). “Personal Religious Orientation and Prejudice”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 5, pp. 432-443.
Abazari. Y., Sadeghi-Fasaei. S. and Hamidi, N. (2009). Insecurity in women's experience of everyday life, Femail Research, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 75-103. (Persian).
Adamian, M., Azimi Hashemi. M. and Sanati sharifi. N. (2013). The sociological analysis of women's clothing style, Journal of women and society, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 161-186. (Persian).
Ahmadi, M. and Kaldi, A. (2013). The survey of social security and social factors affecting women in Sanandaj, Journal of women and society, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 1-20. (Persian).
Alvani. S. M. and Danaeifard. H. (2006). Order in chaos theory and management, Tehran, Publishing of Arasbaran. (Persian).
Bowman, C. G. (1993).”Street harassment and the informal ghettoization of women”, Harvard Law Review, Vol. 106, No. 3, pp. 517-580.
Chalabi, M. (1996), “sociology of order: the explanation and interpretation of social order”, Tehran: Nashre Nai. (Persian).
Drew, P. E. (2004), Iran. In R.T. Francouer and R.J. Noonan (Eds.), the Continuum Complete: International Encyclopedia of Sexuality. The Kinsey Institute.
Fairchild, K. M. & L. A. Rudman (2008), "Everyday stranger harassment and women's objectification". Soc Just Rec, 21, pp. 338-357. New York: Spring Science + Business Media.
Fairchild, K. M. & L. A. Rudman (2008).” Everyday stranger harassment and women’s objectification”. Soc Just Res, 21, pp. 338-357.
Fairchild, K. M. (2007), Everyday stranger harassment: Frequency and consequences. A Dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, New Brunswick University of New Jersey.
Gardner, C. B. (1995), passing by: Gender and public harassment. Berkley, CA: University of California Press.
Garrosi. S. (2006). Assess the impact of beliefs format based on gender inequality: The Case of Kerman and its surrounding villages, M.S Thesis, unpublished, Shiraz University. (Persian).
Giddens, A. (1999). Modernity and Self- Identity: Self and Society intheLate Modern Age. Trans: Naser Movafaghian, Tehran: Pub nei.
Giddens, A. (2002), sociology, Trans: Manocher Sabouri, Nashr nai, vol 7. (Persian).
Bourdieu, P. (2002),"Rational choice theory and practical reasons for action", Trans: Mardiha, M. Tehran: Naghsh & neghar. [Persian]
Guarr, T. (2000). Why do people revolt? Translator Ali MORSHEDI birth, Tehran, Research Institute for Strategic Studies. (Persian).
Iman. M .T., Yosefi. E. and Hoseinzadeh, M. (2012), Women, harassment and response: Review the experience of female students on the harassment street and respond to it, Journal of Sociology Iran, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 63-93. (Persian).
Kalantari. M., Ghezelbash. S. and Hoji Malayeri. P. (2010). Spatial analysis and mapping urban crime Zanjan geographic information system using GIS (Case study: street crime interferes), Quarterly geographical landscape of the Zagros, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 133-147.
Kamran, F. and Ebatati Nazarlo, S. (2009), “the survey of economical social factors on peace feeling and social safety of woman: M.A. Students sociology in Tehran University”, Social research magazine, 3 rd year, No 6. (Persian).
Kearl, Holly (2011), Street harassment of women: It's a bigger problem than you think.
Ketabi. M. (2005). Religion, social capital and socio-cultural development, Journal of Isfahan University, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 169-192. (Persian).
Lahsaeizadeh, A. & Yousefinejad, E. (2011). "Social aspects of women's experiences of sexual harassment in public places in Iran". Sexuality and Culture Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 169-192.
Lahsaeizadeh. A. A. and Yosefi. E. (2011). The relationship between gender norms accepted and experienced street harassment: A case study of female students of Shiraz University, Journal of Sociology reconciliation in Ashtian, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 129-143. (Persian).
Lenton, R., M. D. Smith, J. Fox & N. Morra (1999), "Sexual harassment in public: Experiences of Canadian women". CRSA/RCSA, 36/4pp: 517-540.
MacMillan, R., A. Nierobisz & S. Welsh (2000), "Experiencing the streets: Harassment and perception of safety among women" Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 37, pp: 306-322.
Moeidfar. S. and Hamidi. N. (2008). Female-headed households, did not damage social pathology, Journal of Social Science, Vol. 2, No. 32, pp. 131-158. (Persian).
News Agency World News. (2007). Step increase of street harassment, http://jahannews.com/vdcbasb8arhbggp.uiur.html. (Persian).
Parish, W. L., A. Das & E. O. Laumann (2006). “Sexual harassment of women in urban China”, Arch Sex Behave, Vol. 2, No. 35, pp. 411-425.
Sahabi, J., Faizi. A. and Samadi. B. J. J. (2010). The effect of social factors on social security in Sanandaj, Bulletin of Social Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 155-182. (Persian).
Samani. S. and Folad Chang. M. (2007). Psychology of Adolescence, Shiraz: Publication Malek Soliman. (Persian).
Sigal, J. & H. Jacobsen (1999), "A cross-cultural exploration of factors affecting reactions to sexual harassment: Attitudes and policies". Psychology, Public policy, and Law, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 760-785.
Sigal, J. & H. Jacobsen (1999).”A cross-cultural exploration of factors affecting reactions to sexual harassment: Attitudes and policies”. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 760-785.
Yamawaki, Niwako(2007) Rape Perception and the Function of Ambivalent Sexism and Gender-Role Traditionalist, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol. 22, No. 4, 406-423.
Zokaei. S. (2006). Sexual harassment of women in different environments, Archives of the National Youth Organization Tehran. (Persian).
