Designing a Structural Model of Married Women' Makeup Addiction Based on Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Sexual Self-Esteem and Body Intelligence

Subject Areas : Quarterly Journal of Woman and Society

mozaffar ghaffari ¹ , ali mohammadzadeh ² , ebrahim eftekhari ³

1 - Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Payame Noor University (PNU), Iran
2 - Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Payame Noor University (PNU), Iran.
3 - Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Payame Noor University (PNU), Iran

Received: 2023-03-02 Accepted : 2023-10-30 Published : 2024-01-21

Keywords: Self-esteem, Body Dysmorphic, Makeup Addiction, Body Intelligence, Sexual,

Abstract :

Abstract

Introduction: Little is known about the factors associated with the desire for makeup addiction. Therefore, the aim of this study was to design a structural model of married women' makeup addiction based on body dysmorphic disorder, sexual self-esteem and body intelligence.

Methods: The research method applied in this study was correlational with the type of structural equations. Participants statistical of the present study include 200 clients of beauty centers (18 to 50 years old) at Miandoab city in 2022, that have been selected by convenience sampling. Smith and Et al.'s makeup addiction scale, Rabiei et al.'s body dysmorphic questionnaire, Zeanah and Schwarz's sexual self-esteem scale, and Anderson's body intelligence scale were used for data collection. The data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient, Sobel and Bootstrap test, through statistical software (SPSS version 21) and AMOS.

Findings: The direct effect of body intelligence (-0.44), sexual self-esteem (-0.36) and body dysmorphic disorder (0.45) in the estimation of makeup addiction was significant. Also, the indirect effect of body dysmorphic disorder (t-value=3.14) and sexual self-esteem (t-value=-2.81) mediated by body intelligence was significant. and total of 41% of the variance of makeup addiction is explained through model variables.

Conclusion: Considering the role of the body dysmorphic disorder, sexual self-esteem and body intelligence variables in explaining the makeup addiction model, it seems that by strengthening sexual self-esteem and body intelligence and by reducing the symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder, women's addiction to makeup can be treated.

References:

1. Khanjani Z, Babapour J, Saba G. Comparison of psychopathology in people seeking cosmetic surgery with controls. Pajoohande. 2012; 17 (1): 26-31.


2. Keivanara M, Rabbāni R, Zhianpour M. Social stratification and physical improvements/plastic surgery as a symbol for social class. Women's Strategic Studies. 2010; 12(47). 1-20.


3. Mafra AL, Silva CS, Varella MA, Valentova JV. The contrasting effects of body image and self-esteem in the makeup usage. Plos one. 2022 Mar 25;17(3): e0265197.


4. Batres C, Russell R, Workowski M. Makeup applied to facial features increases perceived skin evenness. Vision Research. 2023;202:108144.


5. Wagstaff DL, Sulikowski D. The impact of sexual strategies, social comparison, and Instagram use on makeup purchasing intentions. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences.2022; 3(1):1-8.


6. Wagstaff DL. Comparing mating motivations, social processes, and personality as predictors of women’s cosmetics use. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences. 2018;12(4):367–380.


7. Hajiani E, Nikahd M. Analysis of factors affecting cosmetics consumerism in Iran. Journal of Strategic Studies in Culture. 2022; 1(4): 81-100.


8. Rossell, S. (2023). Understanding and treating body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatry Research, 319, 11-30.


9. Ghaffari M, Narimani M, Basharpoor, Hajlo, N. Comparison of the effectiveness of personal intelligence and body intelligence training on the symptoms of body dysmorphia in cosmetic surgery applicants. Daneshvar Medicine. 2020; 25(4): 61-72.


10. Ghanbari M, Tizdast T, khalatbari, Rahmani MA. The effectiveness of commitment-based acceptance therapy on flexibility and perfectionism of physical appearance in body deformity disorder. medical journal of mashhad university of medical sciences, 2022; 65(1): 86-100.


11. Dobosz M, Rogowska P, Sokołowska E, Szczerkowska‐Dobosz A. Motivations, demography, and clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder among people seeking cosmetic treatments: A study of 199 patients. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. 2022;21(10):4646-50.


12. Khalidi M A. Cognitive Ontology: Taxonomic Practices in the Mind-Brain Sciences. Cambridge University Press; 2023.


13. Gorbis E, Kim C. Body dysmorphic disorder and addiction to medical aesthetic procedures. Journal of Aesthetic Nursing. 2017;6(9):472-5.


14. Mayers KS, Heller DK, Heller JA. Damaged Sexual Self-Esteem: A Kind of Disability. Sexuality & Disability. 2003; 21(4): 269–282.


15. Doyle Zeanah P, Schwarz JC. Reliability and validity of the sexual self-esteem inventory for women. Assessment. 1996;3(1):1-5.


16. Tran A, Rosales R, Copes L. Paint a Better Mood? Effects of Makeup Use on YouTube Beauty Influencers’ Self-Esteem. SAGE Open. 2020; 10(2): 1-12.


17. Anchieta NM, Mafra AL, Hokama RT, Varella MA, Melo JD, da Silva LO, da Silva CS, Valentova JV. Makeup and its application simulation affect women’s self-perceptions. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2021;50(8):3777-84.


18. Kelly C. Age has a role to play in female’s frequent makeup use and their self-esteem (Doctoral dissertation) Dublin, National College of Ireland; 2018.


19. Vancea F. The body intelligence–descriptin and measurement. Scientific Research and Education the Air Force. 2017; 19(2): 231-234.


20. Anderson R. Body intelligence scale: Defining and measuring the intelligence of the body. The Humanistic Psychologist. 2006 Nov 1;34(4):357-67.


21. Ghaffari M, Narimani M, Basharpoor S, Hajlo N. Comparison of the Effects of Personal Intelligence and Body Intelligence Training on the Symptoms of Social Anxiety in Cosmetic Surgery Applicants. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing. 2017; 5 (3): 37-47. 10.


22. Stolić D, Stolić M, Ignjatović-Ristić D, Jovanović M, Ćertić B, Hinić D. Structure of the attitudes towards cosmetic proceduresacceptance. Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo. 2019;147(9-10):600-6.


23. Narayanan R. Awareness And Challenges Faced By Youth In Cosmetic Products. Journal of Positive School Psychology. 2022; 16: 7919-28.


24. Eftekhari E. Designing a Structural Model of Married Women' Makeup Addiction Based on Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Sexual Self-Esteem and Body Intelligence. (Doctoral dissertation). Tehran: Payame Noor University; 2022.


25. Esmaili A, Ghafari M, Hosseini P. The relationship of the sense of coherence and distress tolerance with childbirth self-efficacy with the mediating role of body intelligence. Journal of Multidisciplinary Care. 2021;10(4):162-7.


26. Smith RK, Yazdani E, Wang P, Soleymani S, Ton LA. The cost of looking natural: Why the no-makeup movement may fail to discourage cosmetic use. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. 2022;50(2):324-37.


27. Kiani M, Mugouei F. Socio-economic factors influencing cosmetic products use by females under 20 years old in Yazdanshahr NajafAbad. Journal of Dermatology and Cosmetic. 2013; 4 (1) :1-9.


28. Islamic Parliament of Iran. Investigating the consumption of cosmetic products in the country. Research report of the cultural-social deputy of Islamic Parliament of Iran; 2015.


29. Safiri, K., Ghobadi, M. Beauty culture and consumer society (with emphasis on consumerism in cosmetics). Quarterly of Social Studies and Research in Iran, 2013; 2(2): 247-266.


30. Bazzaz Dilmaghani A, Afsharmoghadam M, Monajjemzade F. Evaluating the logical aspects of the ingredients of black eye cosmetics based on the label claims and compliance with European standards. Journal of Dermatology and Cosmetic. 2022; 13 (2) :133-142.


31. Smith H, Perez M, Sladek MR, Becker CB, Ohrt TK, Bruening AB. Development and validation of makeup and sexualized clothing questionnaires. Journal of Eating Disorders. 2017;5:1-3.


32. Rabiei M, Salahian A, Bahrami F, Palahang H. Construction and Standardization of the Body Dysmorphic Metacognition Questionnaire . J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2011; 21 (83) :43-52.


33. Doyle Zeanah P, Schwarz JC. Reliability and validity of the sexual self-esteem inventory for women. Assessment. 1996 Mar;3(1):1-5.


34. Farokhi S, Shareh H. Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Sexual Self-Esteem Index for Woman-Short Form. IJPCP 2014; 20 (3) :252-263.


35. Kim YJ, Cha EJ, Kim SM, Kang KD, Han DH. The effects of taekwondo training on brain connectivity and body intelligence. Psychiatry Investig. 2015;12(3):335-40.