The Genealogy of Women in Jihad (The Study of the Presence of Women in Jihad According to the Jihadist Texts of Sunni Fundamentalists)

Subject Areas : Quarterly Journal of Woman and Society

Ehsan Hamidizadeh ¹ (Department of Sociology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran)
Sosan Bastani ² (Department of Sociology, Al Zahra University, Tehran, Iran)

Received: 2019-06-23 Accepted : 2021-05-02 Published : 2021-04-21

Keywords: Women, Genealogy, Jihad Texts, Jihad, Fundamentalism,

Abstract :

Introduction: Jihad is a critical concept which Islamic fundamentalists are interperate it in fatal ways. Jihad is defined in classic Islamic texts precisely that Shia and Sunni are not challenged about it. Women have not had main role in Jihad before emergence of ISIS in Middle East. Materials and Methods: The methodology considered in the paper is qualitative and the method used to analyze jihad is a comparative-historical method. As the specificity of the women's presence in jihad in the Islamic world is significant in the study, relying on traditional totalitarian historical interpretations does not clarify the aspects of the phenomenon, and we used the genealogical method to examine it. Findings: By studying the classical texts on jihad, we discovered the women's status as a starting point or zero in genealogical analysis, which is childbearing and marriage, and finally a trip to the house of God based on the historical documents of female jihad.  Mohammad Khair heikal's book was a breakpoint in women jihad discourse that is accelerate women participations in Jihad. Conclusion: In this paper, we have shown the selective form of narrations and history in line with today's goals by jihadi theorists to involve women in jihad to some extent. Feminists are argued about women recruitment in ISIS that is made resistance point in Jihad discourse. Although most Jihadist ideologists are insisted in unparticipating women in Jihad.

References:

1. Qur’an (2013) translated by Mohammad Mahdi Foladvand, Tehran: Institute of History and Islamic studies. 2:190


2. Al-Awlaki, Anwar (2009). “44 Ways to Support Jihad”, Hur al-Ayn, http://www.hooral ayn.com/,no. 29. (Arabic)


3. Al-Asim, Ibn Abi (1989). Kitab al-jihad, Medina: Maktabat al- ‘Ulum wa-l-Hikam. (Arabic)


4. Al-Asqalani, Ibn Hajar (1985). Kitab al-Jihad wa-al-Siyar, Beirut: Dar al-Balagha. (Arabic)


5. Al-Bukhari, Abdallah b. Isma ‘il (1991). Sahih, Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, III. (Arabic)


6. Al-Dumyati, Ibn al-Nahhas (2002), Mashari ‘al-ashwaq ila masari ‘al- ‘ushshaq, Beirut: Dar al-Basha’ir al-Islamiyya. (Arabic)


7. Al-Haqabani, Nasir (2010). “Hayla al-Qasir tajma ‘al-tabarru ‘at li-al-Qa ‘ida wa-ta’wi almatlubinwa-tujannid al-Nisa” al-Hayat, http://www.daralhyat.com/print/148677. (Arabic)


8. Al-Kulayni, Muhammad ibn Ya'qub (2005). Kitab al-Kafi, Tehran: Nashr e Farhang ahl albeyat, IV. (Persian)


9. Al-Maqdisi (1994).  Hadith al-ifk wa-yalihi min Manaqib al-nisa’ al-sahabiyyat, Damascus:Dar al-Basha’ir. (Arabic)


10. Al-Sana’ani, Muhammad (2010). "Roshonara & Taimour:  Followers of the Borderless Loyalty", Inspire 1, No.4. (English)


11. Al-Sharqawi, Muna bt. Salih (2015). Ya Nisa’ Dawrukunna faqad Nama al-Rijal, Minbar al-Tawhid wa-al-Jihad, n.d., http://www.tawhed.ws/c?i = 46, 1. (Arabic)


12. Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf (2009). Fiqh al-Jihad, Cairo: Maktabat Wahbeh. (Arabic)


13. Al-Takruri, Nawaf (2003). Al- Amaliyyat al-istishhadiyya fi al-mizan al-fiqhi, Damascus: al-Takruri. (Arabic)


14. Al-Thaqafi al-Kuf, Ibrahim b. Muhammad (1975). Al-Gharat, Tehran: National Legacy Society. (Arabic)

فصلنامه علمی – پژوهشی زن و جامعه. 1400؛ 12 (45): 195- 209                                                                                                          208

Al-Zawahiri, Umayma (2012). Ila al-Muslimat ba‘da al-Thawrat, https://archive.org/details/b3d-thwrt. (Arabic)

1. Al-Zarqawi, Abu Mus ‘ab (2003). “Ilhaq bi-al-Qafila”, Minbar al-Tawhid wa-al-Jihad, http://www.tawhed.ws/r?i = qd7ixykj. (Arabic)


2. Al-Uyayri, Yusuf (2002). "Dawr al-Nisa’ fi Jihad al-A ‘da", Minbar al-Tawhid wa-al-Jihad, http://www.tawhed.ws/r?i = 8fsj2em2,4. (Arabic)


3. Azzam, Abdallah (2004). "Ithaf al-Ibad bi-Fada’il al-Jihad ", in Hilf al-Irhab: Tanzim al-Qaida, ed. Abd al-Rahim Ali, Cairo: Markaz al-Mahrusa. (Arabic)


4. Azzam, Abdallah (2004b). " al-Difa ‘an Aradi al-Muslimin Ahamm Furud al-A ‘yan", in Hilf al-Irhab: Tanzim al-Qaida, ed. Abd al-Rahim Ali, Cairo: Markaz al-Mahrusa. (Arabic)


5. Azzam, Abdallah (1987). “Ilhaq bi-al-Qafila”, Minbar al-Tawhid wa-al-Jihad, http://www.tawhed.ws/r1?i = 2805&x = 6nxrvref. (Arabic)


6. Bonner, Michael (2006). Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice, NewYork: Princeton University Press. (English)


7. Delanty, G & Piet Strydom (2003). Philosophies of Social Science: The Classic and Contemporary Readings. London: open University Press. (English)


8. - Deleuze, Gilles (1968). Difference and Repetition, translated\by Paul Patton, Colombia University   Press, NewYork. (English)


9. Deleuze, Gilles (1988). Foucault, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. (English)


10. Dreyfus, Hubert L (1983).  Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (English)


11. Erelle, Anna (2015) In the Skin of a Jihadist, United Kingdom: Harper Collins Publishers. (English)


12. Feirahi, Davood (2012). " Jihad concept in Shia and Sunni", Mehrnameh, http://www.mehrnameh.ir/article/1624.(Persian)


13. Foucault, Michel (1978). The History of Sexuality: An Introduction, New York: Pantheon Books. (English)


14. Foucault, Michel (2018). Philosophical theatres, Theran, Nashrnay. (Persian)


15. Gabriel, Mark (2015). Islam and Terrorism: The Truth about Isis, the

تبارشناسی زن در جهاد (مطالعه  چگونگی حضور زنان در جهاد با اتکا به متون جهادی بنیادگرایان اهل سنت)

Middle East and Islamic Jihad, London: Creation House. (English)

1. Gardner, Frank (2015). "The Crucial Role of Women Within Islamic State". BBC, Accessed June 17, 2016.


2. Guardian (2010). " Roshonara Choudhry: Police interview extracts", http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/nov/03/roshonara-choudhry-police-interview. (English)


3. Hamidizadeh, Ehsan (2019). Sociology of fundamentalism, Tehran: Research Institute of culture art and communication. (Persian)


4. Haykal, Muhammad Khayr (1993). Al-Jihad wa-l-qital fi al-siyasa al-shara ‘iyya, Beirut: Dar al-Barayiq, II. (Arabic)


5. Ibn Babawayhi (1992). Man la yahduruhu al-faqih, Beirut: Dar al-Adwa, III. (Arabic)


6. Ibn al-Nahhas, Ahmad b. Ibrahim al-Dumyati (2002). Mashari al-ashwaq ilamasari al-ushshaq wa-muthir al-gharam ila dar al-salam, Beirut: Dar al-Bashair al-Islamiyya.         


7. Mubarak, Aliyya Mustafa (1991).  Sahabiyyat mujahidat, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya. (Arabic)


8. Ness, Cindy D. (2008) Female Terrorism and Militancy Agency, utility, and organization, New York, Routledge.


9. Payandeh, Aboalghasem (2007).  Nahj Al-Fasahah, Tehran: Nasim Al hayat. (Persian)


10. Qadi, Nu'man (1963). Da'a'im al-Islam, Beirut: Dar al Moaref. (Arabic)  


11. 41.     Qureshi, Nabeel (2016). Answering Jihad: a better way forward, London: Zondervan.     (English)    


12. Sarbazi, Mohammad Yousef (2007). Jihad in Islam, Golestan: Maktab Al Es Hagheh.


13. - Spencer Robert (2018). The History of Jihad: From Muhammad to ISIS,
              Bombardier Books. (English) 


14. Rinehart, Christine Sixta (2019). Sexual Jihad: The Role of Islam in Female Terrorism, London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing.