Electrochemical deposition of calcium phosphate coating on the Ti-10Mo-X (TiC & TiB2) composite produced by spark plasma sintering

Subject Areas : journal of New Materials

Zahra Naghdi Chavan ¹ (Faculty of Material Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran.)
Mazyiar Azadbeh ² (Faculty of Material Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran.)
Mohammad Reza Etminanfar ³ (Faculty of Material Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran.)
Leila Fathyunes ⁴ (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab, Iran.)

Received: 2022-06-27 Accepted : 2023-02-06 Published : 2022-08-23

Keywords: Spark plasma sintering, Ti-10Mo-X (TiC & TiB2) composite, Calcium phosphate coating, Electrochemical deposition,

Abstract :

Abstract
Introduction: In the present study, the Ti-10Mo-X (TiC & TiB₂) composite produced by spark plasma sintering (SPS) with different amounts of ceramic reinforcements (0.5≤ X ≤ 4) was chosen as substrate for development of new biomaterials. The aim of this study was applying the calcium phosphate (CaP) coating with appropriate quality and phase composition on the Ti-10Mo-X (TiC & TiB₂) composite materials for biomedical application.
Methods: The Ti-10Mo-X (TiC & TiB₂) composites were sintered by SPS method, at an initial pressure of 10 MPa, an intermediate pressure of 20 MPa and a final pressure of 50 MPa at 1150 . Then the CaP coating was applied on the substrates by electrochemical deposition method at three different DC current densities of 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7 mA.cm^-2 for 30 minutes. Optical electron microscopy (OM) was used to study the pore structure of the substrates containing the different amounts of ceramic reinforcements. To take a look at the physical properties of the substrates, the sintering density became measured based at the Archimedes method. A tensile test became additionally performed to check the tensile strength of the porous substrates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy distribution spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were also used to investigate the morphology, chemical and phase composition of the obtained coatings, respectively.
Wettability of the CaP coatings was also investigated using the static droplet contact angle method. At last, the apatite forming ability test of the coated sample were carried out in SBF solution.
Findings: By increasing the percentage of ceramic reinforcements because of the removal of porosity, the density and tensile strength of the substrates have raised. Comparing the SEM images showed that, besides the applied current density, the properties of the substrate, such as the percentage of porosity and hydrophilic behavior had an impact on the morphology of the coatings. Moreover, by increasing the current density from 0.5 to 0.6 and 0.7 mA.cm^-2, the apparent quality of the coating decreased and the amount of porosity in the coating increased. In addition, the Ca/P ratio in the coating applied on the 1.0-T1150 and 2.0-T1150 samples at the current density of 0.5 mA .cm^-2 was measured to be 1.60 and 1.67, respectively, which is close to that of the natural apatite. Furthermore, the results of XRD and FTIR analysis revealed that the coatings formed on these samples at 0.5 mA cm^-2 were mainly containing hydroxyapatite (HA) phase. In addition, after the sample was immersed in simulated body solution (SBF) for 3, 5 and 7 days, a layer of apatite spheres was formed on the surface, indicating the high mineralization ability of the coated sample and hence the prepared sample has a sensible bioactivity.

References:

[1] Y. Parcharoen, P. Termsuksawad, and S. Sirivisoot, Improved Bonding Strength of Hydroxyapatite on Titanium Dioxide Nanotube Arrays following Alkaline Pretreatment for Orthopedic Implants, J. Nanomater, 2016, vol. 2016, pp. 1–13.

 

[2] A. Arifin, A. B. Sulong, N. Muhamad, J. Syarif, M. I. Ramli, Material processing of hydroxyapatite and titanium alloy (HA/Ti) composite as implant materials using powder metallurgy: a review, Materials & Design, 2014, 55, 165-175.‏

 

[3] R. J. Narayan, ASM Handbook, Volume 23, Materials for Medical Devices, Materials Park: ASM International, 2012.‏

 

[4] T.V. Vijayaraghavan, A. Bensalem, Electrodeposition of apatite coating on pure titanium and titanium alloys, Journal of materials science letters, 1994, 13.24: 17821785.

[5] ف. حیدری " ساخت و مقایسه داربست های هیدروکسی آپاتیت طبیعی و مصنوعی ساخته شده به روش فشار ایزواستاتیک سرد" فصل نامه علمی-پژوهشی مواد نوین، دوره 9، شماره 33، مهر 1397، صفحه 113-124.

 

[6] M. S. Bălţatu, P. Vizureanu, M. H. Tierean, M. G. Minciună, and D. Achiţei, Ti-Mo Alloys used in medical applications, in Advanced Materials Research, 2015, vol. 1128, pp. 105111.

[7] Y. Liu, W.F. Wei, K.C. Zhou. L.F. Chen, & H. P. Tang, Microstructures and mechanical behavior of PM Ti-Mo alloy. Journal of Central South University of Technology, 2003, 10(2), 81-86.

 

[8] M. Niinomi, Recent research and development in titanium alloys for biomedical applications and healthcare goods, Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater, 2003, vol. 4, no. 5, p. 445.

 

[9] B. S Sung, T. E Park, Y. H Yun, Microstructures and electrochemical behavior of Ti-Mo alloys for biomaterials, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2015.

 

[10] A. SABAHI NAMINI, M. AZADBEH, Microstructural characterisation and mechanical properties of spark plasma-sintered TiB2-reinforced titanium matrix composite, Powder Metallurgy, 2017, 60.1: 2232.

 

[11] L. Fathyunes, J. Khalil-Allafi, S. O. R. Sheykholeslami, and M. Moosavifar, Biocompatibility assessment of graphene oxide-hydroxyapatite coating applied on TiO2 nanotubes by ultrasound-assisted pulse electrodeposition, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, Jun. 2018, vol. 87, pp. 10–21.

[12] L. Fathyunes, Effect of ultrasonic waves on the electrochemical deposition of calcium phosphate/nano-sized silica composite coating. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2021 14, 2345-2356.

 

[13] M. Kalantar, M. Mojahedian, and M. N. Vahidi, Crystal and Phase Evolution of Sol-Gel Derived Hydroxyapatite Synthesis with Various Ca/P Ratios, Journal of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, 2016,27.2.

 

[14] A. J. Ruys, M. Wei, C. C. Sorrell, M.R. Dickson, A. Brandwood, & B. K. Milthorpe, Sintering effects on the strength of hydroxyapatite. Biomaterials, 1995, 16(5), 409415.

 

[15] M. F. Chen, X. J. Yang, Y. Liu, S. L. Zhu, Z. D. Cui, H. C. Man, Study on the formation of an apatite layer on NiTi shape memory alloy using a chemical treatment method. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2003, 173(2-3), 229234.

 

[16] F. Barrere, P. Layrolle, C. A. Van Blitterswijk, and K. De Groot, Biomimetic coatings on titanium: a crystal growth study of octacalcium phosphate, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med, 2001,vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 529534.

 

[17] م. منتظری، چ. دهقانیان، م. شکوه فر، ع. برادران گورانی " ایجاد پوشش‌های حاوی تیتانیا و هیدروکسی آپاتیت روی آلیاژTi-6Al-4V توسط فرآیند PEO و عملیات تکمیلی هیدروترمال و بررسی خواص خوردگی آن در محیط شبیه‌سازی شده بدن” فصل نامه علمی-پژوهشی مواد نوین، دوره 1، شماره 1، مهر 1389، صفحه 1-10.

 

[18] M. P. DaSilva, J. H. C. Lima, G. A. Soares, C. N. Elias, M.C. De Andrade, S. M. Best, I. R. Gibson, Transformation of monetite to hydroxyapatite in bioactive coatings on titanium. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2001, 137(2-3), 270276.

 

[19] A. K. Nayak, Hydroxyapatite synthesis methodologies: an overview. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2010, 2(2), 903907 .

[20] M. Manso, C. Jimenez, C. Morant, P. Herrero, J. M. Martınez-Duart, Electrodeposition of hydroxyapatite coatings in basic conditions. Biomaterials, 2000, 21(17), 1755-1761.

 

[21] A, Montenero, G. Gnappi, F. Ferrari, M. Cesari, E. Salvioli, L. Mattogno, M. Fini, Sol-gel derived hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium substrate, Journal of Materials science, 2000, 35(11), 2791-2797.

 

[22] J. Ma, C. Wang, and K. W. Peng, Electrophoretic deposition of porous hydroxyapatite scaffold, Biomaterials, Sep. 2003, vol. 24, no. 20, pp. 3505–3510.

 

[23] Y. C. Tsui, C. Doyle, and T. W. Clyne, Plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium substrates Part 2: optimisation of coating properties, Biomaterials, Nov. 1998, vol 19, no. 22, pp. 2031–2043.

 

[24] T. M. T. Dinh, T. T. Nguyen, T. N. Pham, T. P.Nguyen, T. T. T. Nguyen, T. Hoang, C. Drouet, Electrodeposition of HAp coatings on Ti6Al4V alloy and its electrochemical behavior in simulated body fluid solution, Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2016, 7(2), 025008.‏

 

[25] L. Y. Huang, K. W. Xu, J. Lu, A study of the process and kinetics of electrochemical deposition and the hydrothermal synthesis of hydroxyapatite coatings. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2000 11(11), 667-673.

 

[26] M. R. Etminanfar, J. Khalil-Allafi, A. Montaseri, and R. Vatankhah-Barenji, “Endothelialization and the bioactivity of Ca-P coatings of different Ca/P stoichiometry electrodeposited on the Nitinol superelastic alloy,” Mater. Sci. Eng. C, vol. 62, pp. 28–35, May 2016.

 

 

[27] D.-Y. Lin and X.-X. Wang, Electrodeposition of hydroxyapatite coating on CoNiCrMo substrate in dilute solution, Surf. Coat. Technol, Jul. 2010, vol. 204, no. 20, pp. 3205–3213

[28] Z. S. Seyedraoufi, S. Mirdamadi, Effects of pulse electrodeposition parameters and alkali treatment on the properties of nano hydroxyapatite coating on porous Mg–Zn scaffold for bone tissue engineering application. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2014, 148(3), 519-527.

 

[29] R. Drevet, H. Benhayoune, L. Wortham, S. Potiron, J. Douglade, and D. Laurent-Maquin, Effects of pulsed current and H2O2 amount on the composition of electrodeposited calcium phosphate coatings, Mater. Charact, Aug. 2010, vol. 61, no. 8, pp. 786–795.

 

[30] X. Lu, Y. Leng, and Q. Zhang, Electrochemical deposition of octacalcium phosphate micro-fiber/chitosan composite coatings on titanium substrates, Surf. Coat. Technol, Mar, 2008, vol. 202, no. 13, pp. 31423147.

‏[31] L. Fathyunes, J. Khalil-Allafi, F. Marashi-Najafi, Effect of pulsed current densities on co-electrodeposition of Graphene Oxide/Calcium-Phosphate coatings and their biocompatibility. Journal of Ultrafine Grained and Nanostructured Materials, 2019, 52(1), 57-68.‏

 

[32] N. Aboudzadeh, C. Dehghanian, M. A. Shokrgozar, Effect of electrodeposition parameters and substrate on morphology of Si-HA coating, Surface and Coatings Technology, 2019, 375, 341-351.‏

[33] M. R. Etminanfar, J. Khalil-Allafi, On the electrodeposition of Ca-P coatings on nitinol alloy: a comparison between different surface modification methods. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2016, 25(2), 466-473.

[34] D. Gopi, J. Indira, L. Kavitha, A comparative study on the direct and pulsed current electrodeposition of hydroxyapatite coatings on surgical grade stainless steel. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2012, 206(11-12), 2859-2869.

 

[35] T. Kokubo, H. Takadama, How useful is SBF in predicting in vivo bone bioactivity?. Biomaterials, 2006, 27(15), 2907-2915.‏

 

[36] M. Prodana, M. Duta, D. Ionita, D. Bojin, M. S. Stan, A. Dinischiotu, I. Demetrescu, A new complex ceramic coating with carbon nanotubes, hydroxyapatite and TiO2 nanotubes on Ti surface for biomedical applications, Ceramics International, 2015, 41(5), 6318-6325.

 

[37] B. Xiong, J. Li, C. He, X.Tang, Z. Lv, X. Li, X. Yan, Effect of pore morphology and surface roughness on wettability of porous titania films, Materials Research Express, 2020, 7(11), 115013.

 

[38] T. T. Li, L. Ling, M. C. Lin, Q. Jiang, Q C. Lin, W. Lou, J. H. Lin, Effects of ultrasonic treatment and current density on the properties of hydroxyapatite coating via electrodeposition and its in vitro biomineralization behavior. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2019,105, 110062.‏

 

[39] Y. Diao, T. Harada, A. S. Myerson, T. Alan Hatton, B. L. Trout, The role of nanopore shape in surface-induced crystallization, Nature materials, 2011, 10(11), 867-871.

 

[40] F. Marashi-Najafi, J. Khalil-Allafi, M. R. Etminanfar, and R. Faezi-Alivand, Corrosion resistance and in vitro evaluation of the pulsed current electrodeposited hydroxyapatite coatings on Nitinol shape memory alloy, Mater. Corros, Nov. 2017, vol. 68, no. 11, pp. 1237–1245.

 

[41] J. Jeong, J. H. Kim, J. H. Shim, N. S. Hwang, C.Y. Heo, Bioactive calcium phosphate materials and applications in bone regeneration. Biomaterials research, 2019, 23(1), 111. ‏

[42] R. A. Surmenev, M. A. Surmeneva, A. A. Ivanova, Significance of calcium phosphate coatings for the enhancement of new bone osteogenesis–a review. Acta biomaterialia, 2014, 10(2), 557-579.

 

[43] R. N. Panda, M. F. Hsieh, R. J. Chung, and T. S. Chin, FTIR, XRD, SEM and solid state NMR investigations of carbonate-containing hydroxyapatite nano-particles synthesized by hydroxide-gel technique, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, Feb. 2003, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 193–199.

 

[44] J. X. Zhang, M. Iwasa, and D. L. Jiang, Size-Controlled Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles as Self-Organized Organic-Inorganic Composite Materials, Oct. 2006.

 

[45] Z. S. Kubro, K. Dahlan, and S. T. Wahyudi, Phase characterization and electrical properties of fluorhydroxyapatite : influence of molarity variation and microwave irradiation, IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng, Jun. 2020, vol. 858, no. 1, p. 012011.

 

[46] R. Štulajterová and Ľ. Medvecký, Effect of calcium ions on transformation brushite to hydroxyapatite in aqueous solutions, Colloids Surf. Physicochem. Eng. Asp, Mar. 2008, vol. 316, no. 1–3, pp. 104–109.

[47] B. O Asimeng, J. R. Fianko, E. E. Kaufmann, E. K. Tiburu, C. F. Hayford, P. Anani, O. K. Dzikunu, Preparation and characterization of hydroxyapatite from A chatina achatina snail shells: effect of carbonate substitution and trace elements on defluoridation of water, Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2018, 6(3), 205-212

[48] S. Best, B. Sim, M. Kayser, S. Downes, The dependence of osteoblastic response on variations in the chemical composition and physical properties of hydroxyapatite. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 1997, 8(2), 97-103.‏