Effect of Strain Rate on the Hot Tensile Behavior of Invar Alloy Failure analysis of clogging caused by corrosion of copper pipes containing chloride gas in the presence of moisture (case study)
Subject Areas : journal of New Materialsسجاد Bordbar 1 , مصطفی Alizadeh 2 , مسعود Iranmaneh 3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری مهندسی مواد، دانشگاه تحصیلات تکمیلی صنعتی و فناوری پیشرفته، کرمان، ایران
2 - استادیار گروه فلزات، پژوهشکده مواد، پژوهشگاه علوم و تکنولوژی پیشرفته و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه صنعتی تحصیلات تکمیلی صنعتی و فناوری پیشرفته، کرمان، ایران
3 - استادیار، پژوهشکده انرژی، پژوهشگاه علوم و تکنولوژی پیشرفته و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه صنعتی تحصیلات تکمیلی صنعتی و فناوری پیشرفته، کرمان، ایران
Keywords: Corrosion, Copper, Gas chlorinator, Chlorine, Hydrochloric acid,
Abstract :
This research report investigated investigates the causes and mechanisms of copper pipes clogging used in gas chlorination systems of drinking water. Clogging of the chlorine gas transmission pipes causes incomplete water disinfection process and may put the human health in dangerous. Comprehensive examinations of the destroyed copper pipes in some stations revealed that, the reason of frequent clogging of the pipes is corrosion phenomenon. The reasons and mechanism of the frequent clogging of the pipes were investigated in the present work. For this purpose, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were applied to deduce the reasons and mechanism of the frequent clogging. The investigations of pipe clogging mechanism revealed that, the unwanted presence of the water inside the pipe when the system is out of service lead to pipes clogging in two stages (formation and growth of corrosion products). The simultaneous presence of water and chlorine inside the pipes cause the formation of corrosive electrolyte (Hydrochloric acid) which provides corrosion conditions inside the pipes. The XRD results identified the presence of the porous and voluminous corrosion product of paratacamite (Cu2(OH)3Cl). The SEM images demonstrated by providing the corrosive environment inside the pipe and as result, formation of porous corrosion products cause the rapid growth of non-protective layer of corrosion products. The growth of corrosion products scale and aggregation of separated parts of corrosion products in some parts of the pipes led to pipes clogging and as result the incomplete injection of sufficient amount of chlorine in drinking water.
1- Water Chlorination/ Chloramination Practices and Principles, AWWA Manual M20, American Water Works Association, 2nd Ed., 2006.
2- White’s handbook of chlorination and alternative disinfectants, Black & Veatch Corporation, John Wiley & Sons, 5th Ed., 2010.
3- Chlorine in Drinking-water, World Health Organization, WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/45, 2003.
4- D. Wagner, W.R. Fischer, A.H.L. Chamberlain, J.N. Wardell, C.A.C. Sequeira, “Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of copper in potable water installations – a European project review”, Materials and Corrosion, Vol. 48, pp. 311–321, 1997.
5- D. Wagner, W. Fischer, H.H. Paradies, “Copper deterioration in a water distribution system of a county hospital in Germany caused by microbially influenced corrosion”, Materials and Corrosion, Vol. 43, pp. 496–502, 1992.
6- W. Fischer, H.H. Paradies, D. Wagner, I. Hänßel, “Copper deterioration in a water distribution system of a county hospital in Germany caused by microbially induced corrosion”, Materials and Corrosion, Vol. 43, pp. 56-62, 1992.
7- J.L. Otegui, P.G. Fazzini, “Root causes of fire in a solvent pipe at a petrochemical plant”, Engineering Failure Analysis, Vol. 16, pp. 1903–1911, 2009.
8- A.A. Kislitsyn, “Numerical modeling of high-frequency electromagnetic heating of a dielectric plug clogging a pipe”, Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics, Vol. 37, No. 3, 1996.
9- U. Klein, A. Zunkel, A. Eberle, “Breakdown of heat exchangers due to erosion corrosion and fretting caused by inappropriate operating conditions”, Engineering Failure Analysis, Vol. 43, pp. 271–280, 2014.
10- J. Wang, M. Sickinger, V. Ciobota, M. Herrmann, H. Rasch, P. Rosch, J. Popp, K. Kusel, “Revealing the microbial community structure of clogging materials in dewatering wells differing in physico-chemical parameters in an open-cast mining area”, Water Research, Vol. 63, pp. 222-233, 2014.
11- F. Larroque, M. Franceschi, “Impact of chemical clogging on de-watering well productivity: numerical assessment”, Environmental Earth Sciences, Vol. 64, pp. 119–131, 2011.
12- D.E. Ralph, J.M. Stevenson, “The role of bacteria in well clogging”, Water Research, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 365-369, 1995.
13- J. Marek, M. Šimunkova, H. Parschov, “Clogging of the electrodeionization chamber, Desalination and Water Treatment”, pp. 1–5, 2014.
14- H. Song, S. Park, M. Choi, J.Y. Park, M. Kim, J. Jung, Y. Kim, “Examination of chemical and physical effects on sump screen clogging of containment materials used in Korean plants”, Annals of Nuclear Energy, Vol. 69, pp. 51–56, 2014.
15- R. Sandrine, L. Cantrel, A. Yves, M. Jean-Marie, L. Marek, G. Dagmar, V. Yvan, S. Bela, “Precipitate formation contributing to sump screens clogging of a nuclear power plant during an accident”, Chemical engineering research and design, Vol. 86, pp. 633–639, 2008.
16- M. M. Wanger, G. A. Fox, G. V. Wilson, “Pipeflow experiments to quantify pore-water pressure buildup due to pipe clogging”, ASABE Annual International Meeting Paper, 152156396, 2015.
17- ASTM B 88, Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Water Tube, ASTM International, 2003.
18- E.E. Stansbury, R.A. Buchanan, Fundamentals of electrochemical corrosion, ASM International, Materials Park Ohio, 2000.
19- R. Francis, The corrosion of copper and its alloys: a practical guide for engineers, NACE International,Texas, 2010.
20- X. Zhang, I.O. Wallinder, C. Leygraf, “Mechanistic studies of corrosion product flaking on copper and copper-based alloys in marine environments”, Corrosion Science, Vol. 85, pp. 15-25, 2014.
_||_