Evaluation of Milling Time and Balls Diameters during Surface Mechanical Coating (SMC) in the Presence of Copper Powder and Nickel Balls

Subject Areas : journal of New Materials

ایمان Farahbakhsh ¹ (استادیار گروه مهندسی مکانیک، واحد قوچان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قوچان، ایران)
مهدی Shahedi Asl ² (استادیار گروه مهندسی مکانیک، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران)
بهزاد Nayebi ³ (دانش آموخته کارشناس ارشد دانشکده مهندسی مواد و متالورژی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران)
صاحبعلی Manafi ⁴ (دانشیار گروه مهندسی مواد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد شاهرود، شاهرود، ایران)

Received: 2015-03-03 Accepted : 2017-06-17 Published : 2017-05-22

Keywords: Milling time, Mechanical Surface Coating (SMC), Cu Powder and Ni Ball, Ball Diameter,

Abstract :

    Formation of solid solution through providing powder from the surface of ball and also feasibility of surface mechanical coating (SMC) by using mechanical alloying method and effects of the two parameters, milling time and ball diameter on these two matters are items that are being reviewed in this article. In this work, mechanical alloying process in the presence of copper powder and nickel balls have been used. Parameters which were studied are: 1- milling time (5, 10, 20, 60 and 120 hours) and 2- ball diameters (5 and 9 mm). Various analyses included X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA) have been used in order to obtain the desired results. The experiments indicates that providing powder from surface of ball increases with the increase of milling time and ball diameter. It was also specified that formation of coating on the surface of ball is possible at the time of mechanical alloying process. Also, by line scan of elemental analysis from balls cross section, it is determined that chemical compound in coating is different for samples and there is logical relationship with ball milling parameters.

References:

1-P. Gilman and J. Benjamin, "Mechanical alloying," Annual review of materials science, vol. 13, pp. 279-300, 1983.

2-I. Farahbakhsh, A. Zakeri, P. Manikandan, and K. Hokamoto, "Evaluation of Nanostructured coating layers formed on Ni balls during mechanical alloying of Cu powder," Applied Surface Science, vol. 257, pp. 2830-2837, 2011.    

3-I. Farahbakhsh, A. Zakeri, P. Manikandan, and K. Hokamoto, "Structural Evolution of the Cu-Ni Solid Solution Formed by Ball Mechanical Alloying Treatment (BMAT)," in Materials Science Forum, 2011, pp. 279-284.
4-G. Schaffer and P. McCormick, "Combustion synthesis by mechanical alloying," Scripta metallurgica, vol. 23, pp. 835-838, 1989.           

5-M. Abdelaoui and E. Gaffet, "The physics of mechanical alloying in a planetary ball mill," Acta Metall. Mater, vol. 43, pp. 1087-1098, 1995.

6-R. Hamzaoui, O. Elkedim, and E. Gaffet, "Milling conditions effect on structure and magnetic properties of mechanically alloyed Fe–10% Ni and Fe–20% Ni alloys," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 381, pp. 363-371, 2004.           

7-C. Suryanarayana, Non-equilibrium processing of materials vol. 2: Pergamon, 1999.

8-D. Zhang, "Processing of advanced materials using high-energy mechanical milling," Progress in Materials Science, vol. 49, pp. 537-560, 2004.

 

9-M. S. El-Eskandarany, Mechanical alloying for fabrication of advanced engineering materials: William Andrew, 2001.

 

10-J. S. Benjamin, "Dispersion strengthened superalloys by mechanical alloying," Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, vol. 1, pp. 2943-2951, 1970.

11-C. Suryanarayana, "Mechanical alloying and milling," Progress in Materials Science, vol. 46, pp. 1-184, 2001.  

12-Z. Luo and Z.Q. Li, “A W–In solid solution synthesized by mechanical alloying”, Materials Science and Engineering A, vol. 459, pp. 47–51, 2007.

13-D. Morris and M. Morris, "Antiphase domain boundaries and their importance for dislocation behaviour in Ni3Al based alloys," Philosophical Magazine A, vol. 61, pp. 469-491, 1990.         

14-L. Fritzemeier, "High strength, high conductivity composites," Nanostructured Materials, vol. 1, pp. 257-262, 1992.      

15-J. W. T. Heemskerk, Y. Noat, D. J. Bakker, J. M. Van Ruitenbeek, B. J. Thijsse, and P. Klaver, "Current-induced transition in atomic-sized contacts of metallic alloys," Physical Review B, vol. 67, p. 115416, 2003.

16-L. Takacs and A. Revesz, "Preparation of Coatings by Mechanical Alloying".Chemistry for Sustainable Development, vol.15, pp. 231-235, 2007.

17-S. Romankov, S. V. Komarov, E. Vdovichenko, Y. Hayasaka, N. Hayashi, S. D. Kaloshkin, and E. Kasai, "Fabrication of TiN coatings using mechanical milling techniques," International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, vol. 27, pp. 492-497, 2009.       
 

18-A. R. Torosyan, J. R. Tuck, A. M. Korsunsky, and S. A. agdasaryan, "A new mechanochemical method for metal coating," Materials Science Forum, vol. 386, pp. 251-256, 2002.      

19-G. Gupta, K. Mondal, and R. Balasubramaniam, "In situ nanocrystalline Fe Si coating by mechanical alloying," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 482, pp. 118-122, 2009.

20-J. R. Weertman, Mechanical behavior of nanocrystalline metals: Noyes Publications: Norwich, NY, 2002.           

21-K. Kumar, H. Van Swygenhoven, and S. Suresh, "Mechanical behavior of nanocrystalline metals and alloys," Acta Materialia, vol. 51, pp. 5743-5774, 2003.

22-M. A. Meyers, A. Mishra, and D. J. Benson, "Mechanical properties of nanocrystalline materials," Progress in Materials Science, vol. 51, pp. 427-556, 2006.

23-W. M. Kuschke, R. M. Keller, P. Grahle, R. Mason, and E. Arzt, "Mechanisms of powder milling investigated by X-ray diffraction and quantitative metallography," Zeitschrift für Metallkunde, vol. 86, pp. 804-813, 1995.      

24-H. Kaffash, A. Shokuhfar, H. R. Rezaie, E. Mostaed, and A. Mostaed, "Effects of Milling Time and Impact Force on the Mutual Diffusion of Cu and Fe during Synthesis of Nanostructured Fe-50% Cu Alloy via Mechanical Alloying Process," in Defect and Diffusion Forum, 2010, pp. 1262-1266.

 

25- ا. شیرانی، ع. شکوه فر و م. عنایتی، "اثر آلیاژسازی مکانیکی و عملیات حرارتی بر تغییر فاز مخلوط پودرهای  Cr-Al-Ni"، نشریه مواد نوین، سال 1 شماره 1، ص 31-۴۰ ، مهر 1389.

 

26-C. Suryanarayana and M. G. Norton, "X-ray diffraction: a practical approach," Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol. 4, pp. 513-515, 1998.     

27-S. Pabi, J. Joardar, I. Manna, and B. Murty, "Nanocrystalline phases in Cu-Ni, Cu-Zn and Ni-Al systems by mechanical alloying," Nanostructured Materials, vol. 9, pp. 149-152, 1997.           

28-R. J. D. Tilley, Crystals and crystal structures: Wiley, 2006.      

29-O. Lemine, "Microstructural characterisation of nanoparticles using, XRD line profiles analysis, FE-SEM and FT-IR," Superlattices and Microstructures, vol. 45, pp. 576-582, 2009.

30-V. Glibin, B. Kuznetsov, and T. Vorobyova, "Investigation of the thermodynamic properties of CuNi alloys obtained by electrodeposition or by casting," Journal of alloys and compounds, vol. 386, pp. 139-143, 2005.           

31-M. Enayati, Z. Sadeghian, M. Salehi, and A. Saidi, "The effect of milling parameters on the synthesis of Ni3Al intermetallic compound by mechanical alloying," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 375, pp. 809-811, 2004.           

32-S. Benhaddad, S. Bhan, and A. Rahmat, "Effect of ball milling time on Ti-Al and Ni-Al powder mixtures," Journal of materials science letters, vol. 16, pp. 855-857, 1997.

33-T. Nieh, J. Wadsworth, T. Mukai, and C. Liu, "Superplastic behavior of a Zr-10Al-5Ti-17.9 Cu-14.6 Ni metallic glass in the supercooled liquid region," Scripta materialia, vol. 40, 1999. 

34-J. Shackelford and W. Alexander, "Electrical properties of materials," ed: Materials Science and Engineering Handbook. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2001.

35-C. Suryanarayana, Mechanical alloying and milling vol. 180: CRC, 2004.

36-J. Eckert, J. Holzer, C. Krill, and W. Johnson, "Mechanically driven alloying and grain size changes in nanocrystalline Fe‐Cu powders," Journal of applied physics, vol. 73, pp. 2794-2802, 1993.

 

37-L. Lu, M. Lai, and S. Zhang, "Diffusion in mechanical alloying," Journal of materials processing technology, vol. 67, pp. 100-104, 1997.

 

38-X. Sauvage, F. Wetscher, and P. Pareige, "Mechanical alloying of Cu and Fe induced by severe plastic deformation of a Cu–Fe composite," Acta Materialia, vol. 53, pp. 2127-2135, 2005.

 

39-V. Shabashov, A. Mukoseev, and V. Sagaradze, "Formation of solid solution of carbon in BCC iron by cold deformation," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 307, pp. 91-97, 2001.