Investigating the Status and Role of the Nomadic Community in the Sustainable Development of the Iranian Borders (Case Study of the Western Tribes of Iran)

Subject Areas : Regional Planning

Mashood Safari Ali Akbari ¹ ( Assistant of Professor Geography, Payame Noor University, Tehran. Iran )

Received: 2019-12-03 Accepted : 2020-02-04 Published : 2021-04-21

Keywords: Sustainable Development, Kermanshah Province, Nomads Status and Role, Border,

Abstract :

The nomadic community has always played an important role in the development of different regions that the border areas are the most importantthem.The presence of nomads in these regions can play a significant role in their sustainable development.The purpose of this study is to investigate the status and role of the Nomadic community in the sustainable development of the country's borders as a case study of the tribal community of western Iran. The Nomadic studied also included the Goran,  Kalhor, Salas and Kerand Nomads in Kurdistan province.The research method is descriptive-analytical. The method of data collection is based on field studies through questionnaire tool. The sample size was 200 people. Finally the data were analyzed by statistical methods. The results showed that the total average Opportunities of the Nomadic community was 3.69 and Significance level is less than 0.05. Therefore, this average indicates to the Opportunities of the Nomadic community to managment and sustainable development  of the country's western borders. The results of structural equation modeling also indicate 0.77 in terms of role creation and the effect of these Opportunities. The nomads' satisfaction with life is not desirable; Because the average  of index was 2.75.Significant difference was observed between the nomads of the region in the two periods before and after the revolution at a significance level of less than 0.05. Due to the average difference of 12 indices, the Nomads have better facilities in the post-revolution period. One-sample t-test indicated that the four indicators of quality of health, Security quality, quality of education and infrastructure quality (road, water, etc.) were at a significant level less than 0.05 and in desirable condition. But two indicators of quality of income and quality of institutional and organizational support are in poor condition. Structural equations confirm that the tribal community's opportunities in sustainable development of borders explain about 49 percent of the variance.
 
Keywords: Nomads Status and Role, Sustainable Development, Border, Kermanshah Province.
 



 


 
 



 
 
 
Extended Abstract
Introduction:
The tribal community has always played an important role in the development of the various regions, the border areas being the most important of them. Given the strong relationship between sustainable security at the borders of the country and the nomadic society, utilizing all of the nomadic community's capabilities is one of the optimal management strategies. The western provinces of the country, including Kermanshah province, have a diverse nomadic community that, depending on the natural and climatic conditions of the region, experience different countryside and countryside throughout the year and neighboring provinces. Depending on their location, they can have a good impact on border management. One of the most important tribes of this region are the tribes of Goran, Jaf, Zuleh, Karand, Kalhor, Jajar, Zanganeh, Sanjab, Ban Zard, Thales Babajani, etc. Each of them have their own environmental displacement in their geographical area. Which can be effective in securing borders. The presence of nomads in these areas can play a significant role in their sustainable development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the status and role of the tribal community in the sustainable development of the country's borders as a case study of the tribal community of Kermanshah province. In fact, this recognition of what capacity the tribal community can have in reducing tensions and maintaining stability can help to better manage it.

Methodology:
The research method is based on descriptive-analytical nature and is based on practical and quantitative purpose. The statistical sample consisted of 200 tribes of Goran, Salas, Kandand and Kalhor in Kermanshah province. The method of data collection is based on field studies and questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed by experts and experts (professors, tribal office experts and related doctoral students). The pre-test was conducted through 30 questionnaires among the nomads randomly and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient above 0.74. Data were analyzed using centrality statistics indices, one-sample t-test, paired t-test (dependent samples) and ANOVA. Statistical analysis was performed in spss software.
 
Findings:
Assessment of nomads' satisfaction with life shows that there is not much satisfaction because the average response was lower than the criterion (3) and was 2.75. This could be due to various production problems, cost of living, problems with rangelands, lack of educational and health facilities, and so on. Measurement of rangelands in Yilaq and Qeshlaq also shows that the nomads have assessed their status as moderate to appropriate. The mean of these indices for bush and bushland rangelands are 3.40 and 3.50, respectively.
The evaluation of the facilities of the tribes in the area before and after the revolution was carried out on the basis of people's views using paired t-test (dependent samples). Considering the difference between the average of 12 indicators that were negative and also the reported t, it can be concluded that the nomads have improved after the revolution and in fact the average of the 12 indicators after the revolution has improved and the ratio It has changed to the pre-revolutionary period. The level of improvement of the indexes in the post-revolutionary period has also been evaluated more critically and critically. For example, in the aftermath of the revolution the level of security, access to water resources, access to standard roads, improved product sales, costs, communication access (telephone, internet, etc.) have improved for the tribal community in the region, and these improvements have certainly improved. They are effective in stabilizing their lives and in the region, as well as stabilizing the population at the borders.
The results of the single-sample t-test at the level of the indicators evaluated (6 quality of life indices) in the table indicate that four indicators of quality of health, safety quality, quality of education and infrastructure quality (road, water, and ...) are at a significance level of less than 0.05. Considering the reported t value of these indices which are positive and also their mean difference which is positive, it can be concluded that the quality of these four indices was appropriate for the tribal community of the border region.
The results of the single-sample t-test at 23 indices indicate that the tribal community's capacity for sustainable development of the country's western borders is high. The significance level of all indices is less than 0.05. On the other hand, with respect to the reported t-value and the difference in the mean of these indices, which were positive, it can be concluded that these indices indicate the high capacity of the tribal community in the region to promote sustainable development of the western borders of the country. An examination of the average of each of the indicators, which is higher than the criterion (3), also points to the same issue and indicates the impact and existence of diverse capacities within the tribal community to maintain and sustain boundaries.
Overall, it can be said that the tribal capacities of the study area are effective in the sustainable development of the western borders. Investigation of the role of tribal capacities of the study area in the sustainable development of the western borders shows that the total effect amount is 0.77 and in total the tribal community capacities can explain about 49% of the variance of role creation and impacts.

Conclusion:
 The results showed that the total average Opportunities of the Nomadic community was 3.69 and Significance level is less than 0.05. Therefore, this average indicates to the Opportunities of the Nomadic community to managment and sustainable development  of the country's western borders. The results of structural equation modeling also indicate 0.77 in terms of role creation and the effect of these Opportunities. The nomads' satisfaction with life is not desirable; Because the average  of index was 2.75.Significant difference was observed between the nomads of the region in the two periods before and after the revolution at a significance level of less than 0.05. Due to the average difference of 12 indices, the Nomads have better facilities in the post-revolution period. One-sample t-test indicated that the four indicators of quality of health, Security quality, quality of education and infrastructure quality (road, water, etc.) were at a significant level less than 0.05 and in desirable condition. But two indicators of quality of income and quality of institutional and organizational support are in poor condition. Structural equations confirm that the tribal community's opportunities in sustainable development of borders explain about 49 percent of the variance.

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