Designing of an electrochemical biosensor based on halloysite and a new esterase enzyme from the Bazangan lake microbiome for the identification and measurement of diazinon
Subject Areas :fatemeh pasban ziyarat 1 , احمد آسوده 2 , Jamshid Mehrzad 3 , Alireza Motavalizadehkakhky 4
1 - azad
2 - bDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran;
3 -
4 - cDepartment of Chemistry, Neyshabur Branch, Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur, Iran
Keywords: esterase, ionic liquids, nano hallucite, electrochemical biosensor, diazinon,
Abstract :
The present study aimed to design an electrochemical biosensor for detecting and measuring low amounts of diazinon, carried out in two steps. In the first step, a new type of esterase enzyme was extracted and purified from the bacterium Bacillus sp. HP96 (the microbiome of Lake Bozangan). In the second step of this study, halloysites were used as the enzyme stabilizing phase for the purified esterase on a gold electrode to design the electrochemical biosensor. The proposed electrode was successfully used to measure diazinon under optimal conditions, and determined a linear concentration range from 0.001 to 10 × 10-4 micromolar, with a detection limit of 11 × 10-5 micromolar, a repeatability of 2.09%, and a reproducibility of 3.79%. The performance of the halloysite-based electrochemical biosensor with the esterase enzyme for measuring diazinon in environmental and biological samples was satisfactory. Given the high stability of the new esterase in harsh environmental conditions and the unique properties of halloysite structures, including their small size and broad surface area, these nanostructures can be recommended as an ideal option in designing electrochemical biosensors for measuring diazinon in rapid environmental monitoring.
[1] Das U. Organophosphorus Pesticide as Nerve Agent: Inhibition and Reactivation of AChE: A Review. Asian Journal of Chemistry. 2022;34(4):767-773. doi: org/10.14233/ajchem.2022.23568
[2] Gorecki L, Korabecny J, Musilek K, Malinak D, Nepovimova E, Dolezal R, et al. organophosphorus intoxication: A patent review (2006-2016). Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2017;27(9):971-985. doi: org/10.1080/13543776.2017.1338275
[3] Ogasawara N, Matsushima M, Kawamura N, Atsumi K, Yamaguchi T, Ochi H, et al. Modulation of immunological activity on macrophages induced by diazinon. Toxicology 2017;379:22–30. doi: org/10.1016/j. tox.2017.01.014
[4] Zeinali M, Meybodi NT, Rezaee SA, Rafatpanah H, Hosseinzadeh H. Protective effects of chrysin on sub-acute diazinon-induced biochemical, hematological, histopathological alterations, and genotoxicity indices in male BALB/c mice. Drug and Chemical Toxicology. 2018;41(3):270–280. doi: org/10.1080/01480 545.2017.1384834
[5] Worek F, Thiermann H, Wille T. Organophosphorus compounds and oximes: A critical review. Arch Toxicol. 2020;94(7):2275–2292. doi. org/10.1007/s00204-020-02797-0
[6] Cihan E, Melnik E, Kurzhals S, Plata P, Mutinati GC, Hainberger R, et al. Novel approach for the immobilization of cellobiose dehydrogenase in PEDOT:PSS conductive layer on planar gold electrodes. Chemosensors. 2024;12(3):36. doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12030036
[7] Bollella P, Gorton L. Enzyme based amperometric biosensors. Current Opinion in Electrochemistry. 2018;10:157–173. doi: org/10.1016/j.coelec.2018.06.003
[8] Bilal S, Nasir M, Hassan M, Fayyaz M, Rehman M, Jamil Sami A, et al. A novel construct of an electrochemical acetylcholinesterase biosensor for the investigation of malathion sensitivity to three different insect species using a NiCr2O4/g-C3N4 composite integrated pencil graphite electrode. RSC Advances. 2022;12(26):16860–16874. doi: org/10.1039/d2ra01307j
[9] Fang Y, Umasankar Y, Ramasamy RP. A novel bi-enzyme electrochemical biosensor for selective and sensitive determination of methyl salicylate. Biosens Bioelectron. 2016;81:39–45. doi: org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.01.095
[10] Nguyen HH, Lee SH, Lee UJ, Fermin CD, Kim M. Immobilized enzymes in biosensor applications. Materials. 2019; 12(1):121. doi: org/10.3390/ma12010121
[11] Biddeci G, Spinelli G, Colomba P, Blasi FD. Nanomaterials: A review about halloysite nanotubes, properties, and application in the biological field. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022;23(19):11518. doi: org/10.3390/ijms231911518
[12] Zhang H. Selective modification of inner surface of halloysite nanotubes: a review. Nanotechnol Reviews. 2017;6(6):573–581. doi: org/10.1515/ntrev-2017-0163
[13] Massaro M, Noto R, Riela S. Halloysite nanotubes: Smart nanomaterials in catalysis. Catalysts. 2022;12(2):149. doi: org/10.3390/catal12020149
[14] Massaro M, Poma P, Colletti CG, Barattucci A, Giuseppe PM, Lazzara G, et al. Chemical and biological evaluation of cross-linked halloysite-curcumin derivatives. Applied Clay Science. 2020;184:105400. doi: org/10.1016/j.clay.2019.105400
[15] Prakash S, Chakrabarty T, Singh AK, Shahi VK. Polymer thin films embedded with metal nanoparticles for electrochemical biosensors applications. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2013;41:43-53. doi: org/10.1016/j.bios.2012.09.031
[16] Sharma S, Kanwar SS. Purification and bio-chemical characterization of a solvent-tolerant and highly thermostable lipase of Bacillus licheniformis strain SCD11501. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences. 2017; 87: 411-419. doi: org/10.1007/s40011-015-0612-z
[17] SharmaT, Kanwar SS, Sharma A. Purification and characterization of an extracellular high molecular mass esterase from Bacillus pumilus. Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 2016;4:9-16. doi: org/10.12970/2311-1755.2016.04.01.2
[18] Ghodsi J, Rafati AA. A voltammetric sensor for diazinon pesticide based on electrode modified with TiO2 nanoparticles covered multi walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 2017;807:1-9. doi: org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.11.003
[19] Boussabbeh M, Ben Salem I, Hamdi M, Ben Fradj S, Abid-Essefi S, Bacha H. Diazinon, an organophosphate pesticide, induces oxidative stress and genotoxicity in cells deriving from the large intestine. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2016;23(3):2882–2889. doi: org/10.1007/ s11356- 015- 5519-y
[20] Kadam US, Hong JC. Advances in aptameric biosensors designed to detect toxic contaminants from food, water, human fluids, and the environment. Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2022;e00184. doi: org/10.1016/j.teac.2022.e00184
[21] Vrabelj T, Finsgar M. Recent progress in non-enzymatic electroanalytical detection of pesticides based on the use of functional nanomaterials as electrode modifiers. Biosensors. 2022;12(5):263. doi: org/10.3390/bios12050263
[22] Uslu B, Ozkan SA, Electroanalytical methods for the determination of pharmaceuticals: A review of recent trends and developments. Analytical Letters. 2011;44(16):2644-2702. doi: org/10.1080/00032719.2011.553010
[23] Sharma S, Khanna SK, Singh J, Satsangee SP. The Electrochemical assay of acetaminophen in paracetamol tablet with the help of differential pulse voltammetry. oriental journal of chemistry. 2015;31: 201-206. doi:org/10.13005/ojc/31
[24] Doulache M, Saidat B, Trari M. Square wave voltammetry for analytical determination of paracetamol using cobalt microparticles film modified platinum electrode. Russian Journal of Electrochemistry. 2017;53:461-468. doi: org/10.1134/S1023193517050056
[25] Hassanpour S, Jan Petr J. A disposable electrochemical sensor based on single‑walled carbon nanotubes for the determination of anticancer drug dasatinib. Monatshefte fur Chemie - Chemical Monthly. 2023;154:1061–1069. doi: org/10.1007/s00706-023-03043-w
[26] Blanco-Munoz J, Escamilla-Nunez C, Lagunas-Martinez A, Aguilar-Garduno C, Burguete-Garcia AI, Cebrian M, et al. Association between exposure to organophosphate pesticides and cytokine levels in a population of flower workers in Mexico. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2024;110:104521. doi: org/10.1016/j.etap.2024.104521
