Elucidating the Role of Third Places in Enhancing the Quality of Urban Environment (Case Study: The Eight Districts of Ahvaz City)

Subject Areas : Geography and Urban Planning

Hassan Hoveizavi ¹ , Dr. Hamid Saberi ² , Dr. Mehri Azani ³ , Dr. Fereshte Ahmadi ⁴

1 - PhD student, Geography and urban planning, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
2 - Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Najaf Abad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad, Iran
3 - Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Najaf Abad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad, Iran
4 - Assistant Professor, Department of Urban Planning, Najaf Abad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad, Iran

Received: 2024-07-07 Accepted : 2024-09-18 Published : 2024-09-19

Keywords: Thrid Place, Urban enviromental quality, Ahvaz city, Futurology.,

Abstract :

Abstract

Third places serve as a manifestation of culture, identity, and civilization, providing an ideal platform for achieving a comprehensive perspective on the quality of urban environments and the quality of life of citizens. The aim of this research is to clarify the role of urban third places in improving the environmental quality of Ahvaz city. This study was conducted in 1402 in Ahvaz city using a quantitative approach, a survey method, and relying on library-documentary studies and the targeted Delphi method to identify conceptual indicators. The first statistical population consists of all Ahvaz citizens, totaling 885,000 people in 1395, of which 390 individuals were evaluated as the sample size using the Cochran formula and randomly selected through a researcher-made questionnaire. ANOVA tests, regression analysis, one-sample t-test, cross-effects analysis, and other statistical methods were used for data analysis. The second statistical population consists of 100 specialists and experts among city managers and urban management activists, of which 30 individuals were selected as the sample size using a targeted questionnaire and the snowball sampling method. The present study used the cross-impact analysis technique and the MICMAC program to analyze the components of third places and the environmental quality of Ahvaz city. Using the Delphi method, 55 components were extracted as indicators of third places and environmental quality in 10 dimensions. After examining the how and the extent of the influence of these 55 factors, 11 key factors that had the greatest role in the future state of the environmental quality of Ahvaz city were selected. The findings indicate that all 10 examined indicators were above the baseline average (3). Furthermore, in the regression model, it was revealed that the predictor variables explain approximately 74.1% of the variance of the criterion variable (environmental quality(. Region 6 with an )average of 0.84( had a higher superiority in terms of environmental quality compared to the other 8 regions of Ahvaz. The environmental quality and the level of satisfaction of Ahvaz citizens with urban third places have a strong relationship with the state of these third places in the city (with a factor loading of 0/722) ­­­­­­­­­

Extended Abstract

Introduction

Third places are a crucial component of public spaces in cities, examining social structures from the city level to neighborhood units and elevating the concept of social interaction from superficial relationships to stronger social bonds. Third places welcome various forms of communication, encounters, and activities, bringing people together regardless of ethnic, racial, social class differences, and more. Based on studies conducted in various urban domains and the information gathered regarding indicators affecting urban sustainability, it was determined that the metropolis of Ahvaz significantly lags behind global standards. Consequently, Ahvaz was selected as the study area. Currently, many cities in Iran face various economic, social, spatial, environmental, and managerial challenges, which are directly related to the quality of the urban environment. Ahvaz, in particular, has experienced a decline in urban environmental quality due to the expansion of informal settlements, ethnic and class disparities, high crime rates, lack of community participation, overall dissatisfaction with living conditions, social environment, and poor quality of life, increased urban population density, environmental issues, specific climatic conditions (dust storms), congestion of urban fabrics, misalignment of the city's form and appearance with aesthetic criteria, and a diminished sense of identity. Therefore, considering the aforementioned issues, it is essential to focus on the impact and role of third places in enhancing urban environmental quality. The social life of citizens and the quality of the urban environment in the metropolis of Ahvaz have always been influenced by various factors, one of which is third places. These locations have consistently served as venues for informal life in contrast to formal life, thus playing a fundamental role in the public social life of the city.

 Data and Method

This research is applied in nature and employs a descriptive-analytical method based on field studies. Data collection was conducted through a combination of documentary methods and field studies. The primary source for data analysis was the opinions of experts and specialists. Considering the population of the districts in Ahvaz (official statistics in 2016 indicated 1,302,591), 390 residents from these areas were selected according to Cochran's formula, and a researcher-designed questionnaire was randomly distributed among the residents. SPSS software was used to analyze the results related to the research questionnaire. To compare the environmental quality status in different areas of Ahvaz, one-way ANOVA, one-sample T-test, and multiple regression were employed. Additionally, this research initially reviewed the theoretical literature on third places and urban environmental quality from a systematic and structural perspective. Based on the theoretical foundations obtained and using a two-round Delphi method, 55 indicators and influencing variables were extracted in the form of six components related to third places (morphological, functional, perceptual, social, visual, and temporal) and four components related to environmental quality (activity and usage, mental image and tranquility, connectivity and accessibility, and social relations). MICMAC software was utilized for analyzing the results related to the foresight of expert opinions. In this study, specialists included 30 experts from municipal, road and housing, provincial, and affiliated organizations, as well as academic specialists in urban management, urban planning, and related fields, selected through snowball sampling.

Results and Discussion

Third places are essentially spatially defined areas where the common factor among participants is their location; these places are where the most interactions and reciprocal actions among individuals occur. A significant aspect of this research is examining and elucidating the role of third places in the environmental quality of Ahvaz city. Urban third places are among the most critical elements that enhance collective life, social relations, and ultimately the environmental quality of cities, increasing satisfaction and sense of place among citizens. In the metropolis of Ahvaz, there are focal points offering numerous recreational and leisure activities identified as third places, including commercial-recreational centers in the Kianpars area (Tashrifat, Imam Reza Market, Borj, Iran Negin, Muro Market, traditional tea house on 7th Street Kianpars, Eastern and Western Coastal Boulevards of Kianpars, and Reef Tourist Island), the Turquoise City Center in Golestan, and the Mahzayar City Center in Zeytun, among others. Today, enhancing the quality of urban environments is the primary goal of urban planning and implementation projects different countries have various approaches. Therefore, examining third places and enhancing the capabilities of these locations is considered one of the important strategies for improving environmental quality. The aim of this article is to elucidate the role of third places in enhancing the environmental quality of Ahvaz city and to identify the dimensions and components affecting it through a futures studies approach.

 Conclusion

The research findings indicate that the environmental quality and the level of satisfaction of Ahvaz citizens with urban third places have a close relationship with the status of these third places (with a factor loading of 0.722). The decline in environmental quality due to various factors such as the presence of large metal and non-metal industries, hot and humid climatic conditions in most seasons, air pollution, dust and particulate matter, weaknesses in urban sewage disposal systems, disruptions in service delivery, physical and visual disorder in some urban neighborhoods, unplanned urban expansion, deterioration and decay of inefficient urban fabric, and other issues can significantly impact these third places as pivotal points for human communities, centers for gathering individuals and cultures, and hubs for social relationships and interactions. This bidirectional relationship between third places and environmental quality in Ahvaz underscores the necessity for managers, architects, planners, and urban designers to pay increased attention to factors such as landscape, community engagement, neighborhood quality, rhythm and functionality, social and spatial stability, activities and land uses, and the objective and subjective perceptions of citizens, among others. This research, by studying and gathering indicators of urban environmental quality and third places, utilized futures studies models such as cross-impact analysis to identify the drivers and key factors influencing third places and environmental quality in Ahvaz city.

 References English and Persian

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33. Viinikka, A., Tiitu, M., Heikinheimo, V., Halonen, J. I., Nyberg, E., & Vierikko, K. (2023). Associations of neighborhood-level socioeconomic status, accessibility, and quality of green spaces in Finnish urban regions. Applied Geography, 157, 102973.
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36. Whyte, W. H. (2012). City: Rediscovering the center. University of Pennsylvania Press.
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14) Behzadpour, Mohammad, Ghiasvand, Abolfazl & Behnaz Montazer. (2019) Profiles of the authors of the article Comparative study of physical components of social stability in old and new urban neighborhoods (Case study: Hashtgerd old and new city), Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Urban Planning, Volume: 7, Issue: 1, 177-196. [In Persian].
15) Lamit, H. B., Ghahramanpouri, A., Nia, S. S., & Torabi, M. (2012). IDENTIFYING “THIRD PLACES” IN RELATION TO BUSINESS PREMISES IN MELDRUM WALK. Polymers &Polyme.
16) Dutta, S., Bardhan, S., & Bhaduri, S. (2013). Patterns of urbanization and environmental quality in the context of Indian cities. Environment and Urbanization Asia, 4(2), 287-299.
17) Goosen, Z., & Cilliers, E. J. (2018). Third places for social sustainability: A planning framework based on local and international comparisons. International Journal of Urban and Civil Engineering, 12(3), 260-264.
18) Jeffres, L. W., Bracken, C. C., Jian, G., & Casey, M. F. (2009). The impact of third places on community quality of life. Applied research in quality of life, 4, 333-345.
19) Hanks, L., Zhang, L., & Line, N. (2020). Perceived similarity in third places: Understanding the effect of place attachment. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 86, 102455.
20) Hafez Fargan Tek, Mehdi., Farrokhi, Maryam. (2022) The authors of the article compiled a conceptual model of urban space redesign with an emphasis on the characteristics of the third place in order to improve nightlife, The second international conference on architecture, civil engineering, urban planning, e nvironment and horizons of Islamic art in the statement of the second step of the revolution, [In Persian].
21) Kazemzadeh, Nassrin, Mirzaei, Faramarz. (2021) The identity of third place in the "khan alkhalily" for naguib Mahfouz According to "Ray Oldenbergs" theory. Lasan Mobin, Year 12, No. 43: 62-43. [In Persian].
22) Lee, N. (2022). Third place and psychological well-being: The psychological benefits of eating and drinking places for university students in Southern California, USA. Cities, 131, 104049.
23) Markoç, İ. (2019). Twitter in the context of Oldenburg’s Third Place Theory. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 79-89.
24) Mahvari, Parissa., Ghalehnoee, Mahmoud., Mokhtarzadeh, Safoora. (2020) Evaluating the quality of urban space based on the place-making approach: emphasizing on the access quality in the Imam Ali square, Motaleate Shahri, 9(35):60-47. [In Persian].
25) Mehta, V., & Bosson, J. K. (2010). Third places and the social life of streets. Environment and behavior, 42(6), 779-805.
26) Memarovic, N., Fels, S., Anacleto, J., Calderon, R., Gobbo, F., & Carroll, J. M. (2014). Rethinking third places: Contemporary design with technology. The Journal of Community Informatics, 10(3).
27) Nasehi, Hajar., Saberi, Hamid., Ghaedrahmari, Safar., Khademelhoseiny, Ahmad. (2022) Explain Role Third urban place in social sustainability of Isfahan, Journal of Geographical Research on Desert Areas, 10(1): 217-237. [In Persian].
28) Nasehi, Hajar., Saberi, Hamid., Ghaedrahmari, Safar., Khademelhoseiny, Ahmad. (2022) The urban third Places and Social Sustainability of Isfahan city areas. Journal of Future Cities Vision,3(2):95-111.[In Persian].
29) Nahiduzzaman, K. M., Aldosary, A., Ahmed, S., Hewage, K., & Sadiq, R. (2020). Urban cohesion vis-a-vis organic spatialization of “Third places” in Saudi Arabia: The need for an alternative planning praxis. Habitat International, 105, 102258.
30) Rosenbaum, M. S. (2006). Exploring the social supportive role of third places in consumers' lives. Journal of Service Research, 9(1), 59-72.
31)Tumanan, M. A. R., & Lansangan, J. R. G. (2012). More than just a cuppa coffee: A multi-dimensional approach towards analyzing the factors that define place attachment. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(2), 529-534.
32) Sweeney, J., & Rosenbaum, M. (2010). The Role of Third Places in Reduction of Mental Fatigue. In Australian and New Zealand Marketing Academy Conference 2010: Doing More with Less (pp. 1-9). University of Canterbury.
33) Viinikka, A., Tiitu, M., Heikinheimo, V., Halonen, J. I., Nyberg, E., & Vierikko, K. (2023). Associations of neighborhood-level socioeconomic status, accessibility, and quality of green spaces in Finnish urban regions. Applied Geography, 157, 102973.
34) Wafai, Neshat. (2022) A study on the effect of general features of third places on social interactions, 7th International Conference on Research in Science and Engineering and 4th International Congress on Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Planning of Asia. [In Persian].
35) Whyte, W. H. (2012). City: Rediscovering the center. University of Pennsylvania Press.
36) Waxman, L. (2006). The coffee shop: Social and physical factors influencing place attachment. Journal of Interior Design, 31(3), 35-53.
37) Zhou, M. (2012). Public space use in New York City, its relationship to space design character, surrounding context, and user's perception of publicness through space management and control (Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University).
38) Zhuang, Z. C., & Lok, R. T. (2023). Exploring the wellbeing of migrants in third places: An empirical study of smaller Canadian cities. Wellbeing, Space and Society, 4, 100146.