Distribution, etiology and pathogenicity of walnut anthracnose in northwest of Iran

Subject Areas :

Soleiman  Jamshidi ¹ (Scientific Board of Plant Protection Department, Miyaneh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Miyaneh, Iran.)
siamak  salahi ² (Scientific Board of Plant Protection Department, Miyaneh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Miyaneh, Iran.)

Received: 2011-08-29 Accepted : 2012-02-29 Published : 2011-01-21

Keywords: Anthracnose, Ophiognomonia leptostyla, Walnut black spot, Etiology,

Abstract :

   Walnut anthracnose is the most prevalent disease in common walnut in Iran and could be very destructive in rainy and cool seasons. The study purpose was specifying etiology and distribution of walnut anthracnose in northwest of Iran as one of the main walnut production poles. Seventy five isolates were isolated from 11 provinces located in northwest region of Iran. Perithecia were obtained from the fallen leaves or induced on growth media for three months at 10oC incubation. According to this study, the only species identified was Ophiognomonia leptostyla. The climates which the disease was incident were mostly cold or moderate. None of the isolates belonged to warm or semi-warm climates. It could be found in a wide range of humidity; also most of them (73%) were obtained in 1000-2000 m altitude. Pathogenicity test on walnut seedlings showed that there was huge variation based on disease index and the day of acervulus formation among isolates. Furthermore, there was a significant negative correlation between the two mentioned pathological characteristics. Isolates clustering based on their pathogenicity showed they were grouped in five categories comprising very low, low, moderate, high and very high in virulence.

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