Radiological and Histoanatomy Study of Cardiac Arteries in Mature German Shepherd Dogs
Subject Areas : Journal of Animal Biology
Saman
Ahani
1
(Department of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran)
Siamak
Alizadeh
2
(Department of Clinical Sciences, Naghadeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Naghadeh, Iran)
Keywords: German Shepherd Dogs, Heart Arteries, Histoanatomy, Radiology,
Abstract :
The aim of this study was to investigate the cardiac arteries in mature German Shepherd dogs, so that its findings can be used as a source for comparison between different breeds of dogs, as well as in the interpretation of results and clinical decisions. Since most of the surgical exercises by cardiac surgery residents in medical schools are done on the coronary arteries of animals especially dogs, the results of this research can be useful for this group as well. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 8 adult German Shepherd dogs (4 males and 4 females) with an average age of 2.4 years and an average weight of 30.56 kg were used. For radiology studies, barium sulfate contrast material was administered into the arteries of the heart, then radiography was performed. For histological studies, tissue samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined. The results show that the left coronary artery is located between the pulmonary artery and the left auricle of the heart and is divided into two left rotating arteries and the paraconal interventricular artery. In one of the samples, exceptionally, the beginning of the left coronary artery was bipartite, and the left rotating artery and the paraconal interventricular artery had separate origins. The right coronary artery originates from the left sinus of the aortic bulb and was placed between the pulmonary artery and the right auricle. The results of the radiology examinations were completely consistent with the anatomical findings and confirmed the things stated in the anatomical results. According to the histological findings, the sinus node had a central artery that branched from the right coronary artery. The atrioventricular node had no central artery. The detailed results obtained in this study can be used in the discussion of the comparative anatomy of the heart vessels of dogs, the interpretation of the results and the clinical evaluations of the heart diseases of German Shepherd dogs, and also be useful for veterinary and medical surgery residents.
1. Brugada-Terradellas C., Hellemans A., Brugada P., Smets P. 2021. Sudden cardiac death: A comparative review of humans, dogs and cats. The Veterinary Journal, 274:105696.
2. Chang C.J., Huang C.C., Chen P.R., Lai Y.J. 2020. Remodeling matrix synthesis in a rat model of aortocaval fistula and the cyclic stretch: impaction in pulmonary arterial hypertension-congenital heart disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(13):4676.
3. Claretti M., Pradelli D., Borgonovo S., Boz E., Bussadori C. 2018. Clinical, echocardiographic and advanced imaging characteristics of 13 dogs with systemic-to-pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas. Journal of Veterinary Cardiology, 20(6):415-424.
4. Cridge H., Langlois D.K., Steiner J.M., Sanders R.A. 2022. Cardiovascular abnormalities in dogs with acute pancreatitis. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
5. Dahl S.L., Kypson A.P., Lawson J.H., Blum J.L., Strader J.T., Li Y. 2011. Readily available tissue-engineered vascular grafts. Science Translational Medicine, 3(68):68ra9.
6. Du J., Deng S., Pu D., Liu Y., Xiao J., She Q. 2017. Age-dependent down-regulation of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4 causes deterioration of canine sinoatrial node function. Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica, 49(5):400-408.
7. Dyce K.M., Sack W.O., Wensing C.J.G. 2009. Textbook of veterinary anatomy-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
8. Emelyanova A., Stepura E., Gerasimov M., Emelyanov S.M. 2020. Mathematical modelling of heart rhythm in dairy cattle. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing.
9. Fedorov V.V., Chang R., Glukhov A.V., Kostecki G., Janks D., Schuessler R.B. 2010. Complex interactions between the sinoatrial node and atrium during reentrant arrhythmias in the canine heart. Circulation, 122(8):782-789.
10. Gracis M. 2018. Dental anatomy and physiology. BSAVA manual of canine and feline dentistry and Oral surgery: BSAVA Library, 6-32.
11. Heper G., Barcin C., Iyisoy A., Tore H.F. 2006. Treatment of an iatrogenic left internal mammary artery to pulmonary artery fistula with a bovine pericardium covered stent. Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, 29:879-882.
12. Kalyanasundaram A., Li N., Hansen B.J., Zhao J., Fedorov V.V. 2019. Canine and human sinoatrial node: differences and similarities in the structure, function, molecular profiles, and arrhythmia. Journal of Veterinary Cardiology, 22:2-19.
13. Kaneshige T., Machida N., Nakao S., Doiguchi O., Katsuda S., Yamane Y. 2007. Complete atrioventricular block associated with lymphocytic myocarditis of the atrioventricular node in two young adult dogs. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 137(2-3):146-150.
14. Kuchinka J., Radzimirska M., Banaś D., Nowak E., Szczurkowski A. 2022. The right coronary artery in the heart of chinchilla (Chinchilla laniger Molina). Veterinary Research Communications, 47(2):745-752.
15. Langhorn R., Willesen J. 2016. Cardiac troponins in dogs and cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 30(1):36-50.
16. Loh P., Ho S.Y., Kawara T., Hauer R.N., Janse M.J., Breithardt G. 2003. reentrant circuits in the canine atrioventricular node during atrial and ventricular echoes: electrophysiological and histological correlation. Circulation, 108(2):231-238.
17. MacDonald E.A., Madl J., Greiner J., Ramadan A.F., Wells S.M., Torrente A.G. 2020. Sinoatrial node structure, mechanics, electrophysiology and the chronotropic response to stretch in rabbit and mouse. Frontiers in Physiology, 11:809.
18. Obreztchikova M.N., Sosunov E.A., Anyukhovsky E.P., Moïse N.S., Robinson R.B., Rosen M.R. 2003. Heterogeneous ventricular repolarization provides a substrate for arrhythmias in a German shepherd model of spontaneous arrhythmic death. Circulation, 108(11):1389-1394.
19. Ogobuiro I., Wehrle C.J., Tuma F. 2018. Anatomy, thorax, heart coronary arteries. StatPearls [Internet]: StatPearls Publishing.
20. Ohashi Y., Wakitani S., Yasuda M. 2023. Prevalence of anatomic variants in coronary arteries of Japanese Black cattle. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 85(2):135-142.
21. Oliveira C.L., Dornelas D., Carvalho M.D., Wafae G.C., Davis G., Araújo S. 2010. Anatomical study on coronary arteries in dogs. European Journal of Anatomy, 14(1):1-4.
22. Pelosi A., Côté E., Eyster G.E. 2011. Congenital coronary-pulmonary arterial shunt in a German shepherd dog: Diagnosis and surgical correction. Journal of Veterinary Cardiology, 13(2):153-158.
23. Pouchelon J., Atkins C., Bussadori C., Oyama M., Vaden S., Bonagura J.D. 2015. Cardiovascular–renal axis disorders in the domestic dog and cat: a veterinary consensus statement. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 56(9):537-552.
24. Riehle C., Bauersachs J. 2019. Small animal models of heart failure. Cardiovascular Research, 115(13):1838-1849.
25. Saunders A. 2021. Key considerations in the approach to congenital heart disease in dogs and cats. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 62(8):613-623.
26. Scansen B.A. 2017. Coronary artery anomalies in animals. Veterinary Sciences, 4(2):20.
27. Starck J.M., Wyneken J. 2020. Comparative and functional anatomy of the ectothermic sauropsid heart. Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice, 25(2):337-366.
28. Tsang H.G., Rashdan N., Whitelaw C., Corcoran B., Summers K., MacRae V. 2016 Large animal models of cardiovascular disease. Cell Biochemistry and Function, 34(3):113-132.
29. Vanmierop L.H., Patterson D.F., Schnarr W.R. 1977. Hereditary conotruncal-septal defects in Keeshond dogs: embryologic studies. The American Journal of Cardiology, 40(6):936-950.
30. Vansteenkiste G., Declercq D., Boussy T., Vera L., Schauvliege S., Decloedt A. 2020. Three dimensional ultra‐high‐density electro‐anatomical cardiac mapping in horses: methodology. Equine Veterinary Journal, 52(5):765-772.
