The Effect of Plantago Major and Allopurinol Supplementation on Some Purine Nucleotide Indicators and White Blood Cells of Wrestlers after a Session of Exhausting Circuit Training

Subject Areas : Journal of Animal Biology

Rouhollah Haghshenas Gatabi ¹ , Abbas Ghanbari Niaki ² , Milad Ghani ³

1 - Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
2 - Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
3 - Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran

Received: 2022-01-20 Accepted : 2022-02-05 Published : 2022-11-22

Keywords: Uric acid, Allopurinol, Plantago major seeds, Xanthine, Wrestling Circuit Training,

Abstract :

Many herbal supplements have been proposed to increase athletic performance and improve the immune system of athletes. This study aims at comparing the herbal supplement of Plantago major seeds and allopurinol on xanthine, uric acid and some components of leukocytes in wrestlers after an intense exercise. In this semi-experimental study, 12 college wrestlers participated in this study with mean and standard deviation and age range 18.7 ±3.65 years old and BMI 24.64 ± 3.82 kg/m2. These subjects consumed 300 mg of allopurinol or 5 g of Plantago major seed and placebo every day for five days before each test. Blood samples were collected for measuring before and immediately after a vigorous training and sent to the laboratory. Normal data was analyzed using analysis of variance for repeated measures and Banferroni post hoc test at the significance level of 0.05. The present study showed that one session of exhausted circuit–wrestling on xanthine, uric acid, white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes had a significant effect and there was no significant difference between various groups serum baseline levels after receiving five days of supplementation and there was a significant difference in the increase of white blood cells after allopurinol supplementation compared to the control group in response to exercise (P = 0.022), but no significant difference was observed in other variables in response to exercise. Allopurinol probably reduces free radicals and causes less excretion of purines, but it seems that this supplement will increase white blood cells and neutrophils after vigorous activities.

References:

1. Balsom P., Seger J., Sjödin B., Ekblom B. 1992. Physiological responses to maximal intensity intermittent exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 65(2):144-149.


2. Bhatti R., Shaikh D.M. 2007. The effect of exercise on blood parameters. Pakistan Journal of Physiology, 3(2):12-31.


3. Chung W.H., Wang C.W., Dao R.L. 2016. Severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions. The Journal of Dermatology, 43(7):758-766.


4. Dalbeth N., Stamp L. 2007. Allopurinol dosing in renal impairment: walking the tightrope between adequate urate lowering and adverse events. Seminars in Dialysis, 20(5):391-395.


5. Domaszewska K., Szewczyk P., Kryściak J., Michalak E., Podgórski T. 2020. Purine metabolism in the light of aerobic and anaerobic capacity of female boxers. Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine, 30(2):97-106.


6. Ferrando B., Gomez-Cabrera M.C., Salvador-Pascual A., Puchades C., Derbré F., Gratas-Delamarche A., Laparre L., Olaso-Gonzalez G., Cerda M., Viosca E., Alabajos A. 2018. Allopurinol partially prevents disuse muscle atrophy in mice and humans. Scientific Reports, 8(1):1-12.


7. Foster N.K., Martyn J.B., Rangno R.E., Hogg J.C., Pardy R.L., 1986. Leukocytosis of exercise: role of cardiac output and catecholamines. Journal of Applied Physiology, 61(6): 2218-2223.


8. Ghanbari-Niaki A., Haghshenas-Gatabi R., Fathi R., Saeidi A. 2016. The effects of a short-term high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the levels of serum hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) enzyme and some variables of purine nucleotide cycle. Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research, 14(3) e13449.


9. Gómez-Cabrera, M.C., Pallardó, F.V., Sastre, J., Viña, J. and García-del-Moral, L., 2003. Allopurinol and markers of muscle damage among participants in the Tour de France. Jama, 289(19):2503-2504.


10. Guo, Y., He, Y., Guo, N., Gao, J. and Ni, Y., 2015. Variations of the composition of the leaf cuticular wax among Chinese populations of Plantago major. Chemistry & biodiversity, 12(4):627-636.


11. Harkness, R.A., 1988. Hypoxanthine, xanthine and uridine in body fluids, indicators of ATP depletion. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications, 429(1):255-278.


12. Jafari, A., NIK, K.J. and Malekirad, A.A., 2012. Effect of short-term caffeine supplementation on downhill running induced inflammatory response in non-athletes males. Journal of Cell and Tissue (JCT), 2(4): 377-385. (in persian)


13. Kakanis, M., Peake, J., Hooper, S., Gray, B. and Marshall-Gradisnik, S., 2010. The open window of susceptibility to infection after acute exercise in healthy young male elite athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(1):e85-e86.


14. 14. Khazaei, H.A., Jalili, A., Mogharnaci, M. and Andarzi, S., 2013. The effect of one session of intense anaerobic exercise on immune hematological values of professional athletes. JOURNAL OF ZABOL UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES AND HEALTH SERVICES, 5(2):42-52.


15. 15. Maia L., Duarte R.O., Ponces-Freire A., Moura J.J., Mira L. 2007. NADH oxidase activity of rat and human liver xanthine oxidoreductase: potential role in superoxide production. JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 12(6):777-787.


16. Wang, M.Y., An L.G. 2011. Effects of Plantago major L. seeds extract on endurance exercise capacity in mice. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(9):1659-1663.


17. Mel’nikov A.A., Kylosov A.A., Vikulov A.D. 2007. Relationships of inflammatory activity with biochemical parameters of the blood and sympathovagal balance of young athletes. Human Physiology, 33(5):624-631.


18. Moorhouse P.C., Grootveld M., Halliwell B., Quinlan J.G., Gutteridge J.M. 1987. Allopurinol and oxypurinol are hydroxyl radical scavengers. FEBS Letters, 213(1):23-28.


19. Paseban, M., Mousavi Fayzabadi, V., Tayyebi Meibodi, N., Yousefi, M., Hosseini, A. and Rakhshandeh, H., 2019. The effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Plantago major on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. The Horizon of Medical Sciences, 25(1):16-21. (in Persian)


20. Risøy B.A., Raastad T., Hallén J., Lappegård K.T., Bæverfjord K., Kravdal A., Siebke E.M., Benestad H.B. 2003. Delayed leukocytosis after hard strength and endurance exercise: aspects of regulatory mechanisms. BMC Physiology, 3(1):1-12.


21. Roohbakhsh A., Karimi G. 2009. In vitro evaluation of xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of aqueous extract of seven medicinal herbs. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 25(2):139-148.


22. Stathis C.G., Carey M.F., Snow R.J. 2005. The influence of allopurinol on urinary purine loss after repeated sprint exercise in man. Metabolism, 54(10):1269-1275.


23. Tayebi S.M., Saeidi, A., Gharahcholo, L., Gatabi, R.H. and Radmehr, L., 2016. Acute and short-term effects of oral jujube solution on white blood cell and its differential count in response to circuit resistance exercise. International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology, 5(2):1-10.


24. Tvede N., Kappel M., Klarlund K., Duhn S., Halkjoer-Kristensen J., Kjoer M., Galbo H., Pedersen B.K. 1994. Evidence that the effect of bicycle exercise on blood mononuclear cell proliferative responses and subsets is mediated by epinephrine. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 15(02):100-104.


25. Vimercatti B.N.S., Zovico B.P.V., Carvalho B.A.S., Barreto B.J.G., Machado A.M. 2008. Two doses of caffeine do not increase the risk of exercise-induced muscle damage or leukocytosis. Physical Education Sport, 52(1):96-99.


26. 26. Viña, J., Gimeno A., Sastre J., Desco C., Asensi M., Pallardó F.V., Cuesta A., Ferrero J.A., Terada L.S., Repine J.E. 2000. Mechanism of free radical production in exhaustive exercise in humans and rats; role of xanthine oxidase and protection by allopurinol. IUBMB life, 49(6):539-544.

27. Zielinski J., Kusy K. 2015. Hypoxanthine: a universal metabolic indicator of training status in competitive sports. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 43(4):214-221.