Herbal Research: Gaps Affecting the Quality and Validity of Research Findings

Subject Areas : Journal of Chemical Health Risks

Arezou Rezaei ¹ , Atefe Amirahmadi ² , Vahid Poozesh ³

1 - School of Biology, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran
2 - دامغان
3 - دانشگاه دامغان

Received: 2021-04-21 Accepted : 2022-03-08 Published : 2024-03-16

Keywords: reliability, Herbal medicine, Research Gaps, Botanical nomenclature, Iranian traditional medicine, Standards of herbal research,

Abstract :

Traditional and herbal medicines are rich and promising sources for drug development. The number of articles published on traditional medicines and their applications is rapidly increasing. However, despite the extensive ongoing research on herbal medicines, the results of such research are not remarkable. Against this background, this study aims to highlight some existing research gaps, the bridging of which will increase the quality and validity of the results of herbal research. To this end, Iranian and non-Iranian articles on Allium sativum L. were reviewed for compliance with standards and requirements for herbal research. Botanical nomenclature, processing and extraction procedures, and history of traditional medicine were identified as the main gaps in the reviewed herbal research. Researchers and authors should keep in mind that familiarity with the history, characteristics, and potential of traditional medicine systems is a key factor accelerating the process of developing nature-based medicines. Essential standards that have a great impact on the validity and reliability of the results of herbal research should not be ignored, either. In addition, there are still numerous areas that need to be considered by scientists and researchers, including the status of medicinal herbs, toxicological assessments, biological and pharmacological mechanisms of diseases, and research issues.

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114. Eskandarian A.A., 2012. Scolicidal effects of squash (Corylus spp.) seeds, hazel (Curcurbia spp.) nut and garlic (Allium sativum) extracts on hydatid cyst protoscolices. J Res Med Sci. 17(11), 1011-4.


115. Mehdizade J., Saedi B., Fotouhi R., Safavi A., 2012. A novel test to differentiate anosmic malingerers from actually anosmic patients. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 26(6), 485-8.


116. Mozaffari-Khosravi H., Hesabgar H.A., Owlia M.B., Hadinedoushan H., Barzegar K., Fllahzadeh M.H., 2012. The effect of garlic tablet on pro-inflammatory cytokines in postmenopausal osteoporotic women: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Diet Suppl. 9(4), 262-71.


117. Alizadeh M., Mohtadinia J., Pourghasem-Gargari B., Esmaillzadeh A., 2012. Major Dietary Patterns among Female Adolescent Girls of Talaat Intelligent Guidance School, Tabriz, Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 14(7), 436-41.


118. Mazdak H., Mazdak M., Jamali L., Keshteli A.H., 2012. Determination of prostate cancer risk factors in Isfahan, Iran: a case-control study. Med Arh. 66(1), 45-8.


119. Bakhshi M., Taheri J.B., Shabestari S.B., Tanik A., Pahlevan R., 2012. Comparison of therapeutic effect of aqueous extract of garlic and nystatin mouthwash in denture stomatitis. Gerodontology. 29(2), e680-4.


120. Gharavi M., Nobakht M., Khademvatan Sh., Bandani E., Bakhshayesh M., Roozbehani M., 2011. The Effect of Garlic Extract on Expression of INFγ and Inos Genes in Macrophages Infected with Leishmania major. Iran J Parasitol. 6(3), 74-81.


121. Ahmadabad H.N., Hassan Z.M., Safari E., Bozorgmehr M., Ghazanfari T., Moazzeni S.M., 2011. Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effect of the 14 kDa protein isolated from aged garlic extract on dendritic cells. Cell Immunol. 269(2), 90-5.


122. Daneshmandi S., Hajimoradi M., Ahmadabad H.N., Hassan Z.M., Roudbary M., Ghazanfari T., 2011. Effect of 14-kDa and 47-kDa protein molecules of age garlic extract on peritoneal macrophages. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 33(1), 21-7.


123. Shirzad H., Taji F., Rafieian-Kopaei M., 2011. Correlation between antioxidant activity of garlic extracts and WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma tumor growth in BALB/c mice. J Med Food. 14(9), 969-74.


124. Heidarian E., Jafari-Dehkordi E., Seidkhani-Nahal A., 2011. Effect of garlic on liver phosphatidate phosphohydrolase and plasma lipid levels in hyperlipidemic rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 49(5), 1110-4.


125. Ghazanfari T., Yaraee R., Rahmati B., Hakimzadeh H., Shams J., Jalali-Nadoushan M.R., 2011. In vitro cytotoxic effect of garlic extract on malignant and nonmalignant cell lines. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 33(4), 603-8.


126. Bagheri F., Gol A., Dabiri S., Javadi A., 2011. Preventive effect of garlic juice on renal reperfusion injury. Iran J Kidney Dis. 5(3), 194-200.


127. Bahmani M., Abbasi J., Mohsenzadegan A., Sadeghian S., Ahangaran M.G., 2013. Allium sativum L.: the anti-immature leech (Limnatis nilotica) activity compared to Niclosomide. Comp Clin Path. 22(2), 165-168.


128. Gharavi M., Nobakht M., Khademvatan S., Fani F., Bakhshayesh M., Roozbehani M., 2011. The Effect of Aqueous Garlic Extract on Interleukin-12 and 10 Levels in Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) Infected Macrophages. Iran J Public Health. 40(4), 105-11.


129. Khodavandi A., Harmal N.S., Alizadeh F., Scully O.J., Sidik S.M., Othman F., Sekawi Z., Ng K.P., Chong P.P., 2011. Comparison between allicin and fluconazole in Candida albicans biofilm inhibition and in suppression of HWP1 gene expression. Phytomedicine. 19(1), 56-63.


130. Soltanzadeh A., Shams M., Noorolahi H., Ghorbani A., Fatehi F., 2011. Olfactory dysfunction in Persian patients suffering from parkinson's disease. Iran J Neurol. 10(1-2), 5-8.


131. Khodavandi A., Alizadeh F., Harmal N.S., Sidik S.M., Othman F., Sekawi Z., Chong P.P., 2011. Expression analysis of SIR2 and SAPs1-4 gene expression in Candida albicans treated with allicin compared to fluconazole. Trop Biomed. 28(3), 589-598.


132. Bahadoran P., Rokni F.K., Fahami F., 2010. Investigating the therapeutic effect of vaginal cream containing garlic and thyme compared to clotrimazole cream for the treatment of mycotic vaginitis. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 15 (Suppl 1), 343-9.


133. Arzanlou M., Bohlooli S., Jannati E., Mirzanejad-Asl H., 2011. Allicin from garlic neutralizes the hemolytic activity of intra- and extra-cellular pneumolysin O in vitro. Toxicon. 57(4), 540-5.


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135. Shahsavani D., Baghshani H., Alishahi E., 2011. Efficacy of allicin in decreasing lead (Pb) accumulation in selected tissues of lead-exposed common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Biol Trace Elem Res. 142(3), 572-80.


136. Bokaeian M., Nakhaee A., Moodi B., Farhangi A., Akbarzadeh A., 2010. Effects of garlic extract treatment in normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats infected with Candida albicans. Indian J Clin Biochem. 25(2), 182-7.


137. Arzanlou M., Bohlooli S., 2010. Inhibition of streptolysin O by allicin - an active component of garlic. J Med Microbiol. 59 (Pt 9), 1044-1049.


138. Moazeni M., Nazer A., 2010. In vitro effectiveness of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on scolices of hydatid cyst. World J Surg.34 (11), 2677-81.


139. Hakimzadeh H., Ghazanfari T., Rahmati B., Naderimanesh H., 2010. Cytotoxic effect of garlic extract and its fractions on Sk-mel3 melanoma cell line. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 32(3), 371-5.


140. Aslani M.R., Najarnezhad V., Mohri M., 2010. Individual and combined effect of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid and allicin on blood and tissue lead content in mice. Planta Med. 76(3), 241-4.


141. Javadzadeh A., Ghorbanihaghjo A., Arami S., Rashtchizadeh N., Mesgari M., Rafeey M., Omidi Y., 2009. Prevention of selenite-induced cataractogenesis in Wistar albino rats by aqueous extract of garlic. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 25(5), 395-400.


142. Nikoo S., Bozorgmehr M., Namdar Ahmadabad H., Hassan Z.M., Moazzeni S.M., Pourpak Z., Ghazanfari T., 2008. The 14kDa protein molecule isolated from garlic suppresses indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase metabolites in mononuclear cells in vitro. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 7(4), 203-8.


143. Zare A., Farzaneh P., Pourpak Z., Zahedi F., Moin M., Shahabi S., Hassan Z.M., 2008. Purified aged garlic extract modulates allergic airway inflammation in BALB/c mice. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 7(3), 133-41.


144. Jafari R.A., Jalali M.R., Ghorbanpoor M., Saraei S.M., 2008. Effect of dietary garlic on immune response of broiler chicks to live Newcastle Disease vaccine. Pak J Biol Sci. 11(14), 1848-51.


145. Sadjjadi S.M., Zoharizadeh M.R., Panjeshahin M.R., 2008. In vitro screening of different Allium sativum extracts on hydatid cysts protoscoleces. J Invest Surg. 21(6), 318-22.


146. Peyghan R., Powell M.D., Zadkarami M.R., 2008. In vitro effect of garlic extract and metronidazole against Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis, page 1987 and isolated amoebae from Atlantic salmon. Pak J Biol Sci. 11(1), 41-7.


147. Zamani A., Vahidinia A., Ghannad M.S., 2009. The effect of garlic consumption on Th1/Th2 cytokines in phytohemagglutinin (PHA) activated rat spleen lymphocytes. Phytother Res. 23(4), 579-81.


148. Najar-Nezhad V., Aslani M.R., Balali-Mood M., 2008. Evaluation of allicin for the treatment of experimentally induced subacute lead poisoning in sheep. Biol Trace Elem Res. 126(1-3), 141-7.

149.Hosseini S.V., Mohebzadeh J., Kumar P.V., Mehrabani D., Bagheri M., Sadjjadi S.M., Amini M., Amini A., 2008. The effect of silver nitrate, chloroformic garlic extract, and normal saline in induction of sclerosing cholangitis in rabbits. Saudi Med J. 29(8), 1095-8.

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152. Hajheydari Z., Jamshidi M., Akbari J., Mohammadpour R., 2007. Combination of topical garlic gel and betamethasone valerate cream in the treatment of localized alopecia areata: a double-blind randomized controlled study. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 73(1), 29-32.


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154. Pourjafar M., Aghbolaghi P.A., Shakhse-Niaie M., 2007. Effect of garlic along with lead acetate administration on lead burden of some tissues in mice. Pak J Biol Sci. 10(16), 2772-4.


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158. Ghazanfari T., Hassan Z.M., Khamesipour A., 2006. Enhancement of peritoneal macrophage phagocytic activity against Leishmania major by garlic (Allium sativum) treatment. J Ethnopharmacol. 103(3), 333-7.


159. Shams-Ghahfarokhi M., Shokoohamiri M.R., Amirrajab N., Moghadasi B., Ghajari A., Zeini F., Sadeghi G., Razzaghi-Abyaneh M., 2006. In vitro antifungal activities of Allium cepa, Allium sativum and ketoconazole against some pathogenic yeasts and dermatophytes. Fitoterapia. 77(4), 321-3.


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