Distribution of Xanthine Oxidase in Selected Tissues of a Mouse Model of Menopause

Subject Areas : Journal of Chemical Health Risks

Azar  Khany ¹ (Department of Biology Hamadan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan,)
David  Alimoradian ² (Department of Biology Hamadan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan,)
Saeed  Zavareh ³ (School of biology, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran)

Received: 2016-06-06 Accepted : 2018-10-29 Published : 2016-06-06

Keywords:

References:

1. Alderman M.H., 2002. Uric acid and cardiovascular risk. Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 2(2), 126-130.
2. de Oliveira E.P., Burini R.C., 2012. High plasma uric acid concentration: causes and consequences. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 4(1), 12.
3. Gagliardi A.C., Miname M.H., Santos R.D., 2009. Uric acid: a marker of increased cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis. 202(1), 11-17.
4. Watts R.W.E., 'Oxford University Press', Oxford, UK.
5. Feig D.I., Kang D.H., Johnson R.J., 2008. Uric acid and cardiovascular risk. N Eng J Med. 359(17), 1811-1821.
6. Johnson R.J., Kang D.H., Feig D., Kivlighn S., Kanellis J., Watanabe S., Tuttle K.R., Rodriguez-Iturbe B., Herrera-Acosta J., Mazzali M., 2003. Is there a pathogenetic role for uric acid in hypertension and cardiovascular and renal disease? Hypertension. 41(6), 1183-1190.
7. Nishino T., Okamoto K., Eger B.T., Pai E.F., Nishino T., 2008. Mammalian xanthine oxidoreductaseââ‚‌“mechanism of transition from xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase. FEBS J. 275(13), 3278-3289.
8. Friedewald W.T., Levy R.I., Fredrickson D.S., 1972. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 18(6), 499-502.
9. Bradford M.M., 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 72(1), 248-254.
10. Saberivand A., Karimi I., Becker L., Moghaddam A., Azizi-Mahmoodjigh S., Yousefi M., Zavareh S., 2010. The effects of Cannabis sativa L. seed (hempseed) in the ovariectomized rat model of menopause. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 32(7), 467-473.
11. Javed M.T., Almas K., Cheema S.T., Zahoor T., 2000. A study on serum proteins in diabetic and non- diabetic pregnant and menopausal women of two socio-economic statuses. Medical Journal of Islamic Academy of Sciences. 13(4), 155-160.
12. Simpson E., 2003. Sources of estrogen and their importance. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 86(3), 225-230.
13. Ström J.O., Theodorsson E., Theodorsson A., 2008. Order of magnitude differences between methods for maintaining physiological 17βââ‚‌oestradiol concentrations in ovariectomized rats. Scand J Clin Lab Investig. 68(8), 814-822.
14. Sluijmer A.V., Heineman M., De Jong F.H., Evers J., 1995. Endocrine activity of the postmenopausal ovary: the effects of pituitary down-regulation and oophorectomy. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 80(7), 2163-2167.
15. Burger H.G., 2002. Androgen production in women. Fertility and Sterility. 77, 3-5.
16. Rao M., Chinoy N., 1986. Effect of estradiol benzoate on rat testis and adrenal. Exp Clin Endocrinol. 88(2), 181-184.
17. Arnal J., Douinââ‚‌Echinard V., Brouchet L., Tremollieres F., Laurell H., Lenfant F., Gadeau A., Guery J., Gourdy P., 2006. Understanding the oestrogen action in experimental and clinical atherosclerosis. Fundamental Clin Pharmacol. 20(6), 539-548.
18. Wen Y., Doyle M. C., Cooke T., Feely J., 2000. Effect of menopause on low-density lipoprotein oxidation: is oestrogen an important determinant? Maturitas. 34(3), 233-238.
19. Hak A.E., Choi H.K., 2008. Menopause, postmenopausal hormone use and serum uric acid levels in US women--the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arthritis Res Therapy. 10(5), R116.
20. Behr G.A., Schnorr C.E., Moreira J.C.F., 2012. Increased blood oxidative stress in experimental menopause rat model: the effects of vitamin A lowââ‚‌dose supplementation upon antioxidant status in bilateral ovariectomized rats. Fundamental Clin Pharmacol. 26(2), 235-249.
21. Felty Q., 2006. Estrogen-induced DNA synthesis in vascular endothelial cells is mediated by ROS signaling. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 6(1), 16.
22. Budhiraja R., Kayyali U.S., Karamsetty M., Fogel M., Hill N.S., Chalkley R., Finlay G.A., Hassoun P.M., 2003. Estrogen modulates xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthine oxidase activity by a receptor-independent mechanism. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling. 5(6), 705-711.
23. Al-Seeni A.E., 2009. Tissue distribution of molybdenum hydroxylases, aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase, in male and female camels. Global J Biotechnol Biochem. 4, 43-46.
24. Powers S.K., Kavazis A.N., DeRuisseau K.C., 2005. Mechanisms of disuse muscle atrophy: role of oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 288(2), R337-R344.
25. Bravard A., Bonnard C., Durand A., Chauvin M.A., Favier R., Vidal H., Rieusset J., 2011. Inhibition of xanthine oxidase reduces hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and improves mitochondrial alterations in skeletal muscle of diabetic mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metabol. 300(3), E581-E591.
26. Maia L., Duarte R.O., Ponces-Freire A., Moura J.J., Mira L., 2007. NADH oxidase activity of rat and human liver xanthine oxidoreductase: potential role in superoxide production. J Biol Inorg Chem. 12(6), 777-787.
27. Crane J.K., Naeher T.M., Broome J.E., Boedeker E.C., 2013. Role of host xanthine oxidase in infection due to enteropathogenic and Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 81(4), 1129-1139.
28. Meneshian A., Bulkley G.B., 2002. The physiology of endothelial xanthine oxidase: from urate catabolism to reperfusion injury to inflammatory signal transduction. Microcirculation. 9(3), 161-175.
29. Higgins P., Dawson J., Lees K.R., McArthur K., Quinn T.J., Walters M.R., 2012. Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition For The Treatment Of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Metaââ‚‌Analysis. Cardiovascular Therap. 30(4), 217-226.
30. Tayag E.C., Nair S.N., Wahhab S., Katsetos C.D., Lighthall J.W., Lehmann J.C., 1996. Cerebral uric acid increases following experimental traumatic brain injury in rat. Brain Res. 733(2), 287-291.
31. Lobo R., 2007. Menopause and stroke and the effects of hormonal therapy. Climacteric. 10(sup2), 27-31.
32. Grodstein F., Manson J.E., Stampfer M.J., Rexrode K., 2008. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and stroke: role of time since menopause and age at initiation of hormone therapy. Arch Intern Med. 168(8), 861-866.
33. Amaro S., Planas A.M., Chamorro Á., 2008. Uric acid administration in patients with acute stroke: a novel approach to neuroprotection. Expert Rev Neurother. 8(2), 259-70 .