Effects of Soil and Topography Variables on Canopy Cover of Dorema ammoniacum D.Don. in Soltan Mohammad Rangeland, Sabzevar, Iran

Alireza Arian ¹ ( Assistant Prof. of Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran )
Majid Dashti ² ( Associate Prof. of Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran )

Submited date : 2022-04-19 Accepted date : 2023-06-30

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Effects of Soil and Topography Variables on Canopy Cover of Dorema ammoniacum D.Don. in Soltan Mohammad Rangeland, Sabzevar, Iran

Alireza Ghasemi Arian A* and Majid Dashti B

Abstract.

Environmental factors have a huge impact on yield and distribution of plant species. For this purpose, the response of Dorema ammoniacum (Apiaceae( canopy cover to some environmental factors was investigated in its habitat in south of Sabzevar, Iran in 2020. Generalized Additive Models (GAM) was used to investigate the response of this species to soil and topography factors. The results showed that the edaphic and physiographic factors of the habitat had significant effect on the canopy size of D.ammoniacum. The response of canopy size to some environmental factors as (sand, litter, organic matter, lime, pH, N, P, K and altitude followed a monotonic increase model. By increasing these factors the canopy size of D. ammoniacum increased. However, the reaction of D. ammoniacum canopy cover in confronting with the gradient of clay, slope, EC, and SAR ensued the monotonic decrease model and with increasing these factors, the canopy percentage of D. ammoniacum decreased. Results of the soil study showed that the plant is principally distributed on sandy loam and loamy sand soils. The reaction pattern of D. ammoniacum canopy cover in confronting with the gradient of silt, bare soil, and stone and gravel followed unimodal model and the optimal levels for them were 1%, 30%, and 1%, respectively. Generally, investigation of D. ammoniacum canopy reaction to gradient of some environmental factors gave us profitable data for characterizing the ecological demands of this plant. In the other words, awareness of the impact of environmental factors on Vasha canopy cover helps us in preparing proper arable lands for planting this important species and recovering its destroyed habitats.

 

Keywords: Dorema ammoniacum, Environmental factors, GAM, Sabzevar, Rangeland

 

Introduction
Plant communities have undergone changed over time due to the profit-seeking human intervention in nature, such as environmental destruction, overexploitation of natural resources, increase in greenhouse gases, etc. (Siahmansour et al., 2022; Pickett and White, 1985). Recent studies show that the biomass of Iran's forests and pastures has decreased (Dashti et al., 2018; Heidari Sharifabad and Torknejad, 2000). Some factors such as overgrazing and off-season grazing as well as increasing the number of livestock in the rangeland, over time, lead to changes in plant composition, reduced rangelands production and regression in the (Dashti et al., 2020; Heidari Sharifabad and Torknejad, 2000). 

Vasha plant (Dorema ammoniacum D. Don) from Apiaceae, also known as Oshke and Kandal, is an endangered plant (Ghasemi Arian, 2016). Vasha is a hemicryptophyte, perennial plant and monocarpic plant with leaves consisting of a number of leaflets and yellow flowers; Schizocarp fruit, bulky roots, and 1 to 2 m tall stem with gum-containing tubes running throughout the stem and root. Vasha gum, which seeps naturally from the stem, is used in the pharmaceutical and industry (Zargari, 1992; Mozaffarian, 2016; Amiri and Joharchi, 2016). The area of Vasha habitat in Iran is about 140,000 ha, which is located in arid and semi-arid zones of South Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, Yazd, Kerman, Isfahan and Sistan and Baluchistan provinces, Iran (Ghasemi Arian, 2016). Vasha is a rare species that grows only in Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and parts of northern India (Irvani et al., 2010; Delnavazi et al., 2014). 

Understanding the ecological characteristics of plants and their response to environmental factors can give us good information about the conservation and their reproduction in similar areas (Gholami et al., 2002). The study of interactions between vegetation, climate, soil, and landforms agents have an important topic in ecological studies (Guisan and Zimmermann, 2000). Studies show that although limited studies have been conducted on the ecological characteristics of Vasha, most of these studies are qualitative and so far, no research has been done on the expression of the response of this important plant to environmental agents.

There are a number of ecological studies on the relationship between plant distribution and edaphic agents. Some statistical methods are used to analyze the abundance of species and others are used to study the agents affecting the dispersal of plant species and predict their suitable (Tomy et al., 2021; Bakkenes et al., 2002; Peterson, 2001; Berg et al., 2004; Robertson, 2003; Engler et al., 2004). Various mathematical models are used in studies related to the reaction of plants to environmental factors. The Canonical correspondance analysis (CCA) method can quantitatively investigate the reaction of plants to edaphic factors by relying on agents affecting the dispersal of species using the generalized incremental model (GAM) (Traoré et al., 2012). The GAM model, due to its exponential functions, enables it to fine-tune nonlinear relationships between different variables (Guisan et al., 2002). The GAM model optimizes the prediction accuracy of the dependent variable and reduces the standard error by improving the robust analysis between the independent variables and the plant response to edaphic factors (Vaziri Nasab et al., 2013; Salehi et al., 2012; Mirdavoodi, 2013). 

Literature review shows that the GAM model has been used in several rangeland and forest ecosystems in Iran. Mirdavoodi (2013) used the GAM model to investigate the response of some species to edaphic factors. He found that the reaction of some plants to excessive grazing causes an increase on soil bulk density. Another researcher reported that yarrow and Bromus tomentellus react differently to altitude. Also, the percentage of sand in the soil had a positive effect on the dispersal of B. tomentellus, but this factor does not have a favorable effect on the presence of yarrow (Achilla millefolium) (Heidari Sharifabad and Torknejad, 2000). 

Considering that the Vasha plant is a rare and endangered species. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the response of D. ammoniacum canopy percentage to soil and topographical variables using GAM model to determine the reaction of Vasha canopy area to environmental factors. Also, the results of this research can be used to restore other damaged habitats of this species.

Materials and Methods

To investigate some environmental factors affecting D. ammoniacum canopy cover percentage, and some of its important companion plants such as (Artemisia sieberi, Convolvulus orientalis, Rosa persica, and Scariola orientaslis) a habitat named Sultan Mohammad (75 km south of Sabzevar, located in the Shekasteh region in Razavi Khorasan province, Iran) was selected in 2020 (Table 1 and Fig. 1).

 

 

Fig 1. D. ammoniacum habitat in Soltan Mohammad rangeland located in south of Sabzevar, Iran

 

Table 1. Physiographic, climatic, soil and vegetation type characteristics of D. ammoniacum  habitat in Khorasan Razavi province, Sabsevar, Iran.

Characteristics	Soltan Mohammad rangeland
Longitude	57°30′25″ to 57°30′30″ E
Latitude	35°42′15″ to 35°42′21″ N
Plant types	Artemisia sieberi - Convolvulus orientalis
Condition of plant type	Poor
Trend of Plant type	Downward
Density of D. ammoniacum	0.19/m2
Chorotype	Irano-Tourani region
Ecological zone type	Steppe
Mean annual precipitation (mm)	166
Mean annual temperature (oC)	14.5
Climate*	Cold arid
Altitude (m. asl)	1400-1500
Mean slope (%)	1-12
Geographical aspects	Flat
Landform	Plain & hill
Soil texture	Sandy loam
Lithology	Quaternary

* Climate conditions according to Emberger classification

 

Sampling of vegetation and environmental factors was performed by systematic-random method (Dashti et al., 2021; Arzani and Abedi, 2015). For sampling of vegetation and soil, we divided the Vasha habitat into 4 classes (0-3%, 3-6%, 6-9%, and 9-12%) based on land slope. Then in each of the slope classes, four transects with a length of 1000 m were randomly selected (Mirdavoudi et al., 2021) and in each transect, five plots with an area of 4 m2 (minimal area by Releve method) were placed at an equal distance (200 m) from each other. Then all vegetation data were measured at the flowering stage of D. ammoniacum. The measured data in each plot were canopy cover percentage of D. ammoniacum, and other species and the amount (litter, gravel, rock) and bare soil percentage. To investigate the effect of some ecological factors on canopy cover of D. ammoniacum, a soil sample was collected from each plot to the depth of the plant root (0-50 cm). The soil analysis including percentage of sand, silt, and clay by Bouyoucos-hydrometer, N by Kjeldahl method, P by Olsen method, K by Flame photometer, EC by electrical conductivity method, SAR by sodium absorption ratio formula, pH by electrometric method, organic carbon content (OC%) by walkley black method, and lime by titration method were measured (Robertson et al., 1999). Among the factors related to physiological studies of Vasha habitat, aspect, slope and altitude were measured by GPS in each plot. To investigate the phenology of D. ammoniacum, we examined its vegetative and reproductive growth stages during 3 years (2018-2020). For this purpose, we selected 10 random Vasha plants inside each plot and took notes their phenological stages every 10 day (Dashti et al., 2021) (Fig. 7).

Data Analysis

To investigate the relationship between environmental factors and the canopy cover percent of D. ammoniacum, we used the Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) method as a nonlinear model and obtained the gradient length. Due to the length of the first axis in DCA was less than 3, we used the RDA¹ method. First, environmental factors were parted into 3 groups including soil (sand, silt, clay, pH, EC, lime, N, P, K, and organic matter), topography (altitude, and slope), rock outcrop (bare soil, rock, and gravel, and litter), then spatial correlation between sample plots was investigated (Borcard et al., 1992). In this study the data analysis was performed by Canoco software version 4.5 (Ter Braak and Smilauer, 2002). For plotting the reaction of D. ammoniacum to environmental agents, we used the GAM model (Bakkenes et al., 2002; Godefroid and Koedam, 2004; Traoré et al., 2012). We used the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) to rank the environmental variables affecting the D. ammoniacum canopy cover (Akaike, 1974). Therefore, the smaller the AIC value, the greater the variable effect on the canopy coverage percentage, in other words, the proposed model is the most suitable model for fitting the response curve of the species. In this research, we used the percentage of D. ammoniacum D. ammoniacum canopy to peruse the relationship between species and environmental factors and Gaussian response was calculated (Ardekani, 2009).

 

Results
Vegetation Attributes

The results showed that Artemisia sieberi, Convolvulus orientalis, Rosa persica, Carex physodes, and D. ammoniacum D. ammoniacum had the highest canopy cover percentage with the amounts of 2.94, 2.86, 2.35, 2.22, 1.82, and 1.14 respectively. In addition to D.ammoniacum, there are 39 plant species belonging to 38 genera from 23 families in Vasha habitat. The average of soil factors along with some environmental features of D. ammoniacum D. ammoniacum habitat are given in Table 2. The average percentage of D. ammoniacum D. ammoniacum canopy and some important species of Vasha habitat is demonstrated in Fig. 2. 

 

Table 2. Average features of physiography, soil, and canopy cover in D. ammoniacum habitat

Slope  (%)	Altitude  (m)	Aspect	Vasha canopy  cover (%)	Total canopy  cover (%)	Litter (%)	Gravel &  rock (%)	Bare soil  (%)
6.6	1461	Non aspect	1.14	32.1	10.59	10.62	46.69

 

 

Fig 2. Mean canopy cover percentage for major species in Soltan Mohammad habitat

 

Habitat characteristics

The results of physiography and climate studies showed that D. ammoniacum species grows in low slope and no aspect lands. Altitude changes for this species were obtained from 1420 to 1503 m above sea level. Precipitation and temperature data indicated that Vasha plant can resist a drop or rise in temperatures (Ghasemi Arian, 2016). Other results related to soil analysis demonstrated that Vasha plant prefers sandy-loamy texture, alkaline pH, low organic matter, and low exchangeable sodium ratio (SAR) (Tables 3 and 4).

 

Table 3. Minimum, Maximum and mean values Physiographic and climatic characteristics of D. ammoniacum habitat

Physiography                                  Climate

Alt. (m)               slope (%)            precipitation (mm)   Temperature (oC)

Min.        1420                  1                      0.6                -5 Max.       1503                  12.5                    33.8                34 Mean       1462                  6.6                     166                15

 

Table 4. Minimum and maximum environmental factors in D. ammoniacum habitat

Factor	Sand(%)	Silt(%)	Clay(%)	pH	EC	SAR	Lime (%)	N(%)	P(%)	K ppm	OM(%)	Litter (%)	Rock & ravel(%)	Bare  soil(%)
Min.	51	4	4	7.9	0.5	0.35	14	0.01	1.8	190	0.01	7	7	31.4
Max.	83	34	18	8.3	0.88	0.6	34	0.07	8	450	0.27	15	25	56.9
Mean	69	19	12	8	0.81	0.47	24	0.03	5	307	0.41	10.6	15.6	41.6

 

Table 4. Minimum and maximum and mean values of environmental factors in D. ammoniacum habitat

Environmental factors	Min.	Max.	Mean
Sand (%)	51.0	83.0	69.0
Silt (%)	4.0	34.0	19.0
Clay (%)	4.0	18.0	12.0
pH	7.9	8.3	8.0
EC	0.50	0.88	0.81
SAR	0.35	0.60	0.47
Lime (%)	14.0	34.0	24.0
N (%)	0.01	0.07	0.03
P (%)	1.8	8.0	5.0
K (ppm)	190	450	307
OM (%)	0.01	0.27	0.41
Litter (%)	7.0	15.0	10.6
Rock & ravel (%)	7.0	25.0	15.6
Bare soil (%)	31.4	56.9	41.6
Altitude (m)	1420	1503	1462
Slope (%)	1.0	12.5	6.6
Precipitation (mm)	0.6	33.8	166.0
Temperature (C°)	-5.0	34.0	15.0

 

Relationship between canopy cover and environmental factors

Using canonical classification model, 8 variables were selected from 16 primary variables. Selected variables among physiographic and soil factors are slope, clay, rock and gravel, litter, pH, lime, EC, and P respectively (Table 5).

 

Table 5. The major eight environmental factors effective in D. ammoniacum growth

Environmental factors	Variance	F values
Slope	11.6	7.6**
Clay	4.9	3.3**
pH	3.8	2.7**
EC	2.9	2.1**
CaCo3	3.2	2.3**
Litter	3.1	2.3**
P	2.3	1.7*
Rock & gravel	2.1	1.6*

*, ** are significant level at 0.05 and 0.01, respectively

 

Data analysis showed that the total variance of vegetation in the RDA method is equal to 17799.4 which is equivalent to 33.8% of the total variance. In the RDA model, using spatial correlation and considering all selected variables as limiting variables, finally 8 variables including slope, clay, pH, EC, lime, litter, phosphorus and gravel are obtained among 16 main variables (Table 5). Vasha’s ecological gradient showed that the first axis with an eigenvalue of 0.12, 12.4% and the second axis with an eigenvalue of 0.07, 19.7% can justify the vegetation variations. Fig. 3 shows the results of plant species distribution related to ecological gradient in the first and second axes of the RDA model. 

In Fig. 3, the interval of species from the coordinate axes demonstrates the power the relationship. In one hand, the greater the distance of the species from the center of the axes, the less environmental factors affect their distribution, but on the other hand the greater the correlation between environmental agents, the D.ammuniacum and other accompanying species have a stronger relationship with the characteristics of environmental factors. As well as, the larger the length of vectors and the smaller their angles with the axes, the greater the correlation between environmental factors with the growth of D. ammoniacum and other plants of habitat. 

 

 

 

Fig. 3. Plant species distribution related to ecological gradients

 

The results of analysis of variables in the GAM model indicated that more of environmental factors had a significant effect on the canopy cover percentage of D. ammoniacum (Table 7).

 

Table 7. The level of Significant of environmental variables in the GAM model

Environmental factors	F	Akaike Information Criterion (AIC)
Sand (%)	8.2**	72.32
Silt (%)	3.0*	85.35
Clay (%)	10.7**	14.79
pH	10.8**	67.06
EC (ds/m)	9.5**	69.80
SAR	9.2**	70.20
CaCO3 (%)	9.6**	69.23
N (%)	22.8**	49.40
P (%)	9.4**	69.72
K (ppm)	10.0**	68.44
OM (%)	10.5**	67.83
Slope (%)	9.2**	70.45
Altitude (m)	10.7**	67.87
Litter (%)	7.5**	73.76
Bare soil (%)	31.1*	41.49
Stone & gravel (%)	2.2ns	88.73

* and ** = significant at P< 0.05 and P< 0.01 probability level, ns: not significant

 

 

The response of D. ammoniacum canopy cover percentage in relation to the environmental variables (sand, litter, organic matter, lime, pH, N, P, K, and Altitude,) conformed the monotonic increase model and canopy cover percentage of Vasha increased with increasing these factors, (Fig. 4a-h & Fig. 5o), But it decreased with the increase of some gradients such as clay, slope, EC and SAR (Fig 5i-l).

The canopy cover percentage of Vasha in relation to the factors of silt, stone & gravel and bare soil, showed that the response of D. ammoniacum to these agents was unimodal. According to Figs 5j and 5p, first with increasing the amount of silt up to 12% and gravel up to 10%, the D. ammoniacum canopy increased, then with further increase of these factors, the D. ammoniacum canopy decreased. Contrarily, with the increase of bare soil up to 45%, the D. ammoniacum canopy decreased, and after that with increasing this factor the D. ammoniacum canopy increased (Fig. 5m).

 

 

Fig 4. D. ammoniacum responses to Sand (a), Litter (b), OM (c), clay (d), pH (e), N (f), P (g), and K (h)

 

 

Fig 5. D. ammoniacum responses to Sand (a), Litter (b), OM (c), clay (d), pH (e), N (f), P (g), and K (h), Clay (i), Silt (j), EC (k), SAR (l), Bare soil (m), Slope (n), Altitude (o), Stone & Gravel (p)

 

 

Phenology of D. ammoniacum

 

 

Fig 6. A view of field study (Dorema.ammoniacum is in flowering stage)

 

Seeds of D. ammoniacum have a physiological dormancy; cold stratification will be useful in propagating this species. Therefore, if Vasha seeds are planted in January, they will germinate in early April (Ghasemi Arian, 2016). Vasha phenological results showed that D. ammoniacum is a hemicryptophyte species; therefore, during the autumn season, it lost its aerial part and started dormancy from the end of September, which lasted until early March. Then with a gradual increase in temperature from early April, the bud of D. ammoniacum emerged from the collar surface and leaves started growing and vegetative growth continued until the end of June. Older individuals of Vasha who were in their reproductive age, with the growth and development of rosette leaves, flowering stem emerged in them and from late May to late June, the flowers gradually appeared on their branches (Fig. 6).

Then, in July, the flowers gradually turned into milky seeds and after that the mature seeds were gradually formed in August. With increasing air temperature, the leaves gradually dried out and eventually the ripe seeds dispersed by the end of September. Individuals of Vasha, who were not in the reproductive stage, entered the dormant period after the leaves dried, which their dormancy continued until early March. The phenological diagram with the embrothermic curve is shown in Fig. 7.

 

 

Fig 7. Embrothermic and phenological diagram of D. ammoniacum

 

 

 

Discussion

Considering the medicinal, industrial and fodder importance of D.ammoniacum, and also its importance in soil conservation (Ghasemi Arian, 2016). The results of RDA demonstrated that among 16 environmental variables the amounts of sand, clay, litter, organic matter, lime, pH, N, P, K, SAR, slope, and altitude played significant roles in variations of the D. ammoniacum canopy cover (Table 7). In this regard, Ghasemi Arian (2016) and evaluated the influence of environmental, physiographic and climatic variables on the density of Vasha species in a neural network analysis. Also, Zare and his colleagues (2021) reported that the three factors of slope, amount of lime and clay play an important role in the distribution of Vasha species. This study, furthermore, revealed that Artemisia sieberi, Convolvulus orientalis, Rosa persica, Carex physodes along with D. ammoniacum are important species in this study area which is consistent with the researches of Rajaei and Mohammadi (2012). The results of GAM fitting in relation to the effect of edaphic variables on the percentage of canopy cover showed that D. ammoniacum is more distribution on sandy loam to loamy sand soils. In a similar study that was conducted on the autecological characteristics of Dorema Kopetdaghense pimenov (Apiaceae) in Karimabad and Kalat areas located in Razavi Khorasan province, the soil texture of habitats of this species was reported to be loamy-sandy (Shafiee-Nick and Ejtehadi, 2014). Proper drainage in these soils seems to be one of the reasons that has led to further canopy percentage of Vasha plant in this soil type, which is harmonious with the results of Khalasi Ahvazi et al. (2011) and Feizi et al. (2003). Overall, Soil texture has an important effect on infiltration, nutrient retention and effective factor on soil erosion (Alavi et al., 2017). The percentage of sand plays an important role in the amount of porosity and soil aeration, as well as in plant rooting and vegetation distribution (Wahba et al., 1990; Rangel et al., 2006; Khalasi Ahvazi et al., 2011; Esfanjani et al., 2017). The response of D. ammoniacum canopy cover percentage to amounts of EC, SAR, clay in the soil and land slope indicated a negative relationship. However, it showed a positive relationship with the amounts of pH, N, P, K, lime, organic matter, litter and altitude. Therefore, with increasing pH, N, P, K, lime, organic matter, litter and altitude D. ammoniacum cover increased and followed the monotonic increase model. In confirmation of above results, Ghasemi Arian (2016) reported that D. ammoniacum is well adapted to soils with high pH, lime, and potassium. Ghasemi Arian (1994) also suggested that D. ammoniacum canopy percentage in lands having a gentle slope (2% to 5%) and their lime content are about 17% is more than lands having 12% slope and low lime. The results of this study showed that the percentage of D. ammoniacum canopy has a negative correlation with bare soil, sand and rock. However, in parts of the Vasha habitat where the soil surface was rocky and sandy, this reduction in canopy was partly due to soil erosion and lack of soil organic matter (Rahimi, 1999). The growth range of D. ammoniacum in this habitat was in the range of 1440 m to 1500 m and lands with a slope of 5% to 12%. Therefore, with rise in altitude the canopy cover of this species significantly increased, but with increasing slope, the canopy cover of decreased (Figs. 5n & 5o) (Ghsemi Arian, 1994). Study of vegetative growth stage in Vasha showed that this phase is slower in the first year of plant life than older individuals. This may be due to the strengthening of the roots by storing nutrients in the initial establishment of the plant. Older individuals of Vasha species have roots with a diameter of more than 10 cm and a depth of more than 30 cm, and the length of their sub-roots extends up to 3 m below the ground. (Ghasemi Arian, 2016). Vasha individuals over one year of age begin their vegetative growth in the first half of February (Fig. 7). Vegetative growth rate is slow at first, but with increasing air temperature it going up from late-March. In this regard, Gholami and Faravani (2015), after planting and monitoring the Vasha plant in Ghaen region (Khorasan Razavi province, Iran), stated that the beginning of vegetative growth of Vasha is in early February, the flowering stage (for older individuals) in mid-April, seed production in mid-May, seed maturity in mid-June and seed dispersal in August. However, the ecological needs of Vasha are almost the same in different habitats, but it is important to note that the models obtained for Vasha are related to the habitat of Sultan Mohammad (Khorasan Razavi province, Iran) and it is better do not be generalized to other habitats. Although nonlinear models such as GAM are able to accurately calculate the interactions between living and non-living things in ecosystems, but to show the relationship between inter and intra interspecific interactions (symbiosis) such as competition, synergy, etc., it is requiring detailed field and laboratory studies.

Conclusion

Generally, in this study, we could obtain the effect and degree of importance of some environmental factors on the size of D. ammoniacum canopy cover in one of its habitats. Also based on the results of this research, it is necessary to consider some important environmental factors such as soil texture, litter, organic matter, amount of lime and altitude up to 1520 m for the propagation of Vasha. Due to the fact that the physiological zero of Vasha is lower compared to other species in the region, therefore, in March when the soil is cold, it starts growing earlier than other plants, so to preserve its survival, it is necessary to protect it from premature grazing. These results can be used to find areas suitable for cultivation as well as to restore the destroyed habitats of this valuable plant in Iran. 

 

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اثرات متغیرهای خاکی و توپوگرافی بر تاج پوشش گونه وشا (Dorema ammoniacum D.Don) در مرتع سلطان محمد سبزوار، ایران

علیرضا قاسمی آریان الف* و مجید دشتی ب

الف استادیار آموزشی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مشهد، ایران.

*(نگارنده مسئول)، پست الكترونی: : [e-mail]

ب دانشیار پژوهشی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مشهد، ایران.

چکیده

عوامل محیطی اثرات قابل ملاحظه­ای بر پراکنش و عملکرد گونه­های گیاهی دارند. به منظور بررسی پاسخ گیاه وشا (Dorema ammoniacum D.Don) به برخی عوامل محیطی، این تحقیق در یکی از رویشگاه های وشا واقع در جنوب غربی سبزوار در سال 1399 انجام گرفت. برای بررسی واکنش این گونه به عوامل خاک و توپوگرافی از مدل افزایشی تعمیم یافته (Generalized Additive Models) استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که فاکتورهای ادافیکی و فیزیوگرافی رویشگاه بر اندازه تاج پوشش D. ammoniacum تأثیر دارند. الگوی پاسخ این تاج پوشش این گونه به برخی عوامل محیطی شامل (ماسه، لاشبرگ، مواد آلی، آهک، اسیدیته، نیتروژن، فسفر، پتاسیم و ارتفاع) از مدل افزایشی یکنواخت (Monotonic increase) پیروی نمود و با افزایش این مقادیر، درصد تاج پوشش وشا افزایش یافت. در حالی که، پاسخ این گونه در امتداد گرادیان رس، شیب، شوری و نسبت سدیم قابل جذب (SAR) از مدل کاهشی یکنواخت (Monotonic decrease) پیروی کرد و با افزایش این عوامل، درصد تاج پوشش D. ammoniacum کاهش یافت. مطالعات خاک نشان داد که این گونه عمدتاً در خاک های لومی- شنی و شنی- لومی پراکنش دارد. الگوی پاسخ تاج پوشش D. ammoniacum در امتداد گرادیان سیلت، خاک لخت، سنگ و سنگریزه، از مدل زنگوله ای (Unimodal) پیروی نمود و رشد مطلوب آن برای این عوامل به ترتیب 1، 30 و 1 درصد به دست آمد. به طور کلی، بررسی پاسخ تاج پوشش D. ammoniacum به گرادیان برخی عوامل محیطی، داده­های ارزشمندی در رابطه با نیازهای اکولوژیکی این گیاه به ما داد. به عبارت دیگر، آگاهی یافتن از تأثیر عوامل محیطی بر تاج پوشش گونه وشا می­تواند ما را در آماده­سازی اراضی زراعی مناسب برای کاشت این گونه مهم و بازسازی زیستگاه­های تخریب شده آن یاری دهد.

کلمات کلیدی: وشا، عوامل طبیعی، مدل افزایشی تعمیم یافته (GAM)، مرتع

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[1]  . Redundancy analysis