Curative potential of Gbogbonise Epa Ijebu herbal remedy in male Wistar rats infected with Salmonella enterica serovar typhi

Subject Areas : Journal of Medicinal Herbs, "J. Med Herb" (Formerly known as Journal of Herbal Drugs or J. Herb Drug)

Seyi Enitan ¹ , Michael Dada ² , Oluwafemi Oguntibeju ³ , Emmanuel Ileoma ⁴ , Saratu Ajike ⁵ , Victor Aderogba ⁶

1 -
2 -
3 -
4 -
5 -
6 -

Received: 2022-05-18 Accepted : 2022-08-22 Published : 2022-11-22

Keywords: Rats, Bacterial load, Salmonella typhi, Gbogbonise Epa Ijebu, Anti-Salmonella antibodies,

Abstract :

Background & Aim: Commercially sold herbal remedies are fast gaining recognition among the Nigerian populace for the treatment of various ailments. The aim of this study was to assess the curative potential of Gbogbonise Epa Ijebu herbal remedy in male Wistar rats infected with Salmonella enteric serovar typhi (S.typhi).Experimental: A total of 60 male Wistar rats weighing 150+50 g (mean+SD) were randomly assigned into 10 groups of 6 rats each. Group 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9 and 10 were infected with one ml of S. typhi suspension with a concentration of 106 CFU/mL in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Group 4, 5 and 6 which served as the Zero control, undiluted herbal control and diluted herbal control, respectively. Group 7 and were 8 were treated with 500 mg/Kg/bid and 250 mg/kg/bid herbal remedy, respectively, while group 9 and 10 were treated with equal volume of Ciprofloxacin and herbal remedy, 500 mg/kg/bid and 250 mg/kg/bid, respectively, orally twice daily for 7days. Bacterial loads in rectal swab, intestine and gall bladder, as well as the anti-S.typhi O and H serum antibodies of the test and control rats were evaluated at pre-infection, post-infection and post-treatment phases using standard microbiological and serological methods.Results: The outcome of this study showed that the administration of the herbal remedy (500 mg/Kg/bid) resulted in a significant reduction (P<0.001) in the rectal (1.8±04 Log CFU/mL), intestinal (4.25±0.05 Log CFU/Intestine) and gall-bladder (1.85±0.25 Log CFU/Gall-Bladder) bacterial load, as well as the anti-S. typhi O (93.3±22.3) and H (93.3±22.3) serum antibodies level of the test groups compared to the infection control (3.8±0.20 Log CFU/mL, 8.3±0.10 Log CFU/Intestine, 4.3±0.06 Log CFU/Gall-Bladder and 173.3±32.1, respectively).Recommended applications/industries: The outcome of this study further underscores the curative potential of the herbal remedy as claimed by the manufacturers and vendors.

References:

Abubakar, U.Z., Sani, T.T., Muhammad, A. 2018. Antibacterial activity of Citrus aurantifolia leaves extracts against some enteric bacteria of public health importance. Modern Approaches on Material Science,1(2): 33-38.

Adebolu, T.T., Adeoye, O.O., Oyetayo, V.O. 2019. Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on S. typhi infection, gastrointestinal flora and hematological parameters of albino rats. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(35):6804-6808.

Adeleye, A., Ayolabi, C., Ejike, L., Abioye, A., Omonigbeyin, E. 2009. Antimicrobial and toxicological studies of Epa-ijebu.a “wonder – cure” concoction used in south-west, Nigeria. African Journal of Infectious Diseases, 3(1): 6-13.

Adeleye, I.A., Onubogu, C.C., Ayolabi, C.I., Isawumi, A.O., Nshiogu, M.E. 2008. Screening of crude extracts of twelve medicinal plants and “wonder-cure” concoction used in Nigeria unorthodox medicine for activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from tuberculosis patients sputum. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(18): 3182-3187.

Ajayi, O.E., Olukunle, O.F., Boboye, B.E. 2015. Prevalence of typhoid fever among different socio-demographic groups in Ondo State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Life Sciences International, 3:89-95.

Allerberger, F., Liesegang, A., Grif, K., Khaschabi, D., Prager, R., Danzl, J., Hock, F., Ottl. J., Dierich, M.P., Berghold, C. 2003. Occurrence of Salmonella enteric serovar Dublin in Austria. Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift, 153:148–152.

 

 

Alwhaibi, M., Govat, R., Kelly, K.M. 2017. The Use of herbal remedies among mothers of young children living in the central appalachian region. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2017: 1-7.

Amarasiri, M., Sano, D., Suzuki, S. 2020. Understanding human health risks caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in water environments: Current knowledge and questions to be answered. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 50(19): 2016-2059.

Arii, J., Tanabe, Y., Miyake, M., Mukai, T., Matsuzaki, M., Niinomi, N., Watanabe, H., Yokota, Y., Kohno, Y., Noda, M. 2002. Clinical and pathologic characteristics of non-typhoidal salmonella encephalopathy. Neurology, 58:1641–1645.

Bakowski, M.A., Braun, V., Brumell, J.H. 2008. Salmonella- containing vacuoles: directing traffic and nesting to grow. Traffic, 9: pp. 2022–2031.

Balasundram, N., Sundram, K., Saman, S. 2006. Phenolic Compounds in Plants and Agric industrial by-Products: Antioxidant Activity, Occurrence, and Potential Uses. Food Chemistry, 99: 191-203.

Barlow, M., Hall, BG. 2002. Origin and evolution of the Amp beta-lactamases of Citrobacter freundii. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy, 46: 1190–1198.

Barton Behravesh, C., Jones, T.F., Vugia, D.J., Long, C., Marcus, R., Smith, K., Thomas, S., Zansky, S., Fullerton, K. E., Henao, O.L. 2011. Deaths associated with bacterial pathogens transmitted commonly through food: foodborne diseases active surveillance network. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 204: 263–267.

Belonwu, D.C., Onyieke, E.N., Oghenekaro, UE. 2013. Phytochemical analysis of the Yoruba medicinal formulations- “Gbogbonise” and its effects on some liver enzymes. Indian Journal of Drugs and Diseases, 2: 280-287.

Ben, Y., Fu, C., Hu, M., Liu, L., Wong, M.H., Zheng, C. 2019. Human health risk assessment of antibiotic resistance associated with antibiotic residues in the environment: A review. Environmental Research, 169: 483-493.

Bhan, M.K., Bahl, R., Bhatnagar, S. 2005. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Lancet, 366: 749–762.

Bohlmann, J., Meyer-Gauen, G., Croteau, R. 1998. Plant terpenoid synthases: Molecular biology and phylogenetic analysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 95: 4126–4133.

Brenner, F.W., Villar, R.G., Angulo, F.J., Tauxe, R., Swaminathan, B. 2000. Salmonella nomenclature. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 38: 2465– 2467.

Carattoli, A., Tosini, F., Giles, WP., Rupp, M.E., Hinrichs, S.H., Angulo, F.J., Barrett, T.J., Fey P.D. 2002. Characterization of plasmids carrying CMY-2 from expanded-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Salmonella strains isolated in the United States between 1996 and 1998. Antimicrobal Agents Chemotherapy, 46: 1269–1272.

Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2007). Multistate outbreak of Salmonella serotype Tennessee infections associated with peanut butter – United States, 2006–2007. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 56: 521– 524.

Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2010. Investigation update: multistate outbreak of human Salmonella Montevideoinfections. https://www.cdc.gov/ salmonella/ Montevideo/archive/epi/030310.html

Chuang, C.H., Su, L.H., Perera, J., Carlos, C., Tan, B.H., Kumarasinghe, G., So, T., Van, P.H., Chongthaleong, A., Hsueh, P.R. 2009. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi in seven Asian countries. Epidemiology and Infection, 137:266–269.

Connor, B.A., Schwartz, E. 2005. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever in travellers. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 5: 623–628.

Cooke, F.J., Day, M., Wain, J., Ward, L.R., Threlfall, E.J. 2007. Cases of typhoid fever imported into England, Scotland and Wales. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 101:398–404.

Crump, J.A., Kretsinger, K., Gay, K., Hoekstra, R.M., Vugia, D.J., Hurd, S., Segler, S.D., Megginson, M., Luedeman, L. J., Shiferaw, B. 2008. Clinical response and outcome of infection with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi with decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones: A United States food net multicentre retrospective cohort study. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy, 52:1278–1284.

Dada, E.O., Akinyele, B.T. 2020. In-vivo anti-typhoid activities of ethanol stem bark extract of Bridelia ferruginea (Wild) in Albino rats infected with S. typhi. Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 22(5): 10-20.

Dai, J., Mumper, R. 2010. Plant phenolics: extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties. Molecules, 15: 7313-7352.

Doherty, V.F., Olaniran, O.O., Kanife, U.C. 2010. Antimicrobial activities of Aframomum Melegueta (Alligator Pepper). International Journal of Biology, 2(2): 126-131.

Elbein, A.D., Molyneux, R.J. 1999. Comprehensive natural products chemistry, Barton, D. and Nakanishi, K. ed. Amsterdam, pp. 129.

Enitan, S.S., Digban, K.A., Olley, M., Outremer, O.G., Faloye, T.G., Adediji, I.O. 2016. Curative and nephrotoxic potential of methanolic leaf extract of Plukenetia conophora Mull arg. in rats challenged with Pseudomonas aeruginosa urinary tract infection. International Journal of Herbal Medicine. 4(4): 49-58.

Enitan, S.S., Ihongbe, J.C., Ochei, J.O., Ileoma, E., Adejumo, E.N., Ogunsola, O.R. 2019. Screening for S. typhi serum antibodies and stool antigen among undergraduate students of Babcock university, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria. South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology, 4(1): 1-15.

Enitan, S.S., Uduchukwu, O.E., Gotep, J., Effiong, E.J., Ileoma, E.O., Mensah-Agyei, G.O., Adetiloro, E.O., Adekunbi, O.A., Odigie, J.O., Adetola, A.O. 2022. Assessment of microbiological quality and efficacy of Gbogbonise Epa Ijebu herbal remedy on some uropathogens. Scholars International Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 5(1): 7-18.

Galanis, E., Lo, F.O., Wong, D.M., Patrick, M.E., Binsztein, N., Cies-lik, A., Chalermchikit, T., Aidara-Kane, A., Ellis, A., Angulo, F.J., Wegener, H.C. 2006. Web-based surveillance and global Salmonella distribution, 2000–2002. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12:381–388.

Gibson, E.L., Wardel, J., Watts, C.J. 1998. Fruit and vegetable consumption, nutritional knowledge and Beliefs in mothers and children. Appetite, 31: 205-228.

Grass, G.A., Finlay, B.B. 2008. Pathogenesis of enteric Salmonella infections. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 24:22–26.

 

 

Guerra, B., Soto, S.M., Arguelles, J.M., Mendoza, M.C. 2001. Multidrug resistance is mediated by large plasmids carrying a class 1 integron in the emergent Salmonella enterica serotype. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy, 45:1305–1308.

Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, M.C. 1990. Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease. An overview Methods Enzyme molecule, 186:1-85.

Harborne, J.B., Baxter, H. 1999. The handbook of natural flavonoids, Vol 1,2. Chichester, John Wiley and Sons. UK.

Harborne, J.B., Tomas, B. 1991. Ecological Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Terpenoids, Clarendon, Oxford.

Hardy, A. 2004. Salmonella: a continuing problem. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 80: 541–545.

Hasan, R., Zafar, A., Abbas, Z., Mahraj, V., Malik, F., Zaidi, A. 2008. Antibiotic resistance among Salmonella enteric serovars typhi and Paratyphi A in Pakistan. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2: 289–294.

Hasler, C.M., Blumberg, J.B. 1999. Symposium on Phytochemicals: Biochemistry and Physiology. Journal of Nutrition, 129:756S-757S.

Hohmann, E.L. 2001. Non-typhoidal salmonellosis. Clinical Infectious Disease, 15(32):263–269.

Hyeon, J.Y., Chon, J.W., Hwang, I.G., Kwak, H.S., Kim, M.S., Kim, S.K., ChoiI, S., Song, C.S., Park, C., Seo, K.H. 2011. Prevalence, antibiotic resistance and molecular characterization of Salmonella serovars in retail meat products. Journal of Food Protection, 74: 161–166.

Ileoma, E., Adetola, A.O., Enitan, S.S., Ezigbo, E.D., Ileoma, S., Adebajo, M., Etaghene, J., Malagu, D., Durosinmi, A. A, Chu, H.D., Dangana, A., Yelpoji, P.U., Odigie, J. 2021. Effects of a commercially sold herbal remedy on some haematological parameters in male rats infected with S. typhi. Journal of Public and Allied Health Sciences, 3&4(2): 92-116.

Jeremic, K.D., Todorovic, N.B., Golocorbin-Kon, S.S., Pavlovic, N.M., Milosevic, N.P., Gavaric, N.S., Lalic-Popovic, M.N. 2019. Consumption and pharamaceutical- technological formulations of herbal medicines in Serbia. Medical Gazette, 44: 56-62.

 

 

   

Krishnan, R., Chandravadana, M.V., Ramachander, P.R., Bharathkumar, H. 1983. Inter-relationships between growth and alkaloid production in Catharanthus roseus G. Don. HerbaHungarica, 22:47-54.

Langenheim, J.H. 1994. Higher plant terpenoids: A phytocentric overview of their ecological roles. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 20:1223-1280.

Lasztity, R., Hidveg, M., Bata, A. 1998. Saponins in food. Food Review International, 14: 371-390.

Lynch, M., Painter, J., Woodru, R., Braden, C. 2006. Surveillance for foodborne-disease outbreaks United States, 1998–2002. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summaries (Washington, DC: 2002), 10(55):1–42.

Madhuri, S., Hegde, A.U., Srilakshmi, N.S., Prashith, K.T.R. 2014. Antimicrobial activity of Citrus sinensis and Citrus aurantium peel extracts. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Scientific Innovation, 3(4):366-368.

Mandal, S.M., Chakraborty, D., Dey, S. 2010. Phenolic acids act as signaling molecules in plant–microbe symbioses. Plant Signal Behaviour, 5:359-368.

Mangan, J.L. 1988. Nutritional effects of tannins in animal feeds. Nutrition Research and Reviews, 1: 209-231.

Martins, J.G., Santos, G.C., de Lima Procópio, R.E., Arantes, E.C., Bordon, K.D.F. 2021. Scorpion species of medical importance in the Brazilian Amazon: a review to identify knowledge gaps. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, 27: e20210012.

Mathai, K. 2000. Nutrition in the Adult Years. In Mahan, L.K. and Escott-Stump, S. Krause’s Food, Nutrition, and Diet Therapy, 10^th ed. pp. 274-275.

Meagher, E., Thomson, C. 1999. Vitamin and mineral therapy. In: Medical nutrition and disease, 2^nd ed., Morrison, G. and Hark, L. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Science Inc, pp. 33- 58.

Meakins, S., Fisher, I.S., Berghold, C., Gerner-Smidt, P., Tschape, H., Cormican, M., LuzziI, Schneider, F., Wannett, W., Coia, J. 2008. Antimicrobial drug resistance in human non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates in Europe 2000–2004: a report from the Enternet International Surveillance Network. Microbial Drug Resistance. 14:31–35.

Meltzer, E., Yossepowitch, O., Sadik, C., Dan, M., Schwartz, E. 2006. Epidemiology and clinical aspects of enteric fever in Israel. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 74:540–545.

Mishra, S.N. 1989. Analytical methods for analysis of total alkaloids in root of Withania         spp. Proc. All India workshop on M and AP, Faizabad, pp. 492- 95.

Molbak, K., Gerner-Smidt, P., Wegener, H.C. 2002. Increasing quinolone resistance in Salmonella enterica serotype Enterititis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 8:514–515.

Montville, T.J., Matthews, K.R. 2008. Food microbiology: an introduction. 2^nd ed.       Washington, ASM Press. USA

Mueller-Harvey, I., McAllan, A.B. 1992. Tannins: Their biochemistry and nutritional properties. In: Advances in plant cell biochemistry and biotechnology, Vol. 1 Morrison IM, ed. JAI Press Ltd, London (UK), pp. 151-217.

Mukherjee, S., Gomes, A., Dasgupta, S.C. 2017. Zoo therapeutic uses of snake body parts in folk & traditional medicine. Journal of Zoological Research, 1(1): 1-9.

Newman, J.M. 2001. Snake as medicine and food. Nutrition Today, 36(1): 43-44.

Ochiai, R.L., Acosta, C.J., Danovaro-Holliday, M.C., Baiqing, D., Bhattacharya, S.K., Agtini, M.D., Bhutta, Z.A., Canh, G., Ali, M., Shin, S. 2008. A study of typhoid fever in five Asian countries: disease burden and implications for controls. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86:260–268.

Parry, C.M., Hien, T.T., Dougan, G., White, N.J., Farrar, J.J. 2002. Typhoid fever. The New England Journal of Medicine, 347:1770–1782.

Pretorius, J.C. 2003. Flavonoids: A review of its commercial application potential as anti-infective agents. Current Medicinal Chemistry- Anti Infective Agents, 2:335-353.

Pridham, J.B. 1960. In: Phenolics in Plants in Health and Disease, Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 34-35.

Pui, C.F., Wong, W.C., Chai, L.C., Nillian, E., Ghazali, F.M., Cheah, Y.K., Nakaguchi, Y., Nishibuchi, M., Radu, S. 2011. Simultaneous detection of Salmonella spp., S. typhi and S. typhimuriumin sliced fruits using multiplex PCR. Food Control, 22: 337–342.

Ramirez, J., Guarner, F., Fernandez, L.B., Maruy, A., Sdepanian, V.L., Cohen, H. 2020. Antibiotics as Major Disruptors of Gut Microbiota. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 10: 1-10.

Reeves, M.W., Evins, G.M., Heiba, A.A., Plikaytis, B.D., Farmer, J.J. 1989. Clonal nature of S. typhiand its genetic relatedness to other salmonellae as shown by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, and proposal of Salmonella bongori comb.nov. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 27:313–320.

Rowe, B., Ward, L.R., Threlfall, E.J. 1997. Multidrug-resistant S. typhia worldwide epidemic. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 24: S106–S109.

Scallan, E., Hoekstra, R.M., Angulo, F.J., Tauxe, R.V., Widdowso, M.A., Roy, S.L., Jones, J.L., Grin, P.M. 2011. Food borne illness acquired in the United States major pathogens. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17:7–15.

Schofield, P., Mbugua, DM., Pell, A.N. 2001. Analysis of condensed tannins: a review. Animal Feed Science Technology, 91:21-40.

Trust, T.J., Bartlett, K.H. 1979. Aquarium pets as a source of antibiotic-resistant salmonellae. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 25:535–541.

Walton, N.J., Mayer, M.J., Narbad, A. 2003. Molecules of Interest: Vanillin. Phytochemistry, 63: 505- 515.

Woods, D.F., Reen, F.J., Gilroy, D., Buckley, J., Frye, J.G., Boyd, E.F. 2008. Rapid multiplex PCR and real-time Taq Man PCR assays for detection of Salmonella enterica and the highly virulent serovars Choleraesuis and Paratyphi C. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 46: 4018–4022.

World Health Organization (WHO). 2019‎. Minimum requirements for infection prevention and control programmes.World Health Organization.https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/330080.