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1 - The Impact of Business Environment on the Survival of Small Scale Businesses in Nigeria
K. Agbolade Obasan

the best deal. Nowhere is more real than today business environment which affect the success or otherwise of anybusiness venture. Several authors have attributed failure of businesses particularly small and medium scaleenterprises to various factors ranging from trainin أکثر

the best deal. Nowhere is more real than today business environment which affect the success or otherwise of anybusiness venture. Several authors have attributed failure of businesses particularly small and medium scaleenterprises to various factors ranging from training of the entrepreneur to exposure and experience while someanalysts opined that business environment could impact on small and medium scale enterprises. Hence, using thelogistic regression technique to analyze primary data obtained through a structured questionnaire administered toEighty small scale businessmen and women operators in Ijebu North Local Government area, (Ogun State)South-West Nigeria, this study seeks to ascertain the nature of the relationship between business environment andthe survival of small and medium scale businesses in Nigeria.The obtained result revealed that the model of logistic regression was able to predict the distribution of 72.15% ofthe observed values of the dependent variable as factors such inflationary trend; infrastructural facilitiesaccessibility and government policy serve as barriers to business growth and survival. Hence, it is recommendedthat small business operators must developed and adopt scientific and rational business management strategiesthat will aid and increase their understanding of both their business and its environment in order to facilitateplanning and predictions on the most significant factors that affects business survival. تفاصيل المقالة

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2 - جایابی بهینه منابع تولید پراکنده در شبکه توزیع شعاعی با هدف کاهش تلفات و بهبود پروفیل ولتاژ با استفاده از الگوریتم ژنتیک
محمد کرمی طاهر نیکنام حاتم محمدی کامروا

در این مقاله با استفاده از روش محاسباتی و روش هوشمند الگوریتم ژنتیک GA به منظور حداقل کردن تلفات و بهبود پروفیل ولتاژ شبکه اقدام به تعیین مکان و اندازه بهینه مولدهای مقیاس کوچک (DG) در شبکه توزیع با ساختار شعاعی شده است. فرض نموده ایم که ژنراتورها قادر به تولید توان اکت أکثر

در این مقاله با استفاده از روش محاسباتی و روش هوشمند الگوریتم ژنتیک GA به منظور حداقل کردن تلفات و بهبود پروفیل ولتاژ شبکه اقدام به تعیین مکان و اندازه بهینه مولدهای مقیاس کوچک (DG) در شبکه توزیع با ساختار شعاعی شده است. فرض نموده ایم که ژنراتورها قادر به تولید توان اکتیو و راکتیو می باشند و به منظور حداقل کردن تلفات و بهبود پروفیل ولتاژ، مکان و اندازه بهینه مولد مقیاس کوچک با استفاده از روش الگوریتم ژنتیک برای 3 سناریو در چهار حالت مختلف تعیین شده است. نتایج شبیه سازی بر روی شبکه 33 باسه IEEE با ساختار شعاعی نشان می دهد که تلفات شبکه کاهش قابل ملاحظه ای یافته است. تفاصيل المقالة

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3 - Curvature Effects on Thermal Buckling Load of DWCNT Under Axial Compression Force
A Ghorbanpour Arani M Mohammadimehr M Ghazi

In this article, curvature effects on elastic thermal buckling of double-walled carbon nanotubes under axially compressed force are investigated using cylindrical shell model. Also, the small scale effect is taken into account in the formulation. The dependence of the i أکثر

In this article, curvature effects on elastic thermal buckling of double-walled carbon nanotubes under axially compressed force are investigated using cylindrical shell model. Also, the small scale effect is taken into account in the formulation. The dependence of the interlayer van der Waals (vdW) pressure on the change of the curvatures of the inner and outer tubes at that point is considered. The effects of the surrounding elastic medium, curvature and the vdW forces between the inner and outer tubes increase the critical buckling load under thermal and axial compression loads, while small scale effect decreases it. تفاصيل المقالة

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4 - Vibration Analysis of Orthotropic Triangular Nanoplates Using Nonlocal Elasticity Theory and Galerkin Method
A.R Shahidi S.H Shahidi A Anjomshoae E Raeisi Estabragh

In this article, classical plate theory (CPT) is reformulated using the nonlocal differential constitutive relations of Eringen to develop an equivalent continuum model for orthotropic triangular nanoplates. The equations of motion are derived and the Galerkin’s a أکثر

In this article, classical plate theory (CPT) is reformulated using the nonlocal differential constitutive relations of Eringen to develop an equivalent continuum model for orthotropic triangular nanoplates. The equations of motion are derived and the Galerkin’s approach in conjunction with the area coordinates is used as a basis for the solution. Nonlocal theories are employed to bring out the effect of the small scale on natural frequencies of nano scaled plates. Effect of nonlocal parameter, lengths of the nanoplate, aspect ratio, mode number, material properties, boundary condition and in-plane loads on the natural frequencies are investigated. It is shown that the natural frequencies depend highly on the non-locality of the nanoplate, especially at the very small dimensions, higher mode numbers and stiffer edge condition. تفاصيل المقالة

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5 - Indirect Selection Amongst Small Scale Holders of West African Dwarf (WAD) Goats Based on Coat Pigmentation and Wattle Types in Ogbomoso, Nigeria
T.A. Adedeji M.O. Ozoje L.O. Ojedapo O.A. Fasoyin R.I. Ogundipe

A research study was carried out on the indirect selection efforts amongst small scale holders of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats based on coat pigmentation and wattle types in Ogbomoso, Nigeria using personal interviews and structured questionnaires given using simple r أکثر

A research study was carried out on the indirect selection efforts amongst small scale holders of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats based on coat pigmentation and wattle types in Ogbomoso, Nigeria using personal interviews and structured questionnaires given using simple random on-farm techniques. The questionnaires were focused on the ownership distribution, preferred pigmentation and wattle types, disease susceptibility, death status, kidding status and market sales regarding coat pigmentation and wattle types. The questionnaires revealed that WAD goats with black pigmentation and two wattles had the highest ownership distribution, most preferred and better priced. It further revealed that black goats were highly diseased and died more, although this could be as a result of the preponderance of black goats in the study area. However, the respondents revealed that goats with two wattles were not easily susceptible to disease and lower deaths were often recorded. This showed that indirect selection of WAD goats based on coat pigmentation and wattle type is constantly going on amongst the small scale holders of WAD goats and this could be utilized for the breed genetic improvement. تفاصيل المقالة

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6 - Determinants of Farm Record Keeping among Small Scale Poultry Farmers in Kogi State, Nigeria
M. K Ibrahim R. S Adisa T. A Ahmed O Ebenehi

Thestudy examined the factors influencing farm record keeping among small scale poultry farmers in zone A axis of the Kogi ADP comprising of -Yagba- East, Yagba-West, Kabba-Bunnu, Ijumu, and Mopamuro Local Government Areas. Using a three stage random sampling technique, أکثر

Thestudy examined the factors influencing farm record keeping among small scale poultry farmers in zone A axis of the Kogi ADP comprising of -Yagba- East, Yagba-West, Kabba-Bunnu, Ijumu, and Mopamuro Local Government Areas. Using a three stage random sampling technique, 120 poultry farmers spread across the 5 LGAs within the zone A of Kogi ADP in Kogi State were randomly selected. With the aid of binary Logistic regression model, data obtained was analyzed. Nine (9) variables were hypothesized to influence small scale poultry farmer’s probability of record keeping. Out of which six (6) education, marital status, flock size, extension contact, occupation and experience were significant at 1%, 1%, 5%, 5%, 10% and 10% levels of significant respectively. They were also positively signed, a phenomenon which indicate that those variables were found to influence the probability of poultry farmers to use record keeping in the study area. However, extension contact was not significant at the level of measurement. It is therefore recommended that education at all levels and in all its forms and packages, both formal and informal should be encouraged in order to stem up the ante of the poultry farmers’ knowledge base, especially in the aspect of poultry record keeping. تفاصيل المقالة

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7 - Social and Economical Analysis of Small Scale Maize Production in Kura Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria
A. S Ahmed A. Suleiman A. Aminu

This research covered three villages in Kura local Government Area of Kano State. The study described the socio-economic characteristics of maize producers and their production techniques and also determined the profitability and resource use efficiency in the maize pro أکثر

This research covered three villages in Kura local Government Area of Kano State. The study described the socio-economic characteristics of maize producers and their production techniques and also determined the profitability and resource use efficiency in the maize production. Structured questionnaires were used for primary data collection and 40 small scale producers were purposively selected base based on the scale of operation. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as percentage, mean, frequency distribution table; net farm income and multiple regression models. The results of this study show that 62.5% of maize producers are young with age ranging from 25 to 34 years. Also 82.5% are married. About 78% of them have 1 to 9 number of dependent whereas 22.5% have 10-19 numbers of dependents. Majority (82.5%) of the farmers practiced farming as their major occupation mainly as a source of income and food. About 85% of these producers operate with less than 2 ha of land. The average total return per hectare of maize is in the area was estimated at N178397.30, average total cost of production is N 82,461 per hectare and average profit per hectare is N95, 936.30. Thus result revealed that maize production enterprise is profitable in the study area. The study recommends interventions by Governmental and Non Governmental Organizations in improving maize production in the study area. [Ahmed, A. S., Suleiman, A and Aminu, A. Social and Economical Analysis of Small Scale Maize Production in Kura Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria. International Journal of Agricultural Science, Research and Technology in Extension and Education Systems, 2013; 3(1):37-43] تفاصيل المقالة

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8 - Demand for Institutional Credit from the Nacrdb by Small Scale Farmers in Imo State, Nigeria.
J. S, Orebiyi C.C, Eze A, Henri-Ukoha F.C, Akubude S.J, Ibitoye

This study was designed to investigate the demand for institutional credit among small scale farmers in Imo State. A sample of 40 livestock and 50 food crop farmers were selected respectively using multistage random sampling technique. Data were collected with a well st أکثر

This study was designed to investigate the demand for institutional credit among small scale farmers in Imo State. A sample of 40 livestock and 50 food crop farmers were selected respectively using multistage random sampling technique. Data were collected with a well structured questionnaire administered to a total of 90 randomly selected farmers. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, inferential statistics and ordinary least square multiple regression technique. Results showed that farm income, interest rate, household size, distance to the bank, expenditure on labour, level of education and farming experience are important factors influencing the demand for institutional credit by farmers. It is recommended that inorder to raise the level of farmers’ income and their standard of living, there is need for credit demand and utilization for farm production. [J. S. Orebiyi et al. Demand for Institutional Credit from the Nacrdb by Small Scale Farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Agricultural Science, Research and Technology, 2011; 1(2):83-87]. تفاصيل المقالة

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9 - Influence of Socioeconomic Characteristics on Purposes for which Mobile Phone was used by Small Scale Farmers in the Gezira State, Sudan
Ahmed M. Abdel Rahman Isam O. Fadol

The objective of this study was to assess the influence of some socioeconomic characteristics on purposes for which mobile phone was used by small scale farmers in the Gezira State, Sudan. The total number of small- scale farmers in the State for 2013-2014 growing seaso أکثر

The objective of this study was to assess the influence of some socioeconomic characteristics on purposes for which mobile phone was used by small scale farmers in the Gezira State, Sudan. The total number of small- scale farmers in the State for 2013-2014 growing season was estimated to be 5000. Ten percent of the population was used using the simple random sampling technique. The collected data were statistically analyzed and interpreted using percentage, frequency distribution and chi-square test. The results showed significant association between the age, education level and farm size of small scale farmers and their purposes for which mobile phone was used. It can be concluded that the relatively high cost of buying and use of mobile phones can negatively influence the frequency of contacts of small scale farmers particularly their use of mobile phones for agriculture services needed. In addition, the results of this study can help in improving the mobile telephone services which in turn may increase the success of agricultural development programmes in the State and the rest of the country. Thus, more efforts should be paid by mobile telephone service companies of Sudan to expand their services to provide services for all aspects of agricultural activities in the State and use more advanced technology in operating mobile telephone networks in order to reduce cost of buying and using mobile phones particularly for small scale farmers in the Gezira State and the rest of the country. تفاصيل المقالة

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10 - Analysis of Small-scale Commercial Integrated Agricultural Extension Barriers
ید حسن حسینی خشت مسجدی سحر در یوری سید جمال فرج اله حسینی مریم امیدی نجف آبادی

Small-scale farmers face several obstacles to achieving small-scale integrated commercial agriculture. This study, in a descriptive-analytical method, investigates the barriers to small-scale integrated commercial agriculture. The statistical population involved all pad أکثر

Small-scale farmers face several obstacles to achieving small-scale integrated commercial agriculture. This study, in a descriptive-analytical method, investigates the barriers to small-scale integrated commercial agriculture. The statistical population involved all paddy farmers in Gilan province (N = 180106), that the sample size (n=422) was determined using the Krejcie and Morgan table in stratified random sampling method. The research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts, and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.89). Data analysis was performed by SPSS software and path analysis by Smart PLS software. The results of path analysis showed that the extension barriers have a direct effect on small-scale agriculture (β= 0.441) and integrated commercial agriculture (β= 0.401) and indirect effect on small scale integrated commercial agriculture (β = 0.541) and indirect (β = 0.91). According to the t value, the research hypothesis about extension barriers can be concluded that the effectiveness between independent and dependent variables is significant. Based on the results, the use of informed extension agents, reducing the non-extensional tasks of extension agents, and helping local organizations to reduce intermediaries are essential factors in removing obstacles to this type of agricultural system. تفاصيل المقالة

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11 - Factors Affecting Farmers` Higher Gain from Paddy Marketing: A Case Study on Paddy Farmers in North Central Province, Sri Lanka
RPIR Prasanna SWGK Bulankulama RH Kuruppuge

This study focused to identify the likelihood factors affecting on farmers’ higher gain from paddy marketing in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka, where the main paddy cultivation area of the country. The required data was drawn from the field survey carried أکثر

This study focused to identify the likelihood factors affecting on farmers’ higher gain from paddy marketing in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka, where the main paddy cultivation area of the country. The required data was drawn from the field survey carried out in three irrigation systems covering 257 farmers during July to August 2010. The empirical logit model was used to assess factors. The study found that imperfections of existing paddy marketing system in the area due to concentrated market power among few oligopolistic buyers. Furthermore, land size, land ownership, poor accessibility in formal sector credit market and farmers involvement in informal sector credit sources are critical to farmers’ decisions to gain higher returns from paddy marketing. The results further showed the need of reviewing the roles and functions of government extension services and farmer organizations with regard to the paddy marketing. تفاصيل المقالة

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12 - Assessment of Land Management Practices in Food Crops Production among Small Scale Farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria
Abdulazeez Muhammad-Lawal Omotesho Kemi Funmi Adekola Olabisi Fatimat Adekunle Dayo

The study carried out an assessment of agricultural land management practices in food crops production among small scale farmers in Kwara Sate, Nigeria. Specifically, the study determined the socio economic characteristics of crop farmers in Kwara State; ascertained the أکثر

The study carried out an assessment of agricultural land management practices in food crops production among small scale farmers in Kwara Sate, Nigeria. Specifically, the study determined the socio economic characteristics of crop farmers in Kwara State; ascertained the cropping patterns common among them; highlighted the soil conservation methods adopted by the farmers; examined the relationship between selected socio-economic characteristics of the farmers and their adoption of major agricultural land management practices; and investigated the constraints to adoption of sustainable agricultural practices among crop farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria A three stage random sampling technique was used in selecting a total of one hundred and forty four small scale food crops farmers. Descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression model and four point Likert-type scale were used to analyse the data for the study. The study revealed that food crops production in Kwara State is dominated by middle aged men who are poorly educated and have poor access to agricultural extension services. Half of the respondents (48.60%) adopted cereal-based cropping systems. 48.6% of the farmers adopted a minimum of three management practices. Crop rotation was mostly adopted by all the farmers while irrigation was the least adopted by only 29.3% of the respondents. Furthermore, the study revealed that farm size, age, education status, number of contacts with extension agents, household size and number of farm plots of the respondents were the significant factors affecting their adoption of land management practices. The study also revealed that the major constraints to the use of sustainable crop management practices among the farmers included inadequate supply of fertilizer, inadequacy of labour and credit, poor knowledge of improved agricultural practices, poor transportation, low produce prices and high cost of production. The study recommended the need for training programme on the use of appropriate sustainable practices that will take into account the cropping systems adopted by the farmers. تفاصيل المقالة

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