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حرية الوصول المقاله
1 - Gender Issues in Select Moroccan ELT Textbooks: A Review
Hassan Ait BouzidThis paper aimed to explore the ways in which three Moroccan ELT textbooks currently used in second year Baccalaureate public high schools represented gender. It also aimed to identify the extent to which these textbooks succeeded in avoiding instances of biased and ste أکثرThis paper aimed to explore the ways in which three Moroccan ELT textbooks currently used in second year Baccalaureate public high schools represented gender. It also aimed to identify the extent to which these textbooks succeeded in avoiding instances of biased and stereotypical gender representations of female and male figures. The study was conducted based on the theoretical framework of the Standards-Based Approach. It adopted content analysis as the main instrument for data collection and analysis that combines both quantitative and qualitative techniques. The findings indicated that these textbooks contain instances of biased gender representations regarding frequency of appearance, visibility, space, firstness and occupations attributed to female and male characters in texts, dialogues, exercises and images. The paper concluded with a set of implications suggesting ways in which gender inequalities could be avoided in future Moroccan ELT textbooks. تفاصيل المقالة -
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2 - Potential impact of drought on Mikkes River flow (Morocco)
Kaltoum Belhassan Ashok Vaseashta Mohammed Abdelbaset Hessane Hafizullah Rasouli Mohammed KA Kaabar Emad Kamil Hussein Muhammad AdnanMikkes River Basin is located in the north-center of the Kingdom of Morocco (North-West of Africa). It comprises of three different zones which represent diversified geologies and which shelter a phreatic and confined aquifer in Saïs plain and a shallow aquifer in أکثرMikkes River Basin is located in the north-center of the Kingdom of Morocco (North-West of Africa). It comprises of three different zones which represent diversified geologies and which shelter a phreatic and confined aquifer in Saïs plain and a shallow aquifer in El Hajeb Ifrane Tabular. This research aims to highlight the potential impact of drought on Mikkes River flow through climate indexes including rainfall, temperature and evapotranspiration during the period 1968-2009. Monitoring the evolution of rainfall, temperatures and evapotranspiration in the Mikkes basin during the period 1968-2009 shows that rainfall decreases, temperature and evapotranspiration increase from South to North of the basin (spatial drought). Also, these climatic indicators highlight a decrease in rainfall, increase in temperatures and evapotranspiration after 1980 (temporal drought). Flow deficit of Mikkes River between the period 1968-1979 and 1980-2009 is around 76%. This high River flow may due to the drought which the region has experienced since 1980 and also to the overexploitation of groundwater resources to satisfy water demands. The Mikkes basin is suffering severe depletion of groundwater piezometric levels, especially in the confined aquifer. تفاصيل المقالة -
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3 - Relationship between River Flow, Rainfall and Groundwater pumpage in Mikkes Basin (Morocco)
K. BelhassanThis paper investigates the relationship between river flow, rainfall and groundwater pumpage in the Mikkes stream during the period 1968-2009. The Mikkes basin is located in the north center of Morocco and consists of three different zones that represent diversified ge أکثرThis paper investigates the relationship between river flow, rainfall and groundwater pumpage in the Mikkes stream during the period 1968-2009. The Mikkes basin is located in the north center of Morocco and consists of three different zones that represent diversified geologies. This basin includes a phreatic and confined aquifer in Saïs basin and a shallow aquifer in the Tabular Middle Atlas. Analysis of monthly medium flows between 1968 and 2009 shows an approximate oceanic system which is characterized by two hydrological seasons. First a period of high waters in winters which is conditioned by the pluviometric contributions and the second is a low water period in summer which is conditioned by evapotranspiration. The mode of this River can be called a pluvio- evaporal type. The high deficit of the Mikkes stream (between 1968-1979 and 1980-2009) is about 76% and could be the combined effect of drought and groundwater pumpage. Water table variations could be conditioned by climatic changes and regional geology. Actually, the annual water table variations show a drop in ground water levels, which is due to the combined effect of reduction in precipitation that has reduced the natural recharge of groundwater, and the increase in pumping which is increasing year by year for more than 80 years in this region. In addition, free-water tables are much more susceptible to pumpage when compared to the confined aquifer. Thus, the water table and piezometric heads of the Mikkes basin do not demonstrate a uniform sensitivity to the drought. High rainfall between 1995 and 1997 had affected the groundwater levels of Mikkes with an increase in piezometric level. The monthly piezometric variations of free-water table are characterized by a seasonal operation: groundwater recharge and discharge. تفاصيل المقالة -
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4 - Hydro-Geological Context of Mikkes Springs and Different Variations of their Flows (Morocco)
K. BelhassanThe Mikkes basin is located at the north center of Morocco. It comprises three different zones which represent diversified geologies which shelter a phreatic and confined aquifer in the Sais basin and a shallow aquifer in the Tabular Middle Atlas. The springs in the Sai أکثرThe Mikkes basin is located at the north center of Morocco. It comprises three different zones which represent diversified geologies which shelter a phreatic and confined aquifer in the Sais basin and a shallow aquifer in the Tabular Middle Atlas. The springs in the Sais phreatic aquifer have suffered a maximum depletion. The springs with a deep or mixed origin are known as low flow variation springs. Actually, the variations of the fall of spring’s flows could be linked to a different hydro-geological context of these springs. تفاصيل المقالة -
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5 - Multivariate Characterisation of Oulmes-Zaer and Tidili Cattle Using the Morphological Traits
آی. بوجنانFourteen different morphological traits in 169 and 131 cattle of Oulmes-Zaer and Tidili, respectively were recorded and analyzed using a multivariate approach. The characters measured included heart girth, wither height, rump height, rump length, rump width, chest depth أکثرFourteen different morphological traits in 169 and 131 cattle of Oulmes-Zaer and Tidili, respectively were recorded and analyzed using a multivariate approach. The characters measured included heart girth, wither height, rump height, rump length, rump width, chest depth, body length, neck length, cannon circumference, ear length, ear width, head length, horn length and tail length. Breed significantly influenced all the traits investigated. Correlation coefficients among the body measurements ranged from 0.12 to 0.85 in Oulmes-Zaer and from -0.14 to 0.81 in Tidili cattle.In the varimax rotated principal component factor analysis, three factors were extracted, which explained about 65.1% and 55.4% of the total variation in Oulmes-Zaer and Tidili cattle, respectively. The communality ranged from 0.28 (horn length) to 0.82 (heart girth) in Oulmes-Zaer cattle and from 0.25 (horn length) to 0.79 (rump height) in Tidili cattle. Stepwise discriminant analysis showed that 9 out of 14 body measurements were found to have a potential discriminatory power. The canonical discriminant analysis showed that the squared Mahalanobis distance between breed means was significant, indicating that significant differences exist between Oulmes-Zaer and Tidili breeds. The raw canonical coefficients for the first canonical variable provided the greatest difference between the breed means (1.498 vs. -1.933). The second canonical variable did not provide any difference between means. The discriminant analysis showed that 98.2% and 100% of Oulmes-Zaer and Tidili animals, respectively were correctly classified. It was concluded that clear morphological differences existed between Oulmes-Zaer and Tidili cattle indicating that there were two distinct populations. تفاصيل المقالة -
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6 - Genetic Differentiation of Draa Indigenous Breed and Relationships with Other Goat Populations Assessed by Microsatellite DNA Markers
ام. ایبنلبشیر ال. کلی آی. بوجنانه آ. چیخی آ. نبیچ ام. پیروMoroccan goats are characterized by the presence of different populations identified only based on their phenotypes. The objectives of this study were to assess the genetic differentiation of the Draa goat breed and to analyze its genetic structure and its relationships أکثرMoroccan goats are characterized by the presence of different populations identified only based on their phenotypes. The objectives of this study were to assess the genetic differentiation of the Draa goat breed and to analyze its genetic structure and its relationships with other local populations using 12 microsatellite markers. The screening was done in South Eastern and Southern Morocco on 192 animals form 5 populations, including Draa, Atlas, Barcha, Ghazzalia breeds, and from a set of goats showing highly variable phenotypes grouped together into “undefined goats” population. Population structure was assessed by standard diversity indices, multivariate statistics, analysis of molecular variance and bayesian clustering techniques. The mean allelic richness was 6.526, varying from 2.777 to 9.669. More than 88.4% of the total variance was distributed between individuals and only 1.85% was due to differences between populations. The Draa breed had the lowest observed heterozygosity (0.579), the highest inbreeding coefficient (0.161) and a higher number of deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Moreover, it had the highest genetic distances from the other populations. Bayesian clustering showed a high level of admixture between populations, with a single well defined cluster identifiable within Draa breed. It was concluded that the studied Moroccan goat populations have a substantial but weakly structured genetic diversity, with the exception of Draa breed which shows a higher degree of differentiation and population substructure. تفاصيل المقالة -
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7 - Estimation of Body Weight from Heart Girth in Sardi and Timahdite Sheep Using Different Models
آی. بوجنانه اس. هلهالیThe objective of this study was to determine the relationship between body weight (BW) and heart girth (HG) in Sardi and Timahdite sheep in order to develop a prediction equation of BW from HG. The data used for this study included 476 records on BW and HG (227 in Sardi أکثرThe objective of this study was to determine the relationship between body weight (BW) and heart girth (HG) in Sardi and Timahdite sheep in order to develop a prediction equation of BW from HG. The data used for this study included 476 records on BW and HG (227 in Sardi and 249 in Timahdite) collected on males and females of different ages in 33 private farms. The BW and the HG averaged 34.8 ± 21.2 kg and 74.0 ± 16.3 cm, respectively in Sardi and 39.2 ± 22.7 kg and 78.4 ± 16.4 cm, respectively in Timahdite. Correlation coefficients between BW and HG were 0.958 in Sardi and 0.944 in Timahdite indicating a strong relationship between the two variables. Six predictive models for BW were fitted to the data; simple linear regression, polynomial quadratic and cubic regressions and three non-linear regressions (Gompertz, allometric and Mitscherlich). These models were used for the pooled data (regardless of breed and sex), separately for all the animals of a breed regardless of sex (breed-specific) and separately for males and females irrespective of breed (sex-specific). To determine the best fitted regression model, coefficient of determination (R2 or Pseudo-R2), residual mean square (MSE) and Akaike information criterion (AIC) were used. The six models fitted the dataset well since their R2 or Pseudo- R2 varied from 0.892 to 0.969. Nevertheless, based on the previous selection criteria, it seemed that the polynomial cubic model was the best and the allometric model should be discarded. Extreme observations of the three best models were checked using studentized residuals and an absolute value greater than two standard deviations implies considerable deviation. Once the outliers discarded, the best models were run on the clean dataset and compared. Thus, for the pooled data, Sardi breed and females, the Mitscherlich model was appropriate, whereas for Timahdite breed and males, cubic and Gompertz models, respectively were the best. Therefore, a tape measure was developed for each animal category in order to assist livestock farmers in managing their sheep better. تفاصيل المقالة -
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8 - Comparison of Different Lactation Curve Models to Describe Lactation Curve in Moroccan Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cows
I. BoujenaneIn this study, the incomplete gamma function, an exponential function, a mixed-log function and a polynomial function were evaluated to describe the lactation curve in Moroccan Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Data from 1990 to 1999, comprising 77130 monthly milk yields of أکثرIn this study, the incomplete gamma function, an exponential function, a mixed-log function and a polynomial function were evaluated to describe the lactation curve in Moroccan Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Data from 1990 to 1999, comprising 77130 monthly milk yields of 6029 dairy cows in 280 dairy herds, were used. Edits were carried out by considering the lactation length (5 d and تفاصيل المقالة -
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9 - Genetic Characterization of Hamra Goat Population in Two Different Locations of Morocco Using Microsatellite Markers
ب. هیلال آی. بوجنانه اس. ال اوتمانی م. چنتوف م. پیروIn this study, genetic diversity of two different populations of Hamra goat breed of Morocco was investigated in 60 different samples (including 30 from Beni Arouss and 30 from Rommani) using fifteen microsatellite markers. A total of 145 alleles were detected with aver أکثرIn this study, genetic diversity of two different populations of Hamra goat breed of Morocco was investigated in 60 different samples (including 30 from Beni Arouss and 30 from Rommani) using fifteen microsatellite markers. A total of 145 alleles were detected with average number per locus of 8.67 and 8.07 in Beni Arouss and Rommani goats, respectively. The Shannon’s information index ranged from 1.58 in Rommani goats to 1.66 in Beni Arouss goats. The expected and the observed heterozygosity average over loci varied from 0.62 to 0.72 in Rommani and from 0.64 to 0.75 in Beni Arouss goats. Six markers in Beni Arouss goats and five in Rommani goats showed a significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The FIS values were 0.110 and 0.108 for Beni Arouss and Rommani goats, respectively. A low genetic differentiation was indicated by FST values across the two goat groups. The genetic distance of Nei between the two groups was 0.046 indicating a low genetic differentiation. This was confirmed by the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) that showed that 99.15% of variation was distributed within genetic groups. The presence of two clusters (K=2) for microsatellite markers suggested a high level of population admixture. It was concluded that both groups (Beni Arouss and Romani) presented a high similarity and may be considered as belonging to the same population. تفاصيل المقالة -
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10 - Analysis of Farms Performance Using Different Sources of Irrigation Water: A Case Study in a Semi-Arid Area
حیات لیونبوی تارک بنابدلوآهاب عزیز حسیب عبدلعلی بوللیImproving production efficiency is the main objective of government action to avoid efficiency losses and to increase the income of farmers. The aim of this study was to analyze performance levels of farms in the irrigated perimeter of Tadla in Morocco, according to the أکثرImproving production efficiency is the main objective of government action to avoid efficiency losses and to increase the income of farmers. The aim of this study was to analyze performance levels of farms in the irrigated perimeter of Tadla in Morocco, according to the source of irrigation water. Thus, technical, allocative and economic efficiency were analyzed for farms in this area. To estimate the efficiency indices, the approach adopted is based on Data Envelopment Analysis method. Sixty samples of farms were chosen according to the mode of access to irrigation water. The results showed significant variability in technical, allocative and economic efficiency between the observed farms. The source of irrigation water is an important determinant of farm performance in the Tadla region. Thus, the average of economic efficiency varies between 45% and 83% according to the source of irrigation water. In terms of water valuation, farms that use only groundwater achieve a better value of irrigation water (2.19 MAD1 /m3) in comparison with those that combine between surface and groundwater and those which are limited to the use of surface water. تفاصيل المقالة -
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11 - بازخوانی نظریۀ تشکیل دولت ابنخلدون بهمثابۀ نظریۀ اصلاح دینی در خوانش سید فرید العطاس (مطالعۀ موردی مراکش)
فاطمه امین رعیا جزه علی مرادخانی سید حسین سجادی سید جواد میر مینقدغدغۀ اصلی ابنخلدون هم در مقدمه و هم در العبر شرح چگونگی تشکیل و زوال دولت در شرق و غرب جهان اسلام بوده که تلاش کرده است آن را براساس نبرد دوری میان دو جامعۀ بدوی و حضری تبیین کند. فرید العطاس به منظور بسط نظریۀ ابنخلدون، آن را بهمثابۀ نظریۀ اصلاح دینی مسلمانان معرفی أکثردغدغۀ اصلی ابنخلدون هم در مقدمه و هم در العبر شرح چگونگی تشکیل و زوال دولت در شرق و غرب جهان اسلام بوده که تلاش کرده است آن را براساس نبرد دوری میان دو جامعۀ بدوی و حضری تبیین کند. فرید العطاس به منظور بسط نظریۀ ابنخلدون، آن را بهمثابۀ نظریۀ اصلاح دینی مسلمانان معرفی کرده است. از نظر او مراکش، یک مورد تاریخی است که اصلاح دینی را تجربه کرده است. نظریۀ ابنخلدون فاقد نظام اقتصادی است؛ از اینرو، فرید العطاس تلاش کرده شیوههای تولید را از کارل مارکس اخذ و در نظریۀ ابنخلدون ادغام کند. هدف این پژوهش، تبیین نظریۀ تشکیل دولت ابنخلدون بهمثابۀ نظریۀ اصلاح دینی مسلمانان در خوانش فرید العطاس است که به همین منظور به مطالعۀ سه سلسلۀ متوالی مراکش _ مرابطون، موحدون و مرینیان _ پرداخته است. بنابر یافتههای پژوهش که به شیوۀ توصیفی _ تحلیلی بهدست آمده، فرید العطاس بهجای تکرار محض اطلاعاتی که از مقدمه بهدست میآید، کاربردی نظری از دیدگاه ابنخلدون ارائه داده است. تفاصيل المقالة
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