Forage production

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1 - تعیین مدل شایستگی تولید علوفه در مراتع سراب سفید بروجرد با استفاده از سیستم سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی
علی آریاپور مسلم حدیدی فاضل امیری علی حسین بیرانوند

شایستگی تولید علوفه از جمله عوامل مهم مؤثر در شایستگی چرای مرتع برای بهره برداری پایدار از پتانسیل های طبیعی است. تعیین این شایستگی در مدت زمان اندک و با هزینه کم و دقت بالا از مهمترین چالش های کارشناسان و بهره برداران مراتع می باشد. این تحقیق در مراتع سراب سفید بروجرد أکثر

شایستگی تولید علوفه از جمله عوامل مهم مؤثر در شایستگی چرای مرتع برای بهره برداری پایدار از پتانسیل های طبیعی است. تعیین این شایستگی در مدت زمان اندک و با هزینه کم و دقت بالا از مهمترین چالش های کارشناسان و بهره برداران مراتع می باشد. این تحقیق در مراتع سراب سفید بروجرد طی دو سال (1391-1390) و با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره لندست، اطلاعات و نقشه های پایه دستی و رقومی شده نظیر توپوگرافی و مدل رقومی ارتفاعی اقدام به تولید سایر نقشه های مورد نیاز مانند شیب، جهت و ارتفاع شد. همچنین اندازه گیری های میدانی با استفاده از روش قطع و توزین برای برآورد علوفه، چهارفاکتوری برای تعیین وضعیت مرتع، ترازوی گرایش برای مشخص شدن گرایش، شد. اندازه گیری درصد تاج پوشش گیاهان برای تیپ بندی، پیمایش صحرایی برای جداسازی واحدهای اراضی و به تبع آن تیپ بندی صورت گرفت. با تلفیق اطلاعات برداشت شده صحرایی با اطلاعات رقومی شده در محیط نرم افزار ArcGIS®9.3 نقشه های تیپ بندی، گرایش، وضعیت و تولید علوفه به دست آمد. نقشه لایه های اطلاعاتی با دستور یکپارچه سازی در محیط نرم افزار تبدیل به نقشه نهایی شایستگی تولید علوفه شد. نتایج نشان داد از 16 تیپ جداسازی شده 4 تیپ در کلاس غیرشایسته تولید، 8 تیپ در کلاس سه، 2 تیپ در کلاس دو و 2 تیپ در کلاس یک شایستگی تولید علوفه قرار گرفت. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که در صورت رعایت استانداردها و معیارها، بکارگیری تکنیک های سنجش از دور و سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی می تواند، با سرعت بالا، دقت زیاد و هزینه کم در مدیریت پایدار اکوسیستم های مرتعی مفید واقع شود. تفاصيل المقالة

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2 - Study the Effects of Range Management Plans on Vegetation of Summer Rangelands of Mazandaran Province, Iran
Nemtollah Kohestani Hassan Yeganeh

Rangeland rehabilitation and optimum exploitation are the first scientific and technical efforts with various programs in range management plans (RMPs) in Iranian range management sector. The range management plans have important roles in the natural resources conservat أکثر

Rangeland rehabilitation and optimum exploitation are the first scientific and technical efforts with various programs in range management plans (RMPs) in Iranian range management sector. The range management plans have important roles in the natural resources conservation and improvement. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of accomplishment of range management plans on vegetation cover of Mazandaran’s summer ranges over the past 22 years. First, twenty range management plans were randomly selected from 320 implemented ones in Manzandaran province, Iran. In order to collect the required data, field study was conducted to evaluate canopy cover percent, available forage, range conditions and trend before and after the implementation of range management plans. The data were analyzed and compared using parametric (t-paired) and non-parametric (Wilcoxon) tests. The results showed that the RMPs have increased the available forage production up to 14.7% (P<0.01). Also, range condition and trend had increased to 25% and 40% as compared to the control, respectively; but statistically, they had no significant effects. Although canopy cover percent of more range sites have increased, there was no significant effect. Thus, the execution of range management plans has relatively improved the range conditions but their positive effects were not clear for many range management plans. تفاصيل المقالة

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3 - The Effects of Climatic Parameters on Vegetation Cover and Forage Production of Four Grass Species in Semi-steppe Rangelands in Mazandaran Province, Iran
Mina Bayat Hossein Arzani Adel Jalili Saeedeh Nateghi

The vegetation cover and rangeland production are the most important factors to determine the proper planning system for effective utilization and management of rangelands. In this research, the effect of climatic factors (temperature and rainfall) were studied on veget أکثر

The vegetation cover and rangeland production are the most important factors to determine the proper planning system for effective utilization and management of rangelands. In this research, the effect of climatic factors (temperature and rainfall) were studied on vegetation cover and forage production of four species (Festuca ovina, Bromus tomentellus, Dactylis glomerata and Agropyron trichophorum) during 2002-2006 and in 2013 in a semi-steppe area in Polur rangeland, Mazandaran Province, Iran. The climatic factors were annual rainfall, growing season rainfall, growing season plus previous year rainfall, growing season rainfall of March, annual mean temperature and growing season temperature. For this purpose, some plots with a systematic distribution were selected. The vegetation cover and forage production were measured. The relationships between vegetation indices and climatic factors were assessed for each species using stepwise regression. The results demonstrated that the plant species had responded to rainfall and temperature fluctuations. However, the responses were different in various species. Among the important climatic factors, the growing season rainfall of March was the most effective index for B. tomentellus and A. trichophorum vegetation cover and forage production as well as on D. glomerata vegetation cover. The forage production of F ovina was influenced by the growing season plus the previous year rainfall. According to the results, the forage production and vegetation cover of these grass species could be estimated based on rainfall data. Therefore, with the knowledge of the effects of rainfall year fluctuations on vegetation indices over a long period, it is possible to make the necessary predictions for optimizing the management of rangelands. تفاصيل المقالة

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4 - The Effects of Deferred Grazing System on Vegetation Parameters in Semi-Arid Rangelands (Case Study: Jashlubar, Semnan, Iran)
Mojgansadat Azimi Moslem Mozafari

Rangeland management plan is one of the major means of management and utilization of rangelands in Iran. The formulation of these plans for the rangeland users should be studied from the ecological and socio-economic points of view. One of the main envisaged activities أکثر

Rangeland management plan is one of the major means of management and utilization of rangelands in Iran. The formulation of these plans for the rangeland users should be studied from the ecological and socio-economic points of view. One of the main envisaged activities in almost all the management plans is the grazing system. An experiment was used to study the effects of three deferred grazing systems (15, 30, 45 days delay) and control treatment (Non- grazed) on vegetation parameters in semi-arid rangelands of Jashlubar in Semnan province. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized block design (RCBD) with three replications over 6 years (2006-2011). In each experimental unit, data from three life forms of vegetation (shrub, forbs and grasses) were collected along a 30 m transect within ten fixed quadrates (0.5 × 0.6 m2) appropriate to vegetation sizes. In addition, forage productions of two life forms (forbs and grasses) were collected over 5 years. Data were analyzed using SAS software and means comparison was made based on Duncan’s method. The results showed the significant effects of deferred grazing systems on the growth of shrubs in terms of canopy cover. However, there were no significant differences between treatments for canopy cover percent of forbs and grasses. The lowest shrub canopy cover was obtained in 45-day delay of grazing. There were also significant effects of deferred grazing systems (15, 30 and 45 days delay) on forage production of both forbs and grasses (P<0.05). Result of means comparison showed that the best delay time for the rangeland utilization of this area considering the annual precipitation is the 15-day delay with the highest forage production for forbs and grasses and the highest cover percent for shrubs. تفاصيل المقالة

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5 - Investigation of Climatic Parameters Affecting Annual Forage Production in BidAlam rangeland, Abadeh, Fars Province, Iran
Hossein Arzani Eshagh Omidvar Saeed Mohtashamnia Seyed akbar Javadi Mohammad Jafary

Regardless the crop production, range and livestock management is unlikely to be possible. Considering the range production is essential for efficient and effective range management. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the rate of forage production a أکثر

Regardless the crop production, range and livestock management is unlikely to be possible. Considering the range production is essential for efficient and effective range management. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the rate of forage production and the effects of climate variables. For this purpose, forage yield of four range species including Artemisia sieberi, Scariola orientalis, Stipa atriseta, and Stachys inflate regarded as indices species was recorded in Bidalam rangeland, Fars province, Iran in a 10-year period (1998 to 2007) and then, the study continued for another two years (from 2016 to 2017). Forage yield was collected through cutting and weighing method in 60 random 2m2 plots along four 300 m transects during 12 years. Climatic parameters such as rainfall, temperature, relative humidity and sunshine periods were obtained from Abadeh weather station and used for estimation of forage yield in different growth periods of the year. The annual dry matter production of each species and sum of all species were used as dependent variables and climatic parameters were considered as independent ones using multivariate linear regression. The results showed that previous rainfall (rainy of growing season plus last year) had the highest effect on annual forage production of rangelands (R2=0.88). It was concluded that using regression analysis between annual rainfall and forage production in some indices species, the rangeland production of coming years could be estimated with high accuracy. تفاصيل المقالة

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6 - Comparison of Different Methods to Estimate Forage Production of Two Shrub Species Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.) Bieb and Halostachys caspica C. A. Mey (Case Study: Winter Rangelands of Golestan Province, Iran)
Zahra Mohebi Lyla Khalasi Ahwaz Gholam Ali Heshmati

Proper range management needs an accurate and updated method of rangelands production measurement. In range production measurements, selecting an accurate and low-cost method is very important. In the present study, three estimation methods including Adelaide technique, أکثر

Proper range management needs an accurate and updated method of rangelands production measurement. In range production measurements, selecting an accurate and low-cost method is very important. In the present study, three estimation methods including Adelaide technique, and double sampling using the 20 and 30% of vegetation cover were compared with clipping and weighing method (as control) in two shrub species of Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.) Bieb and Halostachys caspica C. A. Mey (in May 2017). In each vegetation area, two 300m length transects with 100m distance randomly were placed. Data were collected from 15 quadrates 4m2 along each transect systematically. In each plot, the vegetation cover and yield of two species were estimated and harvested. Data were analyzed regarding variance for each species and means comparison was done using Duncan method. Regression analysis was performed for each method between the estimated and actual clipping rates. The result showed that in H. strobilaceum, there were no significant differences between both double sampling with 20% and 30% and control. But higher estimation was obtained by Adelaide method than control. For H. caspica, there was no significant difference between both Adelaide and double sampling 30% with control. But the yield estimation of double sampling 20% was significantly higher than control. Also, the regression relationship was well matched to the data. It was concluded that the double sampling method was more suitable for H. strobilaceum species due to its symmetrical diameter of the canopy. The Adelaide method was recommended for H. caspica, which has separate foliage. تفاصيل المقالة

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7 - The Effect of Soil Moisture and Climatic Index of Evapotranspiration on Forage Production in Rangelands of Dehsir, Yazd province, Iran
Elham Fakhimi Hossein Arzani

Estimation of long-term pasture production using important factors of climate and soil characteristics on forage production is inevitable. Reduced water and precipitation is important factor limiting production of fodder, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Water us أکثر

Estimation of long-term pasture production using important factors of climate and soil characteristics on forage production is inevitable. Reduced water and precipitation is important factor limiting production of fodder, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Water use efficiency in these areas is the amount of water stored in the root orientation early in the growing season and water spread area of effective rainfall in the growing season that is used for evaporation and transpiration in plants. One of the important sections of the hydrological cycle is evapotranspiration. The transpiration directly affects forage production. The basis of estimating the water requirement of plants is the potential evapotranspiration which can be calculated by different methods. In this study, forage production in steppe rangelands of Dehsir, Yazd province, Iran were estimated using climatic index of potential and actual evapotranspiration and soil characteristics using Penman-Montith (Cropwat 8.0 software). The climatic data were provided from Dehshir Rainfall and Abarkooh Synoptic Station. Soil samples were taken by Auger at the beginning period of the growing season and soil moisture content was obtained weighing the soil before and after drying to constant weight in oven (100°C) in 2013. Then the regression model for estimation of forage production using soil moisture and evapotranspiration as independent variables was developed. The results showed that forage production had a strong correlation with the climatic index of actual evapotranspiration according to the estimation of actual evapotranspiration in a ten-year period, a model was provided for forage production as Ya=194.85+1.132(ETact). It could be said that actual evapotranspiration as an index for climate yield is one of the fundamental factors in estimating forage production. تفاصيل المقالة

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8 - Effects of Intermediate-Term Grazing Rest on the Vegetation Characteristics of Steppe Rangelands
Naser Baghestani Mohammadtaghi Zare Ehsan Zandi Sedighe Zarekia

The effects of grazing rest on rangelands are different in different climates and knowledge of these effects is necessary to apply correct management. For this purpose, this study was carried out on the percent vegetation cover (PVC) and forage production (FP) of range أکثر

The effects of grazing rest on rangelands are different in different climates and knowledge of these effects is necessary to apply correct management. For this purpose, this study was carried out on the percent vegetation cover (PVC) and forage production (FP) of range species at the Nir Range Research Station in Yazd province as a model of steppe rangelands of Iran. In the study area, different grazing intensities were applied until the end of the grazing season of 2006 and from then on, the whole area was under exclusion. PVC and FP were measured in each of the experimental plots once in May 2007 and again seven years later in May 2014. The results of vegetation data analysis in 2007 showed that the heavy grazing intensity applied in the past caused the reduced PVC and FP of two desirable species i.e. Salsola rigida and Stipa barbata as well as increased PVC and FP of Launaea acanthodes and increased forage production of Scariola orientalis as undesirable species. The results of vegetation data analysis in 2014 showed that the lowest PVC and FP of S.rigida was recorded in the experimental plots under heavy grazing intensity. In other experimental plots, there was no significant difference in PVC and FP of this species (p>0.05). There was no significant difference between PVC and FP of other species and total species in different experimental plots (p>0.05). Thus, during the 7-year rest period, although the negative effect of grazing on S.barbata is resolved, it remains on S.rigida and the resulting degradation is not completely compensated during this period and needs more time. Therefore, S.barbata showed better resistance to grazing as compared with S.rigida. According to the results, if steppe rangelands are grazed heavily in the short-term, intermediate-term grazing rest could improve the vegetation to the previous state. تفاصيل المقالة

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9 - Assessment of Forage Production and Its nutritional Values for Local Cattle Farming in Rangelands of Kupang Regency Indonesia
Edi Sulistijo Ifar Subagyo Siti Chuzaemi Herni Sudarwati

The rangeland potentials in Kupang regency, Indonesia, were evaluated by determining forages distribution, forages nutritional value, and growth performance of the cattle grazed or fed with forages grown in the area. Several rangelands namely Amarasi, Mamar Kering, and أکثر

The rangeland potentials in Kupang regency, Indonesia, were evaluated by determining forages distribution, forages nutritional value, and growth performance of the cattle grazed or fed with forages grown in the area. Several rangelands namely Amarasi, Mamar Kering, and Selobua were evaluated for its forages’ distribution from November to December 2015, while the reared cattle growth performance was observed for 12 months, starting from May 2016 to April 2017. A purposive sampling method was done to determine the forage distribution and a total of 22 cattle that fed in the areas were evaluated for its growth performances. The observed variables include forages distribution, nutritional value of the forages and cattle ration, feed intake (FI) and average daily gain (ADG) of the cattle. The forages distribution data were analyzed descriptively, while forages nutritional value and cattle growth were analyzed with nested ANOVA followed with LSD test to determine significant differences. The results showed that Mamar Kering had more plant species (77 species) compared to Amarasi (62 species) and Selobua (53 species) rangelands. The combination of Amarasi and Mamar Kering provides better forage availability (91.64%) compared to individual rangeland utilization (58.67 to 79.8%). The results also showed that different rangelands had a highly significant difference (P0.05) difference was found for crude protein, feed intake and ADG of the cattle. Moreover, the highest ADG cattle were found for Amarasi and Mamar Kering which reached 0.30 kg/cattle/day. The research concludes that the combination of Amarasi and Mamar Kering rangelands provide higher forage availability and better cattle growth compared to individual or another rangelands combination, with adjustment of forages and cattle ratio should be done to achieve efficient cattle production. تفاصيل المقالة

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10 - Effects of Mix Cropping of Alfalfa and Annual Ryegrass on Forage Production
Seyed Jalil Noorbakhshian

Mix cropping of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) may improve forage production in the rangeland and field conditions, especially in spring after the establishment year. In this study, the effects of different sowing rates of alfalfa and ann أکثر

Mix cropping of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) may improve forage production in the rangeland and field conditions, especially in spring after the establishment year. In this study, the effects of different sowing rates of alfalfa and annual ryegrass seeds in the replacement and additive series of mix cropping were evaluated on forage yield in first year after the establishment in Shahrekord, Iran. Treatments included 100-0, 80-20, 60-40, 40-60, 20-80, 0-100, 100-25 and 100-50 percent of alfalfa (A) and annual ryegrass (R) seeds, respectively. Results showed that the highest total annual forage Dry Matter (DM) yield was obtained from A80R20 with the average value of 13900 kg ha-1 that had no significant difference with pure alfalfa. DM yield was reduced when seed rate proportion of ryegrass increased from 60 to 100% in the replacement series and the least DM yield was obtained from pure ryegrass. There were no significant differences between the additive series (A100R25 and A100R50) and many replacement series treatments (A80R20, A60R40 andA40R60). Number of alfalfa stems as one of the yield components was reduced by increasing the ryegrass seed rate proportion in A80R20 to A20R80 and A100R50. The lowest number of alfalfa stems in cuts 3 and 4 was obtained for A20R80. In general, total DM yield and number of alfalfa stems in A80R20 and A60R40 of the replacement and in A100R25 of the additive series were similar as compared with pure alfalfa, particularly in cuts 3 and 4. Since alfalfa and ryegrass are perennial and annual crops respectively, it is reasonable that less ratio of ryegrass may be used in mix cropping for the stability of forage production in subsequent years. تفاصيل المقالة

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11 - Relationships Among Forage and Litter Production in Three Grazing Intensities in Nodooshan Rangeland (Yazd, Iran)
E. Fakhimi M. Mesdaghi Gh.A. Dianati Tilaki M. Tavan

Grazing management plays an important role in the continuous and economicutilization of pastures. Proper grazing management is a main factor for the accumulation ofplant litter which reduces soil erosion and increase the soil permeability to keep moremoisture in the soi أکثر

Grazing management plays an important role in the continuous and economicutilization of pastures. Proper grazing management is a main factor for the accumulation ofplant litter which reduces soil erosion and increase the soil permeability to keep moremoisture in the soil. In current study, the effect of three different grazing intensities (low,moderate and high) along with the grazing gradient on the forage production rate and plantlitter percentage was investigated on Nodooshan steppe pastures of Yazd, Iran. A randomizedcomplete block with three replications was used to compare three grazing methods. Data forforage production and litter percent were collected from a 2m2 quadrate in each plot. Theresults showed significant differences among grazing systems for both traits (P<0.05). Theresults showed that low grazing had the highest forage production. The regression equationbetween forage production and litter percentage were logarithmic in both moderate and highgrazing intensities. For low grazing intensity, the relationships between two traits showedquadratic egression and therefore, it was concluded that moderate grazing intensity was thebest in terms of both forge and litter production. تفاصيل المقالة

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12 - Assessment and Comparison of Different Methods for Estimating Forage Production (Case Study: Rangeland of Kurdistan Province)
Bahram Gholinejad Hassan PourBabaei Asghar Farajollahi Eiraj Parvane

Today, in the rangeland management science and determination of rangecapacity, accurate and true information about range production is crucial. In fact, rangeproduction is considered as a basis for range management. The aim of this study was tocompare different methods أکثر

Today, in the rangeland management science and determination of rangecapacity, accurate and true information about range production is crucial. In fact, rangeproduction is considered as a basis for range management. The aim of this study was tocompare different methods for the estimation of forage production with four samplingmethods in the rangelands of Kurdistan province, Iran. The sampling methods wereAdelaide technique, double sampling, estimating method, clipping and weighting method(control). A two-way analysis of variance was made to compare the methods andvegetation types. The estimating methods and plant vegetation types were considered astreatments and blocks, respectively. The results showed that Adelaide method had nosignificant difference with control method and was selected as the best method forestimating the plant production in the rangelands of study area with dominant shrub plants.A significant difference was obtained between control and estimation methods. Therefore,this method had lower accuracy for estimating the production of range plants. The resultsshowed that the composition of range plants was an effective factor on the accuracy ofestimating methods and also paying attention to ecosystem variability was an importantkey to achieve a suitable method in order to estimate the range production. A significantdifference was obtained between double sampling method and clipping and weightingmethod (control). It was due to various plant combinations of the study area. Therefore, thedouble sampling had lower efficiency than clipping and weighting method to estimatevarious plant species such as grasses, shrub and herbaceous plants. تفاصيل المقالة

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13 - Studying the Vegetation Changes of Natural Rangelands in Inche Shorezar of Agh Ghala, North Golestan Province, Iran
Seyyed Ali Hosseini Jamshid Khatir Namany Morteza Akbarzadeh

Studies on vegetation changes of rangelands under grazed and non-grazedconditions are of great importance in the range management planning programs. To determinethe change process of vegetation, this study was performed in Inche Shorezar site of Golestanprovince for nin أکثر

Studies on vegetation changes of rangelands under grazed and non-grazedconditions are of great importance in the range management planning programs. To determinethe change process of vegetation, this study was performed in Inche Shorezar site of Golestanprovince for nine years (1997-2005). The vegetation parameters were measured every year inseveral fixed plots inside and adjacent of exclosures. The canopy cover of each species wasestimated in each plot. Forage production was randomly measured on one meter square plotsin each year using the clipping and weighing method. Correlations between canopy cover ofspecies and growth forms with the rainfall of different months and periods were calculatedusing SPSS software. Results showed that total canopy cover in 2005 was significantly higherthan 1997 both inside and adjacent of exclosures which has been mainly related to increasedannual plant cover but the perennial canopy cover was decreased in these years. Perennialspecies of (class I) did not grow inside the fixed plots. Cover of increasers (class II) specieswas reduced from the first year to the final one for both inside and adjacent of exclosures.However, the cover of (class III) species in the final year was not significantly increased thanthat for the first year. Forage production generally was higher inside than adjacent ofexclosures. Litter increased during the study period for both inside and adjacent. Litter wassignificantly higher inside of exclosures than adjacent in 2005. Although the plant canopycover was affected by rainfall but correlation coefficient was statistically significant only fortotal, annual and some perennial canopy cover species. Although total and annual cover washigh inside and adjacent of exclosures in 2005, the cover of perennials was decreased. By thereduction of palatable species, unpalatable species were increased inside and adjacent.Although by increasing the plant cover, the range condition was relatively improved, thisimprovement was achieved by the increase in the annuals instead of perennials. It wasconcluded that the exclosure cannot be used as a range improvement method to improve theserangelands’ conditions. For the rehabilitation of these areas, human interference is necessary. تفاصيل المقالة

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