Synthesis and evaluation of antibacterial properties of green copper oxide nanoparticles from Hypericum perforatum plant extract and Marrubium Vulgare
الموضوعات : Journal of Nanoanalysis
Ashkan Farazin
1
(Department of Solid Mechanics, Mechanical Engineering University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran)
Shirin Kavezadeh
2
(Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Isfahan, Iran, P.O. Box 81746-73441)
الکلمات المفتاحية: Hypericum Perforatum, Antibacterial Properties, Scanning electron microscope, Marrubium Vulgare, Industrial antibiotics,
ملخص المقالة :
In the present study, copper oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using Hypericum perforatum plant extract from the Malpican family and Marrubium Vulgare plant from the mint family. Since it is believed that the antioxidants in the plant reduce the reduction of metal ions to nanoparticles as reducing agents, these two plants were tested for their antioxidant properties by the free radical scavenging method, and the IC50 quantity was measured. Hypericum perforatum plant with IC50 equivalent to 0.413 had more antioxidant content than Marrubium Vulgare plant with IC50 equivalent to 1.562, so it was superior in the process of green synthesis. The properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Visible). The presence of a metal-oxygen bond was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). X-ray energy diffraction spectra showed the purity of the synthesized nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were observed with spherical morphology and size distribution of 30 to 40 nm and with uniform size distribution. The results of the XRD spectrum showed that pH adjustment did not affect the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles. The nanoparticles synthesized against the two bacteria used in this present study did not show significant antibacterial properties compared to industrial antibiotics.
References
[1] Patel HA, Somani RS, Bajaj HC, Jasra R V. Nanoclays for polymer nanocomposites, paints, inks, greases and cosmetics formulations, drug delivery vehicle and waste water treatment. Bull Mater Sci 2006;29:133–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02704606.
[2] Chakrabarti OP, Maiti HS, Majumdar R. Biomimetic synthesis of cellular SiC based ceramics from plant precursor. Bull Mater Sci 2004;27:467–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02708565.
[3] Snigdha S, Kalarikkal N, Thomas S, Radhakrishnan EK. Laponite® clay/poly(ethylene oxide) gel beads for delivery of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Bull Mater Sci 2021;44:107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-021-02383-9.
[4] VANATHI P, RAJIV P, SIVARAJ R. Synthesis and characterization of Eichhornia-mediated copper oxide nanoparticles and assessing their antifungal activity against plant pathogens. Bull Mater Sci 2016;39:1165–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-016-1276-x.
[5] ELEMIKE EE, ONWUDIWE DC, ARIJEH O, NWANKWO HU. Plant-mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by leaf extracts of Lasienthra africanum and a study of the influence of kinetic parameters. Bull Mater Sci 2017;40:129–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-017-1362-8.
[6] Tang Z, Kong N, Ouyang J, Feng C, Kim NY, Ji X, et al. Phosphorus Science-Oriented Design and Synthesis of Multifunctional Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications. Matter 2020;2:297–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2019.12.007.
[7] Rajakumar G, Mao L, Bao T, Wen W, Wang S, Gomathi T, et al. Yttrium Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis: An Overview of Methods of Preparation and Biomedical Applications. Appl Sci 2021;11:2172. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052172.
[8] Farazin A, Mohammadimehr M. Nano research for investigating the effect of SWCNTs dimensions on the properties of the simulated nanocomposites: a molecular dynamics simulation. Adv Nano Res 2020;9:83–90.
[9] Khandan A, Saber-Samandari S, Telloo M, Kazeroni ZS, Esmaeili S, Sheikhbahaei E, et al. A Mitral Heart Valve Prototype Using Sustainable Polyurethane Polymer: Fabricated by 3D Bioprinter, Tested by Molecular Dynamics Simulation. AUT J Mech Eng 2020.
[10] Arani AG, Farazin A, Mohammadimehr M. The effect of nanoparticles on enhancement of the specific mechanical properties of the composite structures: A review research. Adv Nano Res 2021;10:327.
[11] Farazin A, Mohammadimehr M, Ghasemi AH, Naeimi H. Design, preparation, and characterization of CS/PVA/SA hydrogels modified with mesoporous Ag 2 O/SiO 2 and curcumin nanoparticles for green, biocompatible, and antibacterial biopolymer film. RSC Adv 2021;11:32775–91. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1RA05153A.
[12] Farazin A, Khan A. An extensive study on strain dependence of glass fiber-reinforced polymer-based composites. J Strain Anal Eng Des 2021:030932472110437. https://doi.org/10.1177/03093247211043714.
[13] Eyvazian A, Zhang C, Musharavati F, Farazin A, Mohammadimehr M, Khan A. Effects of appearance characteristics on the mechanical properties of defective SWCNTs: using finite element methods and molecular dynamics simulation. Eur Phys J Plus 2021;136:946. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-021-01840-y.
[14] Farazin A, Mohammadimehr M. Computer modeling to forecast accurate of efficiency parameters of different size of graphene platelet, carbon, and boron nitride nanotubes: A molecular dynamics simulation. Comput Concr 2021;27:111.
[15] Farazin A, Akbari Aghdam H, Motififard M, Aghadavoudi F, Kordjamshidi A, Saber-Samandari S, et al. A polycaprolactone bio-nanocomposite bone substitute fabricated for femoral fracture approaches: molecular dynamic and micromechanical investigation. J Nanoanalysis 2019;6:172–84.
[16] Farazin A, Torkpour Z, Dehghani S, Mohammadi R, Fahmy MD, Saber-Samandari S, et al. A Review on Polymeric Wound Dress for the Treatment of Burns and Diabetic Wounds. Int J Basic Sci Med 2021;6:44–50.
[17] Arani AG, Farazin A, Mohammadimehr M, Lenjannejadian S. Energy harvesting of sandwich beam with laminated composite core and piezoelectric face sheets under external fluid flow. SMART Struct Syst 2021;27:641–50.
[18] Farazin A, Mohammadimehr M, Ghorbanpour-Arani A. Simulation of different carbon structures on significant mechanical and physical properties based on MDs method. Struct Eng Mech 2021;78:691–702.
[19] Pan T, Khalil IE, Xu Z, Li H, Zhang X, Xiao G, et al. Spatial compartmentalization of metal nanoparticles within metal-organic frameworks for tandem reaction. Nano Res 2022;15:1178–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-021-3621-7.
[20] Huang X, Zhu Y, Kianfar E. Nano Biosensors: Properties, applications and electrochemical techniques. J Mater Res Technol 2021;12:1649–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.03.048.
[21] Al-Hakkani MF. Biogenic copper nanoparticles and their applications: A review. SN Appl Sci 2020;2:505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2279-1.
[22] Farazin A, Sahmani S, Soleimani M, Kolooshani A, Saber-Samandari S, Khandan A. Effect of hexagonal structure nanoparticles on the morphological performance of the ceramic scaffold using analytical oscillation response. Ceram Int 2021;47:18339–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.03.155.
[23] Tauran Y, Brioude A, Coleman AW, Rhimi M, Kim B. Molecular recognition by gold, silver and copper nanoparticles. World J Biol Chem 2013;4:35. https://doi.org/10.4331/wjbc.v4.i3.35.
[24] Zhang T, Sun Y, Hang L, Li H, Liu G, Zhang X, et al. Periodic Porous Alloyed Au–Ag Nanosphere Arrays and Their Highly Sensitive SERS Performance with Good Reproducibility and High Density of Hotspots. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018;10:9792–801. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b17461.
[25] Eisa WH, Abdelgawad AM, Rojas OJ. Solid-State Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Cellulose Nanocrystals and Their Catalytic Activity. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2018;6:3974–83. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b04333.
[26] Farazin A, Ghasemi AH. Design, Synthesis, and Fabrication of Chitosan/Hydroxyapatite Composite Scaffold for Use as Bone Replacement Tissue by Sol–Gel Method. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-022-02343-8.
[27] Ghasemi AH, Farazin A, Mohammadimehr M, Naeimi H. Fabrication and characterization of biopolymers with antibacterial nanoparticles and Calendula officinalis flower extract as an active ingredient for modern hydrogel wound dressings. Mater Today Commun 2022;31:103513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.103513.
[28] Kavezadeh S, Farazin A, Hosseinzadeh A. Supercomputing of reducing sequenced bases in de novo sequencing of the human genome. J Supercomput 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-022-04449-9.
[29] Farazin A, Mohammadimehr M. Effect of different parameters on the tensile properties of printed Polylactic acid samples by FDM: experimental design tested with MDs simulation. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 2022;118:103–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07330-w.
[30] Farazin A, Aghadavoudi F, Motififard M, Saber-Samandari S, Khandan A. Nanostructure, molecular dynamics simulation and mechanical performance of PCL membranes reinforced with antibacterial nanoparticles. J Appl Comput Mech 2021;7:1907–15.
[31] Katheresan V, Kansedo J, Lau SY. Efficiency of various recent wastewater dye removal methods: A review. J Environ Chem Eng 2018;6:4676–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.06.060.
[32] Vishveshvar K, Aravind Krishnan M V., Haribabu K, Vishnuprasad S. Green Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Ixiro coccinea Plant Leaves and its Characterization. Bionanoscience 2018;8:554–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-018-0508-5.
[33] Yugandhar P, Vasavi T, Jayavardhana Rao Y, Uma Maheswari Devi P, Narasimha G, Savithramma N. Cost Effective, Green Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Fruit Extract of Syzygium alternifolium (Wt.) Walp., Characterization and Evaluation of Antiviral Activity. J Clust Sci 2018;29:743–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-018-1395-1.
[34] Awwad A, Amer M. Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Ailanthus altissima leaf extract and antibacterial activity. Chem Int 2020.
[35] Singh J, Kumar V, Kim K-H, Rawat M. Biogenic synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using plant extract and its prodigious potential for photocatalytic degradation of dyes. Environ Res 2019;177:108569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108569.
[36] Sarkar J, Chakraborty N, Chatterjee A, Bhattacharjee A, Dasgupta D, Acharya K. Green Synthesized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Ameliorate Defence and Antioxidant Enzymes in Lens culinaris. Nanomaterials 2020;10:312. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10020312.
[37] Assirey EAR. Perovskite synthesis, properties and their related biochemical and industrial application. Saudi Pharm J 2019;27:817–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2019.05.003.
[38] Pandiyarajan T, Udayabhaskar R, Vignesh S, James RA, Karthikeyan B. Synthesis and concentration dependent antibacterial activities of CuO nanoflakes. Mater Sci Eng C 2013;33:2020–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2013.01.021.
[39] Ellmer K. Past achievements and future challenges in the development of optically transparent electrodes. Nat Photonics 2012;6:809–17. https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2012.282.
[40] Hossain SS, Mathur L, Roy PK. Rice husk/rice husk ash as an alternative source of silica in ceramics: A review. J Asian Ceram Soc 2018;6:299–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/21870764.2018.1539210.
[41] Hossain SS, Roy PK. Sustainable ceramics derived from solid wastes: a review. J Asian Ceram Soc 2020;8:984–1009. https://doi.org/10.1080/21870764.2020.1815348.
[42] Vilà M, Maron JL, Marco L. Evidence for the enemy release hypothesis in Hypericum perforatum. Oecologia 2005;142:474–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1731-z.
Synthesis and evaluation of antibacterial properties of green copper oxide nanoparticles from Hypericum perforatum plant extract and Marrubium Vulgare
Abstract
In the present study, copper oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using Hypericum perforatum plant extract from the Malpican family and Marrubium Vulgare plant from the mint family. Since it is believed that the antioxidants in the plant reduce the reduction of metal ions to nanoparticles as reducing agents, these two plants were tested for their antioxidant properties by the free radical scavenging method, and the IC50 quantity was measured. Hypericum perforatum plant with IC50 equivalent to 0.413 had more antioxidant content than Marrubium Vulgare plant with IC50 equivalent to 1.562, so it was superior in the process of green synthesis. The properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Visible). The presence of a metal-oxygen bond was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). X-ray energy diffraction spectra showed the purity of the synthesized nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were observed with spherical morphology and size distribution of 30 to 40 nm and with uniform size distribution. The results of the XRD spectrum showed that pH adjustment did not affect the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles. The nanoparticles synthesized against the two bacteria used in this present study did not show significant antibacterial properties compared to industrial antibiotics.
Keywords: Marrubium Vulgare, Hypericum perforatum, Scanning electron microscope, Antibacterial properties, Industrial antibiotics, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
1. Introduction
Undoubtedly, the use of medicinal plants is the oldest human approach to treating diseases and there has always been a close relationship between man and plant [1–3]. Therefore, plants can be considered as a source of potentially useful chemicals, which can be considered not only as medicine but also as a unique model for the production of natural alternative chemicals [4,5]. In recent decades, the preparation and study of nanoparticles have attracted the attention of scientists in various fields of basic and applied sciences [6,7]. Nanotechnology means the study and development of materials at the atomic, molecular, and macromolecular scales, which leads to the manipulation of building blocks of materials and their conversion to a scale of 1-100 nm [8–13]. According to this definition, it is clear that the effects of quantum mechanics are of particular importance at this scale [14–18]. In recent years, the use of metal nanoparticles has found many applications in new technology [19]. Metal nanoparticles such as gold, silver, and copper nanoparticles are designed nanoparticles that have suitable electronic, catalytic, and optical properties, and because of these desirable properties of such nanoparticles in areas such as sensor fabrication and fabrication [20–22]. Catalysts are widely used. Metal nanoparticles, such as gold, silver, and copper nanoparticles, are designed nanoparticles that have appropriate electronic, catalytic, and optical properties, and because of these desirable properties of such nanoparticles in areas such as sensor construction [23]. Also, metal nanoparticles have been highly regarded due to their properties such as surface Plasmon resonance, optical properties, good catalytic performance, good antimicrobial activity, as well as high surface-to-volume ratio, and controlled porosity [24,25]. There are various methods for the preparation of metal nanoparticles such as chemical reduction, hydrothermal, microemulsion, and the use of lasers, among which the synthesis of metal nanoparticles by the chemical method is widely used [26–30]. These methods, known as chemical methods, are very expensive, and in the process of preparing nanoparticles are harmful, toxic, and very dangerous chemicals, which lead to environmental problems [31]. Therefore, materialists and nanochemists are looking for an alternative and environmentally friendly method for the preparation of metal nanoparticles. In recent years, the method of biosynthesis using plant extracts has received more attention than physical and chemical methods. Synthesis is green, simple, low cost, non-toxic, environmentally friendly, and efficient to operate. The use of plant extracts for the synthesis of nanoparticles through a biological process is very beneficial from an environmental point of view. Vishveshvar et al. [32] synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles with a size distribution of 80 to 110 nm using Ixiro coccinea leaves in an environmentally friendly manner. Yugandhar et al. [33] synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles using the fruit extract of Syzygium alternifolium in a spherical shape at a size of 69 nm and then examined its antiviral properties against Newcastle virus. Awwad and Amer [34] synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of Ailanthus altissima leaves in a spherical shape with an average size of 20 nm and then investigated its antibacterial properties. Singh et al. [35] synthesized spherical oxide nanoparticles using Psidium guajava leaf extract in a spherical shape with a size distribution of 2 to 6 nm. Sarkar et al. [36] synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles using the extract of Adiantum lunulatum in a spherical, pure, and very stable form with a diameter of approximately 6.5 nm. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO) are one of the most important intermediate metal oxides that have unique properties and they are used in various technologies such as technologies related to superconductors, gas sensors, etc [37]. CuO has recently been used as an antimicrobial agent against several bacterial species [38]. Copper nano oxide plays an important role in today's industrial world, this material has a variety of applications in the electronics and electrical industries due to its conductive and semiconductor capabilities [39]. This product is widely used as a catalyst in the oil and gas and petrochemical industries and the industries of glass, glaze, tiles, and ceramics as well as other chemical industries [40,41]. In this paper, for the first time, the use of tea grass extract and white fraction for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles has been reported, and also the effect of pH regulation on the synthesis process was investigated. The effects of synthesized nanoparticles on two Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are shown.
2. Experimental
2.1 Preparation of Hypericum perforatum and Marrubium Vulgare
Hypericum perforatum plant of the Malpician family and of the species H. perforatum, which is found as a vehicle in wheat and cornfields [42]. This plant also has high antioxidant properties that its role in the treatment of depression is undeniable (Fig. 1a). Marrubium Vulgare is a flowering plant of the mint family (Fig. 1b).
Fig. 1 (a) Hypericum perforatum (b) Marrubium Vulgare
This plant has antioxidant properties that are useful in treating diabetes, cough, chest disorders, regulating heart rate, and reducing menstrual pain. The plants were dried in the shade after collection and disinfection.
2.2 Extraction of Hypericum perforatum and Marrubium Vulgare plant
Aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum and Marrubium Vulgare after collected and approved by a botanist, washed with distilled water, and then dried at room temperature. The dried plant was crushed separately with an electric grinder and prepared as a uniform, fine powder. 20 g of the prepared powder was poured into a clean Erlenmeyer flask and 200 g of deionized water was added to it. Stir and then boil the solution for 15 min and after cooling, strain through filter paper to completely separate the solid particles, the solution under the strainer for later use in a dark closed container in the refrigerator (4° C) was maintained.
2.3 Comparison of antioxidant properties of Hypericum perforatum and Marrubium Vulgare by DPPH method
For this purpose, free radical DPPH and synthetic antioxidant butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) were used. The percentage of oxidation inhibition of each sample can be calculated by the following equation:
(1)
Where %AI, Acontrol, and Asample are Percentage of inhibition, Adsorption of control solution at 517 nm, and Sample absorption at 517 nm respectively. By plotting the %AI curve against different concentrations of the extract, the value of IC50 for each extract was determined. GraphPad Prism software was used to calculate the IC50 of the extracts. According to the IC50 values obtained from the two studied plants, it was found that the antioxidant property of the Hypericum perforatum is higher than that of Marrubium Vulgare. See Fig. (2) for a specific antioxidant comparison of the extracts of the two plants.
Fig. 2 Comparison of IC50 for BHT and Marrubium Vulgare and Hypericum perforatum extract
2.4 Synthesis of green copper oxide nanoparticles
Pour the anhydrous copper sulfate solution into a separate small glass Erlenmeyer flask, then raise the temperature of the solution to 100-120 ° C while the Erlenmeyer is on a magnetic stirrer, then add 2 ml of the plant extract to the broth drop by drop.
At first, the blue color of the solution turned green, and after 24 hours of continuous stirring, the color of the solution turned Terra Cotta. Aluminum cap is placed on Erlenmeyer for 24 h to ensure good synthesis of nanoparticles and no side reactions in the presence of air.
After synthesizing, the solution containing the nanoparticles is centrifuged at 5500 rpm for 15 min and the resulting powder is placed in an oven at 90 ° C overnight to dry. The obtained nanoparticles were stored in a dark container for identification and spectroscopy. This synthesis method was performed for both Hypericum perforatum extracts and Marrubium Vulgare. But the synthesis results showed that the solution obtained from Hypericum perforatum extract does not contain synthetic nanoparticles. This is probably due to the lower antioxidant properties of the Marrubium Vulgare plant compared to the Hypericum perforatum plant.
2.5 Synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles by adjusting pH
In this method, we act like the above method, with the difference that this time, before adding the extract, we increase the pH content of copper sulfate to seven and then add the extract.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Visible-ultraviolet light spectroscopy (UV-Vis)
The synthesized nanoparticles were first investigated by visible-ultraviolet light spectroscopy at a wavelength of 200-700 nm using quartz coats and plant extracts as controls. Visible-ultraviolet spectroscopy is one of the methods used in experimental sciences to study scientific and practical information, using the interaction of light and spectroscopic material. In metal nanoparticles, surface Plasmon resonance is due to their unique optical properties, which undergo factors such as the size of the nanoparticles, their distance from each other, and the refractive index of the surrounding environment. The displacement of the peaks and the thinning of their intensity and the formation of thinning in the observed colors are among the factors that depend on the size of the nanoparticles. Therefore, the optical properties of nanoparticles depend on the diameter of the nanoparticles. Larger nanoparticles show more dispersion and have wider peaks and change to longer wavelengths. Pour 4 μl of the extract containing nanoparticles into 16 cells so that they do not bubble and place them in the embedded position of the device. The peak in the range of 200-400 nm indicates the presence of copper oxide nanoparticles (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5 (UV-Vis) spectrum of colloidal composition containing copper oxide nanoparticles
3.2 Nanoparticle X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy
X-ray diffraction is an old and widely used technique in studying the properties of crystals. In this method, X-ray diffraction by the sample is used to investigate the characteristics of the sample. XRD can be used to determine the general quantities of crystalline hardness such as lattice constant, lattice geometry, quality determination of unknown materials, crystal phase determination, crystal size determination, single-crystal orientation, etc. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles is shown in (Fig. 6). XRD analysis was performed to prove copper oxide metal nanocrystals. Based on the findings, synthetic copper oxide metal nanocrystals are given at the level of 20-30 peaks, which is completely consistent with the standard sample of copper oxide nanocrystals.
Fig. 6 XRD spectrum of copper oxide nanoparticles synthesized from Hypericum perforatum extract
3.3 Scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging
The shape and size distributions of the synthesized nanoparticles were examined by scanning electron microscopy image analysis, a vacuum medium is required to work with the electron microscope. SEM analysis was used to determine the size of nanoparticles and study their morphology. To prepare the samples, the extracted powder from the initial solution was glued to the sample holder. Then a very thin layer of gold with a thickness of 10 nm was applied to that layer by the sputtering method. After preparing the samples, the images were taken by scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). According to Fig. 7, copper oxide nanostructures were observed as nanospheres with a diameter of approximately 32-36 nm.
Fig. 7 SEM spectrum of copper oxide nanoparticles synthesized from Hypericum perforatum extract (a) 50.0 KX (b) 100KX
3.4 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is one of the most widely used methods in qualitative identification of different molecules, determination of the molecular structure of different species (especially organic species), and identification of functional groups in the structure of a species. This method investigated synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles. FTIR spectroscopy was performed to identify the molecules in the nanoparticles synthesized from the Hypericum perforatum extract. To prepare the powder sample for analysis, 20 ml of suspension containing copper oxide nanoparticles and 20 ml of suspension without copper oxide nanoparticles were centrifuged separately for 10 min at 6500 rpm. After pouring out the top phase, the samples were dried in a freeze dryer for 72 hours. For analysis of powder obtained from FTIR device model Tensor27 made in Germany was used. The triple peak in the range of 500-700 and the strong peak in the range of 2800-4000 indicate the presence of copper oxide nanoparticles. he wide peak in the 3000-3600 region represents the tensile vibration of the O-H group, in the 2990 tensile region of the C-H group, in the 1651 tensile region C = O and N-H, and the 1042 and 1422 regions related to the tensile movement of the C-O slate. Since the organic compounds of plant extracts are placed around the nanoparticles and cause the stability of the nanoparticles, so in the FTIR spectrum, movements related to these organic groups can be seen (Fig. 8).
Fig. 8 FTIR spectrum of copper oxide nanoparticles synthesized from Hypericum perforatum extract
3.5 Investigation of X-ray energy diffraction spectrum (EDS) of copper oxide nanostructures
According to the EDS spectrum of copper oxide nanoparticles shown in Fig. 9, the presence of the element copper is confirmed. The purity of the synthesized nanoparticles is very high. However, a small amount of Cu+2 ions can still be seen in the environment, which can be due to incomplete solid washing by centrifugation.
Fig. 9 EDS spectrum of copper oxide nanoparticles synthesized from Hypericum perforatum extract
3.6 Investigation of antibacterial properties
The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized nanoparticles was investigated under optimal conditions on two bacterial species including a gram-negative bacterium (Escherichia coli) and a gram-positive bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus). In this investigation the growth inhibition halo of nanoparticles and control antibiotics against (a) Staphylococcus aureus and (b) Escherichia coli. The results obtained from the antibacterial activity of these nanoparticles were compared with the antibiotic species used as controls in this experiment. According to the results, the two bacteria did not show much sensitivity to copper oxide nanoparticles, which could be due to changes in the concentration and size of nanoparticles, which affects the antimicrobial properties.
4. Conclusion
In this paper, the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles was performed using the aqueous extract of the Hypericum perforatum plant and the aqueous extract of the Marrubium Vulgare plant with the help of copper sulfate salt solution. However, the method used for Marrubium Vulgare plant extract did not lead to the synthesis of oxidant nanoparticles. The reason may be due to the low antioxidant properties of this plant and thus reduce its regenerative power. Therefore, we succeeded in synthesizing copper oxide nanoparticles only from Hypericum perforatum plant extract. UV-Visible spectral studies of copper oxide nanoparticles showed that the color of the samples changed from light blue to brown due to the reduction of copper ions in copper cellulose phosphate salt solution by reducing agents in Hypericum perforatum plant extract and production of nanoparticles. The maximum adsorption of copper oxide nanoparticles was observed between 200-400 nm. The XRD spectrum of the synthesized nanoparticles demonstrated the presence of copper oxide nanocrystals in the Hypericum perforatum plant extract. Also, the study of SEM images of synthesized nanoparticles showed that the synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles are mainly spherical with a thickness of approximately 33 nm. Also, the images show a uniform distribution of the size of synthetic particles, which is one of the advantages of using this method. FT-IR spectroscopy was performed to identify the Cu-O bond. The triple peak in the range of 700-500 cm-1 and the strong peak in the range of 14000-2800 cm-1 indicates the presence of copper oxide nanoparticles. The EDS spectrum also shows the purity of the synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles. The results of antibacterial tests revealed the effect of synthesized copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles against two target bacteria. The mean drop of growth inhibition for the two tested bacteria compared to the two types of antibiotics indicates that the extract containing the synthesized nanoparticles of the Hypericum perforatum had very little antibacterial effect, which could result from changes in the concentration of the extract or salt solution used for The synthesis of nanoparticles and consequently the size of nanoparticles is reduced.
Consent to Publish
The article is approved by all authors for publication.
Authors Contributions
Ashkan Farazin performed the experimental calculations. Ms. Kavehzadeh proof the language of the manuscript. Authors contributing to the final version of the manuscript.
Funding
This article is done at personal expense.
Competing Interest
No conflict of interest exists in the submission of this article.
Availability of data and materials
Data required to reproduce these findings have been given in the text.
Ethical Approval
Not applicable
Consent to Participate
Not applicable
References
[1] Patel HA, Somani RS, Bajaj HC, Jasra R V. Nanoclays for polymer nanocomposites, paints, inks, greases and cosmetics formulations, drug delivery vehicle and waste water treatment. Bull Mater Sci 2006;29:133–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02704606.
[2] Chakrabarti OP, Maiti HS, Majumdar R. Biomimetic synthesis of cellular SiC based ceramics from plant precursor. Bull Mater Sci 2004;27:467–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02708565.
[3] Snigdha S, Kalarikkal N, Thomas S, Radhakrishnan EK. Laponite® clay/poly(ethylene oxide) gel beads for delivery of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Bull Mater Sci 2021;44:107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-021-02383-9.
[4] VANATHI P, RAJIV P, SIVARAJ R. Synthesis and characterization of Eichhornia-mediated copper oxide nanoparticles and assessing their antifungal activity against plant pathogens. Bull Mater Sci 2016;39:1165–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-016-1276-x.
[5] ELEMIKE EE, ONWUDIWE DC, ARIJEH O, NWANKWO HU. Plant-mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by leaf extracts of Lasienthra africanum and a study of the influence of kinetic parameters. Bull Mater Sci 2017;40:129–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-017-1362-8.
[6] Tang Z, Kong N, Ouyang J, Feng C, Kim NY, Ji X, et al. Phosphorus Science-Oriented Design and Synthesis of Multifunctional Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications. Matter 2020;2:297–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2019.12.007.
[7] Rajakumar G, Mao L, Bao T, Wen W, Wang S, Gomathi T, et al. Yttrium Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis: An Overview of Methods of Preparation and Biomedical Applications. Appl Sci 2021;11:2172. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052172.
[8] Farazin A, Mohammadimehr M. Nano research for investigating the effect of SWCNTs dimensions on the properties of the simulated nanocomposites: a molecular dynamics simulation. Adv Nano Res 2020;9:83–90.
[9] Khandan A, Saber-Samandari S, Telloo M, Kazeroni ZS, Esmaeili S, Sheikhbahaei E, et al. A Mitral Heart Valve Prototype Using Sustainable Polyurethane Polymer: Fabricated by 3D Bioprinter, Tested by Molecular Dynamics Simulation. AUT J Mech Eng 2020.
[10] Arani AG, Farazin A, Mohammadimehr M. The effect of nanoparticles on enhancement of the specific mechanical properties of the composite structures: A review research. Adv Nano Res 2021;10:327.
[11] Farazin A, Mohammadimehr M, Ghasemi AH, Naeimi H. Design, preparation, and characterization of CS/PVA/SA hydrogels modified with mesoporous Ag 2 O/SiO 2 and curcumin nanoparticles for green, biocompatible, and antibacterial biopolymer film. RSC Adv 2021;11:32775–91. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1RA05153A.
[12] Farazin A, Khan A. An extensive study on strain dependence of glass fiber-reinforced polymer-based composites. J Strain Anal Eng Des 2021:030932472110437. https://doi.org/10.1177/03093247211043714.
[13] Eyvazian A, Zhang C, Musharavati F, Farazin A, Mohammadimehr M, Khan A. Effects of appearance characteristics on the mechanical properties of defective SWCNTs: using finite element methods and molecular dynamics simulation. Eur Phys J Plus 2021;136:946. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-021-01840-y.
[14] Farazin A, Mohammadimehr M. Computer modeling to forecast accurate of efficiency parameters of different size of graphene platelet, carbon, and boron nitride nanotubes: A molecular dynamics simulation. Comput Concr 2021;27:111.
[15] Farazin A, Akbari Aghdam H, Motififard M, Aghadavoudi F, Kordjamshidi A, Saber-Samandari S, et al. A polycaprolactone bio-nanocomposite bone substitute fabricated for femoral fracture approaches: molecular dynamic and micromechanical investigation. J Nanoanalysis 2019;6:172–84.
[16] Farazin A, Torkpour Z, Dehghani S, Mohammadi R, Fahmy MD, Saber-Samandari S, et al. A Review on Polymeric Wound Dress for the Treatment of Burns and Diabetic Wounds. Int J Basic Sci Med 2021;6:44–50.
[17] Arani AG, Farazin A, Mohammadimehr M, Lenjannejadian S. Energy harvesting of sandwich beam with laminated composite core and piezoelectric face sheets under external fluid flow. SMART Struct Syst 2021;27:641–50.
[18] Farazin A, Mohammadimehr M, Ghorbanpour-Arani A. Simulation of different carbon structures on significant mechanical and physical properties based on MDs method. Struct Eng Mech 2021;78:691–702.
[19] Pan T, Khalil IE, Xu Z, Li H, Zhang X, Xiao G, et al. Spatial compartmentalization of metal nanoparticles within metal-organic frameworks for tandem reaction. Nano Res 2022;15:1178–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-021-3621-7.
[20] Huang X, Zhu Y, Kianfar E. Nano Biosensors: Properties, applications and electrochemical techniques. J Mater Res Technol 2021;12:1649–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.03.048.
[21] Al-Hakkani MF. Biogenic copper nanoparticles and their applications: A review. SN Appl Sci 2020;2:505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2279-1.
[22] Farazin A, Sahmani S, Soleimani M, Kolooshani A, Saber-Samandari S, Khandan A. Effect of hexagonal structure nanoparticles on the morphological performance of the ceramic scaffold using analytical oscillation response. Ceram Int 2021;47:18339–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.03.155.
[23] Tauran Y, Brioude A, Coleman AW, Rhimi M, Kim B. Molecular recognition by gold, silver and copper nanoparticles. World J Biol Chem 2013;4:35. https://doi.org/10.4331/wjbc.v4.i3.35.
[24] Zhang T, Sun Y, Hang L, Li H, Liu G, Zhang X, et al. Periodic Porous Alloyed Au–Ag Nanosphere Arrays and Their Highly Sensitive SERS Performance with Good Reproducibility and High Density of Hotspots. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018;10:9792–801. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b17461.
[25] Eisa WH, Abdelgawad AM, Rojas OJ. Solid-State Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Cellulose Nanocrystals and Their Catalytic Activity. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2018;6:3974–83. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b04333.
[26] Farazin A, Ghasemi AH. Design, Synthesis, and Fabrication of Chitosan/Hydroxyapatite Composite Scaffold for Use as Bone Replacement Tissue by Sol–Gel Method. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-022-02343-8.
[27] Ghasemi AH, Farazin A, Mohammadimehr M, Naeimi H. Fabrication and characterization of biopolymers with antibacterial nanoparticles and Calendula officinalis flower extract as an active ingredient for modern hydrogel wound dressings. Mater Today Commun 2022;31:103513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.103513.
[28] Kavezadeh S, Farazin A, Hosseinzadeh A. Supercomputing of reducing sequenced bases in de novo sequencing of the human genome. J Supercomput 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-022-04449-9.
[29] Farazin A, Mohammadimehr M. Effect of different parameters on the tensile properties of printed Polylactic acid samples by FDM: experimental design tested with MDs simulation. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 2022;118:103–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07330-w.
[30] Farazin A, Aghadavoudi F, Motififard M, Saber-Samandari S, Khandan A. Nanostructure, molecular dynamics simulation and mechanical performance of PCL membranes reinforced with antibacterial nanoparticles. J Appl Comput Mech 2021;7:1907–15.
[31] Katheresan V, Kansedo J, Lau SY. Efficiency of various recent wastewater dye removal methods: A review. J Environ Chem Eng 2018;6:4676–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.06.060.
[32] Vishveshvar K, Aravind Krishnan M V., Haribabu K, Vishnuprasad S. Green Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Ixiro coccinea Plant Leaves and its Characterization. Bionanoscience 2018;8:554–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-018-0508-5.
[33] Yugandhar P, Vasavi T, Jayavardhana Rao Y, Uma Maheswari Devi P, Narasimha G, Savithramma N. Cost Effective, Green Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Fruit Extract of Syzygium alternifolium (Wt.) Walp., Characterization and Evaluation of Antiviral Activity. J Clust Sci 2018;29:743–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-018-1395-1.
[34] Awwad A, Amer M. Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Ailanthus altissima leaf extract and antibacterial activity. Chem Int 2020.
[35] Singh J, Kumar V, Kim K-H, Rawat M. Biogenic synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using plant extract and its prodigious potential for photocatalytic degradation of dyes. Environ Res 2019;177:108569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108569.
[36] Sarkar J, Chakraborty N, Chatterjee A, Bhattacharjee A, Dasgupta D, Acharya K. Green Synthesized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Ameliorate Defence and Antioxidant Enzymes in Lens culinaris. Nanomaterials 2020;10:312. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10020312.
[37] Assirey EAR. Perovskite synthesis, properties and their related biochemical and industrial application. Saudi Pharm J 2019;27:817–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2019.05.003.
[38] Pandiyarajan T, Udayabhaskar R, Vignesh S, James RA, Karthikeyan B. Synthesis and concentration dependent antibacterial activities of CuO nanoflakes. Mater Sci Eng C 2013;33:2020–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2013.01.021.
[39] Ellmer K. Past achievements and future challenges in the development of optically transparent electrodes. Nat Photonics 2012;6:809–17. https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2012.282.
[40] Hossain SS, Mathur L, Roy PK. Rice husk/rice husk ash as an alternative source of silica in ceramics: A review. J Asian Ceram Soc 2018;6:299–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/21870764.2018.1539210.
[41] Hossain SS, Roy PK. Sustainable ceramics derived from solid wastes: a review. J Asian Ceram Soc 2020;8:984–1009. https://doi.org/10.1080/21870764.2020.1815348.
[42] Vilà M, Maron JL, Marco L. Evidence for the enemy release hypothesis in Hypericum perforatum. Oecologia 2005;142:474–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1731-z.
