Removal of methylene blue using biosynthesized silver nanoparticles
Raoof Jabbari
1
(
Department of Chemistry, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
)
Nahid Ghasemi
2
(
Department of Chemistry, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
)
Majid Ramezani
3
(
Department of Chemistry, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
)
الکلمات المفتاحية: Methylene Blue, biosynthesis, adsorption kinetic, Silver NPs, Tragopogon buphthalmoides,
ملخص المقالة :
In recent decades, the focus of science and industry has been concentrated on production of metal nanoparticles (NPs). In this study, the biosynthesis of silver NPs by using Tragopogon buphthalmoides (Tragopogon b.) plant was investigated. Various effective parameter on the synthesis such as pH, extract volume, concentration of silver nitrate, temperature and reaction time were optimized. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized under optimal conditions of 0.5 mL Tragopogon b. extract, 4.5 mM silver nitrate, pH=10, temperature=70 °C and synthesis time of 180 min. Characterization of synthesized NPs performed at optimal condition by using UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Also study of first and second-order kinetic to adsorption process of methylene blue by synthesized NPs at the optimal condition was performed. Resulted absorption peaks, indicated strong peaks around the λ = 420 nm which is the certain wavelength for silver NPs. TEM studies indicated that the silver NPs are spherical with average diameter of 13 nm. In adsorption kinetic studies was find out that, the adsorption process follows the second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.9977, qe = 21.79 mg/g) . The results of present study showed that the plants well play role in reducing and stabilizing the metal NPs, due to their antioxidant properties and high secondary constituents and have high potential to synthesis of metal NPs which can be used in removal of dye contaminants.
Removal of methylene blue using biosynthesized silver nanoparticles
Abstract: In recent decades, the focus of science and industry has been concentrated on production of metal nanoparticles (NPs). In this study, the biosynthesis of silver NPs by using Tragopogon buphthalmoides (Tragopogon b.) plant was investigated. Various effective parameter on the synthesis such as pH, extract volume, concentration of silver nitrate, temperature and reaction time were optimized. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized under optimal conditions of 0.5 mL Tragopogon b. extract, 4.5 mM silver nitrate, pH=10, temperature=70 °C and synthesis time of 180 min. Characterization of synthesized NPs performed at optimal condition by using UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Also study of first and second-order kinetic to adsorption process of methylene blue by synthesized NPs at the optimal condition was performed. Resulted absorption peaks, indicated strong peaks around the λ = 420 nm which is the certain wavelength for silver NPs. TEM studies indicated that the silver NPs are spherical with average diameter of 13 nm. In adsorption kinetic studies was find out that, the adsorption process follows the second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.9977, qe = 21.79 mg/g) . The results of present study showed that the plants well play role in reducing and stabilizing the metal NPs, due to their antioxidant properties and high secondary constituents and have high potential to synthesis of metal NPs which can be used in removal of dye contaminants.
Keywords: Silver NPs, Tragopogon buphthalmoides, biosynthesis, Methylene blue, adsorption kinetic
Introduction
Todays, metal NPs that synthesis by various methods, widely used in various scientific and industrial fields. It should be noted that this remarkable characteristic of NPs is due to their high surface area to volume ratio. Among the different type of NPs, metal NPs such as AuNPs and AgNPs have particular important [1]. Because of their unique properties such as their ability to absorb and scatter of light, high compatibility with the body of living organisms, their ability to interact with biological molecules, they have many applications in biological, medical and agriculture sciences [2,3]. Currently in the synthesis of NPs used of physical, chemical and in particular, biological methods. In physical and chemical methods which are common methods to synthesis of NPs, the use of toxic material is inevitable. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop an environmentally friendly method to synthesis of metal NPs. One promising approach to achieving this goal is to harness the potential of bio-resources in nature. In chemical methods, chemical used to make and sustain the NPs are toxic and lead to production of by-product that are not environmentally friendly. Also, chemical synthesis often results in the presence of some toxic substance absorbed on the surface of the NPs, which may have the harmful effect on the drug use of NPs. Physical methods also have disadvantages such as, the need for space, energy and time [4-6]. Due to major problems in chemical and physical methods for the production of silver NPs, there is a need to develop environmentally friendly, inexpensive and chemical free methods. Among these, biological synthesis of NPs by living micro-organisms, fungi, plants and algae is a suitable alternative. Because they play a very important role in the reducing of metal ions due to their reducing agents such as phenolic and flavonoid compounds and other water soluble active metabolites [7].
So far, much research has been done on the synthesis of metal NPs by plant extract. The production of metal NPs by plant extract was first reported in 2003 by Gardea Torresdey et al [8] and after that the use of other plants by researchers such as Paniculata diospyros [9], Terminalia chebula [10], Aloevera [11], extract of cinnamon peel and powder [12], the root of licorice [13] and etc. it has continued so far. Nowadays, the use of extracts in the synthesis of metal NPs, especially silver, has received more attention. Spacious dyes usage in industries such as textile, dyeing, printing, paper, leather and …, results to form of toxic effluents phase of aquatic sources. Nowadays these dyes are currently a major environmental concern due to both high visibility undesirability and recalcitrance. So, the removal of dyes from such toxic industrial effluents is challenging and need a keen attention to produce a safe and clean environment. Methylene blue as a heterocyclic aromatic dye is extensively used in industries. There for extreme use of Methylene blue dye leads to severe health hazards and can cause incurable damage in fauna and human [14]. The adsorption process has been recognized as the cheapest and most effective method for removing pollutants from water. This method is widely used due to its simple operation, availability and wide range of absorbents [15]. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of Tragopogon b. in the synthesis of silver NPs and to study the effect of parameters which affecting this synthesis, and finally to characterization and investigation of synthesized NPs structure at optimal condition and evaluate their efficiency in the removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution.
Experimental
Chemical
All chemicals purchased with high purity. Silver nitrate salt (AgNO3), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), nitric acid (HNO3) and Methylene blue, purchased from merck company (Merck-Germany). Twice distilled water was used for solution and washing.
Extract preparation
Tragopogon b. was collected from Ardabil city in Ardabil province (Figure 1). Some of its fresh leaf washed with twice distilled water, and then dried away from sunlight at room temperature. The dried sections were powdered by using an electrical mill. Then, result powder (2 g) suspended in twice distilled water (100 mL) and replaced in water-bath at 80 °C for 30 min. After cooling, filtered by Whatman filter paper grade 40. To completely removal of suspended particles in extract, the sample was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 30 min and stored at 4 °C for further uses [16].
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Synthesis of silver NPs
To synthesis of silver NPs, 1 mL of extract was added to 5 mL of silver nitrate solution (AgNO3, 1 mM) at ambient temperature. The brown colloidal solution formed over time that indicating the formation of silver NPs. The absorption of result solution was measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometer (T90+, PG Instrument Company, England) in the range of 300-800 nm.
<< Position of Figure 2 >>
Investigation of effective parameters on the synthesis of silver NPs
Effect of pH value on the synthesis of silver NPs
To pH value optimization, six solutions consists of extract (1 mL) and solution of silver nitrate salt (5 mL, 1 mM) were prepared and the pH of these solutions adjusted to 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12. The solutions were shaked (150 rpm) at room temperature for 30 min. Absorption spectra of solutions were taken by UV-Vis spectrophotometer in the range of 300-800 nm and the optimal pH value was selected. To pH adjustment, NaOH (0.1 M) and HNO3 (0.1 M) solutions were used.
Effect of extract volume on the synthesis of silver NPs
To investigation of extract volume impact, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 mL of it was added to 5 mL of AgNO3 (1 mM) and pH was adjusted to selected optimal value, and similar to the previous step, after the appropriate time, UV-Vis spectrophotometer spectra were taken separately from each solution and finally the optimal volume of the extract was determined.
Effect of concentration of silver nitrate salt on the synthesis of silver NPs
To investigation of silver ion concentration impact, optimized volume of extract was added to 5 mL of various concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 4.5 mM) of silver nitrate solution and pH value was adjusted to selected optimal value and after the appropriate time, UV-Vis spectrophotometer spectra were taken separately and optimal concentration of silver ion was chosen.
Effect of reaction temperature on the synthesis of silver NPs
In order to determination of optimal temperature, six solutions contain optimized extract volume and 5 mL of silver nitrate solution with optimized concentration were prepared and pH of these solutions was adjusted to optimal value. After that, shaked at 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C for 30 min and UV-Vis spectrophotometer spectra were taken separately from each solution and finally the best temperature of the reaction was determined.
Effect of reaction time on the synthesis of silver NPs
By considering the optimized parameters such as, pH, extract volume, concentration of silver nitrate solution and the temperature, impact of time (2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 360 and 480 min) on the biosynthesis of silver NPs was investigated. And then, regard to UV-Vis spectrophotometer spectra of samples, the optimal time was determined.
Biosynthesized silver NPs Characterization
Spectrophotometry (UV-Vis)
In order to study the efficacy of aqueous extract of Tragopogon b. in converting silver ion in silver nitrate solution to silver NPs, the samples were investigated by using UV-Vis absorption spectrophotometer instrument at wavelengths ranging from 300 to 800 nm (absorption wavelengths of silver NPs [16-19]).
X-ray diffraction (XRD)
In order to confirm the formation of silver NPs crystals by extract reducing agents, after the necessary operation, the resulting silver NPs powder was analyzed by XRD analyzer model X’pertpro, Panalytical company, Netherlands (λ = 1.54 Å, 2ϴ, 10-80).
Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM)
Morphological study of the sample was performed by FE-SEM analyzer (TESCAN - MIRA III). Since the samples for FE-SEM imaging should be dried, the precipitate was dried at 30 °C and powdered. The surface of the specimens that examined by FE-SEM must be electrically conductive so as not cause static charge, because as the subsequent electrons will be repelled or deflected by static and same charges, and the resulting image becomes unstable. Therefore, the specimens were fixed to the base of the microscope and coated with a layer of gold to obtain electron conductivity and repel surface electrons, as a result, the image resolution is improved.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)
Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (BRUKER-TENSOR27) was used for analyses and determination of bio-functional group response to silver NPs synthesis. For this purpose, dried pure extract powders, before and after of reaction with silver nitrate, were analyzed.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
To determination shape and size of formed NPs, the imaging was performed by using transmission electron microscope (ZEISS- EM900). The produced NPs dissolved in deionized water and then one drop of silver NP solution was placed on copper coated carbon grids. Then allows the specimen located on TEM grid was dried and finally shape and size of particles were investigated.
Adsorption kinetic studies
Kinetic equations are used to describe the transfer behavior of the adsorbed molecules per time or to investigate variables that affecting the reaction rate. In the present study, first-order and second-order kinetic equations which are the much used, were used to investigate the adsorption rate of methylene blue onto the silver NPs absorbent. The linear first and second-order kinetic equations expressed as equations 1 and 2, respectively.
By plotting the log (qe-qt) versus t curve, values of rate constant and equilibrium capacity can be evaluated from slope and intercept of the line of this graph.
Also, k2 rate constant and qe can be obtained from t/qt vs t plot.
Where, qe and qt (mg/g) are absorption capacity at the equilibrium and t (min), and k1(1/min) and k2(g/mg.min) are first and second-order rate constants, respectively.
The experiments carried out by placing 10 mL of samples in 25 mL test tubes. Adsorption capacity or amount of adsorbed methylene blue qe was calculated by equation (3). Where, Co and Ce are the initial and final concentrations of methylene blue in solution (mg/L), V is the solution volume (L) and m is the absorbent weight (g).
All discontinues experiments carried out by amount of 0.2 mg absorbent (silver NPs), 10 mg/L initial concentration of methylene blue, pH = 10, 25 °C and shaked at 150 rpm for 2, 10, 20, 50, 80, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360 and 480 min, and then, remained concentration of methylene blue in solution was measured.
Results and discussion
By addition of Tragopogon b. extract to silver nitrate solution, the color change observed over the time. The solution turned from pale yellow to brown. To control and ensure the formation of silver NPs, absorption of result colloidal solution measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometer in the range of 300-800 nm. Because of the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) of the nanoparticles, the production of silver nanoparticles can be followed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. SPR is referred to as the vibration of electrons on the surface of metal nanostructures that is created in response to an external stimulus such as light or electric charge. Observed absorption peak about 420 nm and the color change, confirm well the formation of silver NPs [20], because the optical properties of the nanoparticles vary depends on their shape and size.
pH effect
The drastic changes in absorbance of the solution made in the different pH indicated that, produced NPs size, is largely dependent on this parameter [21] because the absorption wavelength is directly proportional to size of the NPs [22]. It was observed that by alkalizing the test medium, the size of silver NPs become smaller due to blue shift [23]. The color change from pale yellow to deep brown caused by electron transfers which is the first indication of the production of silver NPs. Effect of pH on the synthesis of silver NPs by Tragopogon b. extract (Figure 3) indicated that by increasing the pH from 2 to 10, observed absorption peak intensity was increased, this confirm the increase in the SPR of silver NPs, which indicate an increase in the number of silver NPs formed and more symmetrical peak, means more uniform shape of silver NPs formed. As a result, pH = 10 was chosen as optimal pH value.
<< Position of Figure 3 >>
Extract volume effect
As can be seen in Figure 4, by increasing the extract volume, the measured absorbance by UV-Vis spectrophotometer was increased and this increase at absorption value means increase in the formed NPs, on the other hand, the symmetry and sharpness of the peaks also indicate the formation of smaller NPs with higher stability. As mentioned earlier, the Tragopogon b. contains many antioxidant compounds. All of these compounds play an important role in reducing the metal ions and converting them to metal atoms in nanometric dimensions and stabilizing the synthesized NPs. So, by increasing the volume of extract, amount of reducing agents also increased and resulting in an increase in the amount of synthesized NPs. Studies by other researchers also confirm this, as a result, 0.5 mL of extract was chosen as optimal extract volume [4].
<< Position of Figure 4 >>
Effect of concentration of silver nitrate salt
Studies show that with increasing in metal ion concentration, there is a significant increase in the observed absorption. The reason for this, is the increase in the amount of metal ions resulting in the reduction of more ions and so, resulting in the formation of mire NPs [5]. With respect to Figure 5, with the gradual increase in the concentration of silver ions, the observed absorption of silver NPs, shows a significant increase. Thus, 4.5 mM was selected as the optimal concentration of silver nitrate salt.
<< Position of Figure 5 >>
Temperature effect
The result of temperature effect study on the synthesis of silver NPs by Tragopogon b. extract, it has been shown at Figure 6. As can be seen, at 30 °C, there is a broad peak that indicating a small formation of silver NPs, but with increasing the temperature, the rate of formation of NPs increases and at 70 °C, reaches its maximum value and this is due to increase in the mobility of silver ions and the increasing in process of silver ions reduction by reduction agents in the Tragopogon b. plant. However, 70 °C was chosen as the best temperature and reason of decrease in absorption at 80 °C, may also be adhesion and aggregation of silver NPs.
<< Position of Figure 6 >>
The reaction time effect
Time, like previous factors, has a great impact on the synthesis and stability of NPs. The reaction between silver ions and reducing agents in Tragopogon b. extract was investigated at various reaction times. Result of this study (Figure 7) indicated that by increasing the reaction time between reactant (since mixing the extract and solution of silver nitrate salt), amount of absorption, according to the darkening of the color of solution, was increased which indicate the formation of more silver NPs in colloidal solution.
<< Position of Figure 7 >>
Biosynthesized silver NPs characterization
Spectrophotometry (UV-Vis)
UV-Vis spectroscopy results of the Tragopogon b. extract after the synthesis of silver NPs is given in Figure 8. In initial synthesis of silver NPs by using aqueous extract, the plant play role as reducing and stabilizer agents. Figure 8 indicated the UV-Vis spectroscopy spectrum and color change of silver NPs solution at the optimized condition. With regard to Figure 8, at wavelength 405 nm that related to surface plasmon resonance of silver NPs, the extract has no absorption peak which indicated that the peak at the desired wavelength appears only due to the synthesis and presence of silver NPs and the extract will not cause any potential interface with the spectrum of the silver NPs. Maximum absorption result at about 420 nm was similar to Ghasemi et al reports [24].
<< Position of Figure 8 >>
X-ray diffraction (XRD)
Figure 9 indicated the XRD pattern of synthesized silver NPs by Tragopogon b. extract. XRD analyses used to more investigation and study of crystalline structure of synthesized silver NPs. The average of crystals size was obtained by calculating the width of peaks in the samples using Debye-Scherrer (equation 4) :
D= K λ / β cos θ (4)
Where β is the peak width at half maximum height, λ X-ray wavelength equal to 1.54046, θ the angel between the beam and reflection and D is the size of crystals. As can be seen in the Figure, the silver NPs shows sharp peaks which due to successful synthesis of NPs.
The peaks (111), (200), (220) and (311) at 2θ are correspond to 38.2495, 44.3251, 64.6462 and 77.5034 respectively, these peaks are related to FCC structure of silver NPs that are in accordance with standard XRD pattern of silver. The peak (111) is sharper than other peaks and thus, crystalline plates of silver NPs are mostly composed in this direction. Other researchers such as Verma, and Mehata [25], Morales-Luckie et al [26] and Ghasemi et al [27] reported this peaks in synthesized silver NPs XRD patterns in their studies.
<< Position of Figure 9>>
From the calculation of Scherrer equation, silver NPs crystal size with average diameter of 13 nm was obtained (table 1), which corresponds to the size obtained from TEM.
<< Position of Table 1 >>
Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM)
Figure 10 indicated the FE-SEM image of synthesized silver NPs by Tragopogon b. extract with a magnification of 200 nm. The FE-SEM indicated the nanometer dimensions and almost spherical shape of silver NPs in this magnification. Silver NPs size determination by FE-SEM not accurate, because of lower resolution of FE-SEM in comparison with TEM and for this reason, TEM analyses is used to express the average size. According to FE-SEM image the cumulative particle size is 10-30 nm.
<< Position of Figure 10 >>
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
TEM image of synthesized silver NPs at mentioned optimal reaction condition, is given at Figure 11. The spherical synthesized silver NPs has the size about 10-20 nm. As seen in the Figure, the silver NPs are dark and have a good distribution and there is a clear background around the nanoparticles which related to solvent, since the solvent density against light pass is lower than the nanoparticles and for this reason, the silver NPs in the TEM image are dark and solvent is lighter.
<< Position of Figure 11 >>
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
The FT-IR spectrum used to qualitative identification of reducing agents exist in plants and stabilizers around the nanoparticles. Figure 12, shows the clear bands at 3395.00, 2923.28, 1642.83, 1409.48, 1066.49 cm-1 regions that corresponds to stretching vibrations of -O-H, -C-H aliphatic, C=C bounds to aromatic rings, -C-O-C and -C-O groups, respectively, that attributed to chemicals such as flavonoid and phenolic compounds in extract. These compounds in addition to reducing the silver ion, surround the silver NPs and act as stabilizing agent and prevent the aggregation and adhesion of synthesized silver NPs. The obtained results from FT-IR spectrum are accordance with some results of Bogireddy et al [17] and Moldovan et al [28] studies. These researches confirmed the presence of functional groups in their studies. As can be seen in Figure 12, the FT-IR spectrum of Tragopogon b. plant extract coated silver NPs is different from alone Tragopogon b. extract spectrum, that indicated the involvement of extract functional groups in the synthesis of nanoparticles. This result confirmed the placement of the plant extract on the surface of the nanoparticles.
<< Position of Figure 12 >>
Adsorption kinetic studies
The first and second-order kinetic models to adsorption of methylene blue by sorbents are given at Figures 13, 14, respectively. The kinetic parameters values of the adsorption process on the sorbent illustrative at table 2. With respect to obtained results, adsorption process of methylene blue on the silver NPs follows the second-order kinetic model with R2 = 0.9977, qe = 21.79 (mg/g) and k2 = 0.0117 (g/mg.min). As can be seen, the qe value obtained from second-order kinetic model is in good agreement with the experimental value. Similar reports have been reported in other studies that, removal of contaminants follow the second-order kinetic model [15, 29].
<< Position of Figure 13 >>
<< Position of Figure 14 >>
<< Position of Table 2 >>
Conclusion
In this research by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, the biosynthesis process of silver NPs was investigated and the optimal reaction condition was obtained. the size of spherical silver NPs synthesized by using 0.5 mL of Tragopogon b. extract and 5 mL of silver nitrate solution 4.5 mM at 70 °C and pH = 10 was about 10 nm. Formation of silver NPs confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy and XRD analyses. Synthesized silver NPs identified by λmax = 420 nm. The XRD powdered analyses indicated that the size of silver NPs was about 13 nm. In adsorption kinetics studies was find out that, the adsorption process follows the second-order kinetic model. Based on the above studies, it can be concluded that Tragopogon b. plant due to abundance in Ardabil region of Iran and its high pharmacological properties and reducing agents, can be a suitable option to bio-production of nanoparticles and among the procedures for this purpose, bio-production method is a clean, inexpensive, low-risk and environmentally friendly method.
Acknowledgment
The authors gratefully acknowledge Islamic Azad University of Arak for financial support of this research.
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Figure 1. Tragopogon buphthalmoides
Figure 2. a) Tragopogon b. pure extract; b) result colloidal solution after reaction of extract and silver nitrate solution
Figure 3. UV-Vis spectrum of pH effect on the synthesis of silver NPs by Tragopogon b. extract
Reaction condition: extract (1 mL), solution of silver nitrate salt (5 mL, 1 mM), T = 25 °C, t = 30 min, 150 rpm
Figure 4. UV-Vis spectrum of extract volume effect on the synthesis of silver NPs by Tragopogon b. extract
Reaction condition: solution of silver nitrate salt (5 mL, 1 mM), pH=10, T = 25 °C, t = 30 min, 150 rpm
Figure 5. UV-Vis spectrum of AgNO3 concentration effect on the synthesis of silver NPs by Tragopogon b. extract
Reaction condition: extract (0.5 mL), pH=10, T = 25 °C, t = 30 min, 150 rpm
Figure 6. UV-Vis spectrum of temperature effect on the synthesis of silver NPs by Tragopogon b. extract
Reaction condition: solution of silver nitrate salt (5 mL, 4.5 mM), extract (0.5 mL), pH=10, t = 30 min, 150 rpm
Figure 7. UV-Vis spectrum of time effect on the synthesis of silver NPs by Tragopogon b. extract
Reaction condition: solution of silver nitrate salt (5 mL, 4.5 mM), extract (0.5 mL), pH=10, T = 70 °C, 150 rpm
Figure 8. UV-Vis spectrum of extract and synthesized silver NPs by Tragopogon b. extract
Figure 9. XRD pattern of synthesized silver NPs using Tragopogon b. extract
Figure 10. SEM image of synthesized silver NPs using Tragopogon b. extract
Figure 11. TEM image of synthesized silver NPs using Tragopogon b. extract
Figure 12. FTIR spectra of a) Tragopogon b. and b) silver NPs synthesized using the extract
Figure 13. The first-order kinetic model for adsorption of methylene blue by synthesized silver NPs using Tragopogon b. extract
Figure 14. The second-order kinetic model for adsorption of methylene blue by synthesized silver NPs using Tragopogon b. extract
Table 1. Data details for calculating silver NPs size
Size(nm) | d-spacing [Å] | hkl | FWHM [o2Th.] | Pos. [o2Th.] | No |
18.52 | 2.35888 | 111 | 0.4477 | 38.2495 | 1 |
9.5 | 2.04285 | 200 | 0.8954 | 44.3251 | 2 |
14.58 | 1.44451 | 220 | 0.6396 | 64.6462 | 3 |
10.79 | 1.23188 | 311 | 0.9360 | 77.5034 | 4 |
Ave = 13.35 |
| ||||
Table 2. The kinetic parameters of the adsorption process to removal of methylene blue by synthesized silver NPs using Tragopogon b. extract
second-order kinetic equations | first-order kinetic equations | qe exp (mg.g-1) | Co (mg.L-1) | ||||
R2 | k2 | qe | R2 | k1 | qe | ||
0.9977 | 0.0117 | 21.79 | 0.3788 | 0.0087 | 3.0047 | 22.31 | 10 |
