اثر تراکم و تاریخ کاشت بر عملکرد دانه و گل همیشه بهار (Calendula officinalis)
الموضوعات :محمدجواد ثقه‌الاسلامی 1 , سیدغلامرضا موسوی 2
1 - گروه کشاورزی، دانشگاه آزاد واحد بیرجند
2 - گروه کشاورزی، دانشگاه آزاد واحد بیرجند
الکلمات المفتاحية: عملکرد, تاریخ کاشت, شاخص برداشت, تراکم, همیشه بهار, تعداد گل, قطر گل, دانه,
ملخص المقالة :
گیاهان دارویی سالهاست که برای درمان بیماری ها مورد استفاده قرار می گیرند و به ویژه در طی 10 تا 20 سال اخیر اهمیت زیادی پیدا کرده اند. همیشه بهار یکی از گیاهان دارویی است که گل های آن در درمان زخم ها کاربرد دارد. به منظور تعیین تراکم و تاریخ کاشت مناسب این گیاه آزمایشی در سال 1384 در مزرعه آموزشی تحقیقاتی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد بیرجند انجام شد. طرح آزمایشی از نوع اسپلیت پلات در قالب بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار بود. سه سطح تاریخ کاشت (10 فروردین، 25 فروردین و 10 اردیبهشت) به عنوان کرت اصلی و سه سطح تراکم (فواصل بوته روی ردیف 10، 20 و 30 سانتیمتر) به عنوان کرت فرعی در نظر گرفته شد. در این آزمایش تاریخ کاشت و تراکم اثر معنی داری روی عملکرد گل خشک و عملکرد دانه داشت. در تاریخ کاشت های 10 و 25 فروردین عملکرد گل خشک بیشتری از تاریخ کاشت 10 اردیبهشت حاصل شد. همچنین تاریخ کاشت 10 فروردین بیشترین عملکرد دانه را داشت. در بین تراکم های کاشت نیز تراکم 25 بوته در متر مربع بیشترین عملکرد گل خشک و دانه را داشت. در این آزمایش با تاخیر در کاشت، شاخص برداشت گل و دانه افزایش معنی داری نشان داد. شاخص برداشت گل در بوته به طور معنی داری تحت تاثیر تراکم قرار نگرفت، اما شاخص برداشت دانه در بوته با افزایش تراکم کاهش معنی‌داری نشان داد. در این آزمایش علاوه بر صفات مربوط به عملکرد، تعداد و قطر گل نیز در تیمارهای مختلف مقایسه گردید.
ADAS consulting Ltd. (2002). Calendula as Agronomic Raw Material for Industrial Application (CARMINA). (Final project report). ADAS Terrington, Terrington St Clement, King,s Lynn, Norfolk.
Borm, G. and van Dijk, N. (1994). Effects of sowing time, seed rate and row distance on Calendula officinalis L. grown for seed. In: Alternative oil seed and fiber crops for cool and wet regions of Europe. Proceeding of a workshop, 7-8 April. Wageningen, CPRO-DLO, The Netherlands, pp. 203.
Cromack, H. T. H. and Smith, J. M. (1998). Calendula officinalis, production potential and crop agronomy in southern England. Industrial Crops and Products. 7: 223- 229.
Hadley, P. and Summer Field, R. J. (1983). Effect of temperature and photoperiod on reproductive development of selected grain legume. Field Crops Abstract. 19:43
Kalvatchev, Z., Walder, R. and Garzaro, D. (1997). Anti- HIV activity of extracts from calendula. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, vol.51(4): 176-180.
Majumdar, D. K. (1986). An overview of research on production technologies of lentil in India. Food Legume Research. 30: 1-13.
Martin, R. J. and Deo, B. (2000). Effect of plant population on Calendula officinalis flower production. New Zealand J. of Crop and Hortic. Sci. 28(1):37-44.
Robbelen, G. D., Theobald, D. and Pascual- Villalobos, M. J. (1994). Variability, selection and performance of Calendula officinalis and Euphorbia lagascae for industrial seed-oil uses. In: Alternative oilseed and fiber crops for cool and wet regions of Europe. Proceeding of workshop, 7-8 April 1994 at Wageningen, CPRO- DLO, The Netherlands, pp. 60-73.
Sandhu, P. (1984). Effect of sowing dates, phosphorus, levels and herbicides on the response of Rhizobium inoculation in Lentil. Lens Newsletter. 11:35.
flower heads of Calendula may have impeded yield formation (ADAS consulting Ltd., 2002).
In this experiment biomass yield was determined by flower and seed, separately. Results suggested biomass yield has similar changes in seed and flower. On the whole, the earliest sowing date and the highest plant density have the greatest biomass yield (Tables 2 and 3).
2-Harvest index
Flower harvest index in 30 March sowing date was lower than the others (Table 2).This suggests that increasing growth season through earlier sowing date, caused increase plant vegetative structures to be greater than increasing plant reproductive structures.
The effect of plant density on flower harvest index was not significantly different (Tables 1 and 3). This suggests that producing reproductive and vegetative structures increased equally, as plant population increased.
Seed harvest index was increased by postponing sowing date (Table 2). Just like flower, this suggest that increasing growing season through early sowing date, caused increase plant vegetative structures to be greater than increasing plant reproductive structures.
Considering the fact that seed harvest index decreased when plant population increased (Table 3), and plant population did not have a significant effect on flower harvest index, it can be concluded that although flower production has increased in high density, flower fertilization decreased. Therefore, increasing seed yield was less than flower yield.
3- Flower number and diameter
The effect of sowing date and plant population on flower number per plant and per m2 was significant (Table 4). Late sowing date decreased flower number per plant (Table 5).
The effect of plant population on flower number per plant and per m2 was reverse. When plant population increased, flower number per plant decreased, but per m2 increased (Table 6) which results from increasing interplant competition.
Flower diameter was significantly different at plant populations and sowing dates. Flowers produced in late sowing dates were larger (probably because less flower production per plant in late sowing date causes less competition between flowers) (Table 5).
Increasing plant population significantly decreased flower diameter. This is because of increasing competition and mutual shading (Table 6).
Conclusion
In this experiment early sowing date and more plant population had the highest flower and seed yield. More flower yield of early sowing date was the result of increasing growth period and suitable climate condition
_||_ADAS consulting Ltd. (2002). Calendula as Agronomic Raw Material for Industrial Application (CARMINA). (Final project report). ADAS Terrington, Terrington St Clement, King,s Lynn, Norfolk.
Borm, G. and van Dijk, N. (1994). Effects of sowing time, seed rate and row distance on Calendula officinalis L. grown for seed. In: Alternative oil seed and fiber crops for cool and wet regions of Europe. Proceeding of a workshop, 7-8 April. Wageningen, CPRO-DLO, The Netherlands, pp. 203.
Cromack, H. T. H. and Smith, J. M. (1998). Calendula officinalis, production potential and crop agronomy in southern England. Industrial Crops and Products. 7: 223- 229.
Hadley, P. and Summer Field, R. J. (1983). Effect of temperature and photoperiod on reproductive development of selected grain legume. Field Crops Abstract. 19:43
Kalvatchev, Z., Walder, R. and Garzaro, D. (1997). Anti- HIV activity of extracts from calendula. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, vol.51(4): 176-180.
Majumdar, D. K. (1986). An overview of research on production technologies of lentil in India. Food Legume Research. 30: 1-13.
Martin, R. J. and Deo, B. (2000). Effect of plant population on Calendula officinalis flower production. New Zealand J. of Crop and Hortic. Sci. 28(1):37-44.
Robbelen, G. D., Theobald, D. and Pascual- Villalobos, M. J. (1994). Variability, selection and performance of Calendula officinalis and Euphorbia lagascae for industrial seed-oil uses. In: Alternative oilseed and fiber crops for cool and wet regions of Europe. Proceeding of workshop, 7-8 April 1994 at Wageningen, CPRO- DLO, The Netherlands, pp. 60-73.
Sandhu, P. (1984). Effect of sowing dates, phosphorus, levels and herbicides on the response of Rhizobium inoculation in Lentil. Lens Newsletter. 11:35.
flower heads of Calendula may have impeded yield formation (ADAS consulting Ltd., 2002).
In this experiment biomass yield was determined by flower and seed, separately. Results suggested biomass yield has similar changes in seed and flower. On the whole, the earliest sowing date and the highest plant density have the greatest biomass yield (Tables 2 and 3).
2-Harvest index
Flower harvest index in 30 March sowing date was lower than the others (Table 2).This suggests that increasing growth season through earlier sowing date, caused increase plant vegetative structures to be greater than increasing plant reproductive structures.
The effect of plant density on flower harvest index was not significantly different (Tables 1 and 3). This suggests that producing reproductive and vegetative structures increased equally, as plant population increased.
Seed harvest index was increased by postponing sowing date (Table 2). Just like flower, this suggest that increasing growing season through early sowing date, caused increase plant vegetative structures to be greater than increasing plant reproductive structures.
Considering the fact that seed harvest index decreased when plant population increased (Table 3), and plant population did not have a significant effect on flower harvest index, it can be concluded that although flower production has increased in high density, flower fertilization decreased. Therefore, increasing seed yield was less than flower yield.
3- Flower number and diameter
The effect of sowing date and plant population on flower number per plant and per m2 was significant (Table 4). Late sowing date decreased flower number per plant (Table 5).
The effect of plant population on flower number per plant and per m2 was reverse. When plant population increased, flower number per plant decreased, but per m2 increased (Table 6) which results from increasing interplant competition.
Flower diameter was significantly different at plant populations and sowing dates. Flowers produced in late sowing dates were larger (probably because less flower production per plant in late sowing date causes less competition between flowers) (Table 5).
Increasing plant population significantly decreased flower diameter. This is because of increasing competition and mutual shading (Table 6).
Conclusion
In this experiment early sowing date and more plant population had the highest flower and seed yield. More flower yield of early sowing date was the result of increasing growth period and suitable climate condition
