اثرات مواد آلی اصلاح کننده خاک بر برخی از صفات فیزیکوشیمیایی گیاه مریم گلی Salvia viridis L)) تحت تنش شوری شوری
الموضوعات : Bio-fertilizer
1 - گروه زیست شناسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: پرولین , جلبک دریایی, خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی, کود گاوی, ورمی کمپوست,
ملخص المقالة :
شوری یکی از عوامل کاهش‌دهنده عملکرد و پارامترهای رشدی در اکثر محصولات کشاورزی درسراسر دنیا می‌باشد. رشد و میزان متابولیت‌های ثانویه در گیاهان تحت تاثیر تنش شوری است. این مطالعه با هدف ، بررسی اثر مواد آلی اصلاح کننده خاک بر برخی از صفات فیزیکوشیمیایی گیاه مریم گلی Salvia viridis L.)) تحت تنش شوری بود. مطالعه حاضر به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاًتصادفی بود . تیمارها شامل پنج سطح از مواد اصلاحی (شاهد، بدون مواد اصلاح کننده)، نیم و یک گرم عصاره جلبک دریایی در یک لیتر آب، 20 درصد حجمی گلدان کود گاوی پوسیده و 20درصد حجمی گلدان کود ورمی‌کمپوست) و سه سطح شوری خاک (3، 6، 9 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر) با سه تکرار در گلخانه اجراگردید. یافته ها نشان داد که با بالا رفتن سطح شوری، پارامترهای رشدی (وزن تر، وزن خشک ساقه و برگ ، سطح برگ) و میزان کلروفیل و پرولین کاهش یافت. در صورتیکه مقدار مالون دی آلدیید افزایش یافت. بیشترین وزن‌تر و خشک ساقه و برگ ، میزان پرولین و درصد اسانس در گیاهانی که با جلبک دریایی تیمار شده بودند، به دست آمد، در حالی که تمام اصلاح کننده‌ها میزان کلروفیل بیشتری نسبت به شاهد نشان دادند. همچنین یافته ها نشان داد در میان تیمارهای مورد بررسی، جلبک دریایی در غلظت 1 میلی گرم در لیتر بهتر از بقیه توانست گیاه را از پیامدهای نامطلوب تنش شوری محفوظ نگهداشته وسبب بهبود خصوصیات رشدی آن گردد.
المصادر:
Ahmadpour, R., Mohammadi, R., Armand, F. and Nizam, N. (2020). The interaction of seaweed extract (Ascophyllum nodosum) and drought stress on germination indices of tomato plant (Lycopersicon sculentum L.). Seed Research, 10(35): 31-44.
Akbarpour, V., Ashnavar, M. and Bahmanyar, M.A. (2015). The effect of animal manure and chemical fertilizer on some physiological and phytochemical characteristics of Sarkhargol. Management of agricultural products. 18 (3): 703-711
Andrea, C., Lingua, G., Bardi, L., Masoero, G. and Berta, G. (2007). Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and essential oil composition in Ocimum basilicum var. Genovese. Caryologia, 60(1-2): 106-110.
Antolin, M. C., Yoller, J. and Sanchez-Diaz, M. (1995). Effect of temporary drought on nitrate-fed and nitrogen fixing alfalfa plants. Plant Science 107: 159-165.
Arthur G.D., Stirk, W.A. and Staden, J.V. (2003). Effect of a seaweed concentrate on the growth and yield of three varieties of Capsicum annuumSouth African Journal of Botany. 69: 207-211.
Astaneh, R. K., Bolandnazar, S. and Nahandi, F. Z. (2022). Exogenous nitric oxide protect garlic plants against oxidative stress induced by salt stress. Plant Stress, 5:100101.
Azizi, M., Rezvani, F., Hassanzadeh Khayat, M., Lekzian A. and Nemati, H.(2017). The effect of different levels of vermicompost and irrigation on the morphological properties and essential oil content of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) Goral variety.
Badem, A. and Söylemez, S. (2022). Effects of nitric oxide and silicon application on growth and productivity of pepper under salinity stress. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 34(6): 102189.
Bandeoglu, E., Egidogan, F., Yucel, M. and Avni Oktem , M. (2004). Antioxidant responses of shoots and roots of lentil to NaCl salinity stress . Plant Growth Regulation, 42: 69-77.
Bates, L. S., Waldren, R. P., and Teare, I. D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water -stress studies. Plant Soil 39: 205-207.
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Chojnacka, K., Saeid, A., Witkowska, Z. and Tuhy, L. (2012). Biologically active compounds in seaweed extracts-the prospects for the application. In The open conference proceedings journal, 3, (1): 20-28.
Elansary, H. O., Yessoufou, K., Shokralla, S., Mahmoud, E. A. and Skalicka-Woźniak, K. (2016). Enhancing mint and basil oil composition and antibacterial activity using seaweed extracts. Industrial Crops and Products, 92: 50-56.
Esmaielpour, B., Fatemi, H. and Moradi, M. (2019). entitled the effect of seaweed extract on the physiological and biochemical parameters of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under water stress conditions. Journal of Soil and Plant Interactions Isfahan University of Technology, 11:1-4.
Fan, D., Hodges, M., Zhang, J., Kirby, C.W., Ji, X., Locke, S.J., Critchley, A.T. and Prithiviraj, B. (2011). Commercial extract of the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum enhances phenolic antioxidant content of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) which protects Caenorhabditis elegans against oxidative and thermal stress. Food Chemistry, 124: 195-202.
Farzaneh, A., Ghani, A. and Aziz Arani, M. (2005). The effect of water stress on appearance characteristics, yield and percentage of essential oil in basil plant (number)Kashkani Lulu. Journal of Plant Production Research, 17 (1): 101-113.
Garc ia, A. C., Santos, L. A., Izquierdo, F. G., Sperandio, M. V. L., Castro, R. N. and Berbara, R. L. L. (2012). Vermicompost humic acids as an ecological pathway to protect rice plant against oxidative stress. Ecological Engineering, 47: 203-208.
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induced changes on some physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress and mineral nutrition in maize grown under salinity. Journal of Plant Physiology. 164: 728-736.
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Heidari, B., Pessarakli, M., Dadkhodaie, A. and Daneshnia, N. (2012). Reactive oxygen species-mediated functions in plants under environmental stresses. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. B, 2(2B), 159.
Jahani, S., Saadatmand, S., Mahmoodzadeh, H. and Khavari-Nejad, R. A. (2019). Effect of foliar application of cerium oxide nanoparticles on growth, photosynthetic pigments, electrolyte leakage, compatible osmolytes and antioxidant enzymes activities of Calendula officinalis L. Biologia, 74: 1063-1075.
Joshi, R., Singh, J. and Vig, A. P. (2015). Vermicompost as an effective organic fertilizer and biocontrol agent: effect on growth, yield and quality of plants. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio-Technology, 14: 137-159.
Kalher, M., Dehestani Ardakani, M., Shirmardi, M. and Gholam Nejad, V. (2017). The response of marigold plant to the mutual effects of salinity stress and soil amendment organic matter. Environmental Tensions in Agricultural Sciences. 11:1005-1021.
Karagiannidis, N., Thomidis, T., Lazari, D., Panou-Filotheou, E. and Karagiannidou, C. (2011). Effect of three Greek arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in improving the growth, nutrient concentration, and production of essential oils of oregano and mint plants. Scientia horticulturae, 129(2): 329-334.
Kelen, M. and Tepe, B. (2008). Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the essential oils of three Salvia species from Turkish flora. Bioresource Technology, 99: 4096-4104.
Kishor, P. B., Sangam, S. and Amrutha, R. N. (2005). Regulation of proline biosynthesis, degradation, uptake and transport in higher plants: its implications in plant growth and abiotic stress tolerance. Current Science, 88: 424-438.
Koocheki, A., Nassiri, M. and Behdani, M. A. (2006). Agronomic attributes of saffron yield at agroecosystems. Acta Horticulturae 739: 24-33.
Kord Firouzjai, G., Habibi, H., Sodai Mashai, S. and Fotoukian, M.H.( 2012). The effect of foliar application of fertilizers containing nutrients and growth stimulants on the germination factors of rice. Journal of Science and Technology Seed. 2(2): 1-10.
Liu, X., Chen, Q., Zhang, H., Zhang, J., Chen, Y., Yao, F., and Chen, Y. (2023). Effects of exogenous organic matter addition on agricultural soil microbial communities and relevant enzyme activities in southern China. Scientific Reports, 13(1):8045.
Mandhania, S., Madan, S. and Sawhney, V. (2006). Antioxidant defense mechanisms under salt stress in wheat seedlings. Biologia Plantarum, 50: 227-231.
Mozaffarian V. A(1996). Dictionary of Iranian Plant Names. Farhang Moaser, Tehran, Iran. 59-71.
Noorani Azad, H. and M. Haji Bagheri (2007). The effect of salinity stress on some physiological characteristics of the plant (Anethum graveolens L). New Knowledge of Agriculture. 12 (4): 93-100.
Nouri, K., Omid, H., Nakhdi Badi, H., Torabi, H. and Fatukian, M. H. (2013). Effect of water and soil salinity on flower yield, soluble compounds, content of salinity elements and quality of essential oil of Shirazi chamomile (Matricaria recutita L). Water Research in Agriculture. 26 (4): 368-378.
Parida, A., Das, A. B. and Das, P. (2002). NaCl stress causes changes in photosynthetic pigments, proteins, and other metabolic components in the leaves of a true mangrove, Bruguiera parviflora, in hydroponic cultures. Journal of Plant Biology, 45: 28-36.
Perez -Gomez, J. J., Abud -Archila, M., Villalobos -Maldonado, J. J., Enciso -Saenz, S., de Leon, H. H., Ruiz -Valdiviezo, V. M. and Gutierrez -Miceli, F. A. (2017) Vermicompost and vermiwash minimized the influence of salinity stress on growth parameters in potato plants. Compost Science and Utilazation, 5: 1 -8.
Peyvast, G. H., J. A. Olfati, S. Madeni, and A. Forghani. )2008(. Effect of vermicompost on the growth and yield of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 6(1): 110-113.
Pohl, A., Kalisz, A., and Sekara, A. (2019). Seaweed extracts’ multifactorial action: influence on physiological and biochemical status of Solanaceae plants. Acta Agrobotanica:72(1).
Rahimi, A., Gitari, H., Lyons, G., Heydarzadeh, S., Tunçtürk, M., and Tunçtürk, R. (2023). Effects of vermicompost, compost and animal manure on vegetative growth, physiological and antioxidant activity characteristics of Thymus vulgaris L. Under water stress. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 33(1): 40-53.
Ramarajan S, Henry Joseph L and Saravana Gonthi A.(2012). Effect of Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer on the Germination and Pigment Concentration of Soybean. Journal of Crop Science and Technology. 1(2): 1-5.
Sarcheshmeh Poor, M., Taheri, A., Nasibi, F., and Bahrami Nejad, F. (2022). The Effect of Foliar Application of Algae Extract, ß-Carotene and Vitamin E on some Biochemical Parameters of Pistachio Seedlings under Salinity Stress. Quality and Durability of Agricultural Products and Food Stuffs, 1(4): 1-11.
Sánchez, F., Jifon, J.L., Carvajal, M and Syvertsen,J.P., (2002). Gas exchange, chlorophyll nd nutient ontents in el tion to N + nd Cl- umul tion in‘Sunbu st’m nd in g fted on different rootstocks. Plant Science. 162(5):705-712.
Schutz, H., and Fangmier, E. (2001). Growth and yield responses of spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to elevated Co2 and water limitation. Environmental Pollution 114: 187-194.
Seyeed Razavi, A., Ovissi, M., and Kasraei, P. (2018). Investigation of Daljin Growth Regulator (Ascophyllumnodosum Extract) under Salt Stress Conditions on Agronomic and Physiological Traits of Barley (Hurdeumvulgare L.).
Smart, R. E., and Bingham, G. E. (1974). Rapid estimates of relative water content. Plant Physiology 53: 258 -260.
Turan, M., and Köse, C. (2004). Seaweed extracts improve copper uptake of grapevine. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Soil and Plant Science, 54: 213-220
Tawfeeq, A., Culham, A., Davis, F., and Reeves, M. (2016). Does fertilizer type and method of application cause significant differences in essential oil yield and composition in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Industrial Crops and Products, 88: 17-22.
Valliyodan, B. and Nguyen H. T. (2006).Understanding regulatory networks and engineering for enhanced drought tolerance in plants. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 9: 189-95.
Valentovic, P., Luxova, M., Kolarovi, L. and Gasparikora, O. )2006(. Effect of osmotic stress on compatible solutes content, memberane stability and water relation in two maize. Plant Soil
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Ahmadpour, R., Mohammadi, R., Armand, F. and Nizam, N. (2020). The interaction of seaweed extract (Ascophyllum nodosum) and drought stress on germination indices of tomato plant (Lycopersicon sculentum L.). Seed Research, 10(35): 31-44.
Akbarpour, V., Ashnavar, M. and Bahmanyar, M.A. (2015). The effect of animal manure and chemical fertilizer on some physiological and phytochemical characteristics of Sarkhargol. Management of agricultural products. 18 (3): 703-711
Andrea, C., Lingua, G., Bardi, L., Masoero, G. and Berta, G. (2007). Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and essential oil composition in Ocimum basilicum var. Genovese. Caryologia, 60(1-2): 106-110.
Antolin, M. C., Yoller, J. and Sanchez-Diaz, M. (1995). Effect of temporary drought on nitrate-fed and nitrogen fixing alfalfa plants. Plant Science 107: 159-165.
Arthur G.D., Stirk, W.A. and Staden, J.V. (2003). Effect of a seaweed concentrate on the growth and yield of three varieties of Capsicum annuumSouth African Journal of Botany. 69: 207-211.
Astaneh, R. K., Bolandnazar, S. and Nahandi, F. Z. (2022). Exogenous nitric oxide protect garlic plants against oxidative stress induced by salt stress. Plant Stress, 5:100101.
Azizi, M., Rezvani, F., Hassanzadeh Khayat, M., Lekzian A. and Nemati, H.(2017). The effect of different levels of vermicompost and irrigation on the morphological properties and essential oil content of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) Goral variety.
Badem, A. and Söylemez, S. (2022). Effects of nitric oxide and silicon application on growth and productivity of pepper under salinity stress. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 34(6): 102189.
Bandeoglu, E., Egidogan, F., Yucel, M. and Avni Oktem , M. (2004). Antioxidant responses of shoots and roots of lentil to NaCl salinity stress . Plant Growth Regulation, 42: 69-77.
Bates, L. S., Waldren, R. P., and Teare, I. D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water -stress studies. Plant Soil 39: 205-207.
Biareh, V., Shekari, F., Sayfzadeh, S., Zakerin, H., Hadidi, E., Beltrão, J. G. T. and Mastinu, A. (2022). Physiological and qualitative response of Cucurbita pepo L. to salicylic acid under controlled water stress conditions. Horticulturae, 8(1): 79.
Chojnacka, K., Saeid, A., Witkowska, Z. and Tuhy, L. (2012). Biologically active compounds in seaweed extracts-the prospects for the application. In The open conference proceedings journal, 3, (1): 20-28.
Elansary, H. O., Yessoufou, K., Shokralla, S., Mahmoud, E. A. and Skalicka-Woźniak, K. (2016). Enhancing mint and basil oil composition and antibacterial activity using seaweed extracts. Industrial Crops and Products, 92: 50-56.
Esmaielpour, B., Fatemi, H. and Moradi, M. (2019). entitled the effect of seaweed extract on the physiological and biochemical parameters of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under water stress conditions. Journal of Soil and Plant Interactions Isfahan University of Technology, 11:1-4.
Fan, D., Hodges, M., Zhang, J., Kirby, C.W., Ji, X., Locke, S.J., Critchley, A.T. and Prithiviraj, B. (2011). Commercial extract of the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum enhances phenolic antioxidant content of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) which protects Caenorhabditis elegans against oxidative and thermal stress. Food Chemistry, 124: 195-202.
Farzaneh, A., Ghani, A. and Aziz Arani, M. (2005). The effect of water stress on appearance characteristics, yield and percentage of essential oil in basil plant (number)Kashkani Lulu. Journal of Plant Production Research, 17 (1): 101-113.
Garc ia, A. C., Santos, L. A., Izquierdo, F. G., Sperandio, M. V. L., Castro, R. N. and Berbara, R. L. L. (2012). Vermicompost humic acids as an ecological pathway to protect rice plant against oxidative stress. Ecological Engineering, 47: 203-208.
Gunes, A., Inal, A., Alpuslan, M., Fraslan, F., Guneri, E. and Cicek, N. (2007). Salicylic acid
induced changes on some physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress and mineral nutrition in maize grown under salinity. Journal of Plant Physiology. 164: 728-736.
Hendawy, S. F. and Kh. A. Khalid. (2005). Response of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) plants to zinc application under different salinity levels. Journal Apply Science Research. 1: 147-155.
Hoang, T. M. L., Tran, T. N., Nguyen, T. K. T., Williams, B., Wurm, P., Bellairs, S. and Mundree, S. (2016). Improvement of salinity stress tolerance in rice: challenges and opportunities. Agronomy, 6(4): 54.
Heidari, B., Pessarakli, M., Dadkhodaie, A. and Daneshnia, N. (2012). Reactive oxygen species-mediated functions in plants under environmental stresses. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. B, 2(2B), 159.
Jahani, S., Saadatmand, S., Mahmoodzadeh, H. and Khavari-Nejad, R. A. (2019). Effect of foliar application of cerium oxide nanoparticles on growth, photosynthetic pigments, electrolyte leakage, compatible osmolytes and antioxidant enzymes activities of Calendula officinalis L. Biologia, 74: 1063-1075.
Joshi, R., Singh, J. and Vig, A. P. (2015). Vermicompost as an effective organic fertilizer and biocontrol agent: effect on growth, yield and quality of plants. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio-Technology, 14: 137-159.
Kalher, M., Dehestani Ardakani, M., Shirmardi, M. and Gholam Nejad, V. (2017). The response of marigold plant to the mutual effects of salinity stress and soil amendment organic matter. Environmental Tensions in Agricultural Sciences. 11:1005-1021.
Karagiannidis, N., Thomidis, T., Lazari, D., Panou-Filotheou, E. and Karagiannidou, C. (2011). Effect of three Greek arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in improving the growth, nutrient concentration, and production of essential oils of oregano and mint plants. Scientia horticulturae, 129(2): 329-334.
Kelen, M. and Tepe, B. (2008). Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the essential oils of three Salvia species from Turkish flora. Bioresource Technology, 99: 4096-4104.
Kishor, P. B., Sangam, S. and Amrutha, R. N. (2005). Regulation of proline biosynthesis, degradation, uptake and transport in higher plants: its implications in plant growth and abiotic stress tolerance. Current Science, 88: 424-438.
Koocheki, A., Nassiri, M. and Behdani, M. A. (2006). Agronomic attributes of saffron yield at agroecosystems. Acta Horticulturae 739: 24-33.
Kord Firouzjai, G., Habibi, H., Sodai Mashai, S. and Fotoukian, M.H.( 2012). The effect of foliar application of fertilizers containing nutrients and growth stimulants on the germination factors of rice. Journal of Science and Technology Seed. 2(2): 1-10.
Liu, X., Chen, Q., Zhang, H., Zhang, J., Chen, Y., Yao, F., and Chen, Y. (2023). Effects of exogenous organic matter addition on agricultural soil microbial communities and relevant enzyme activities in southern China. Scientific Reports, 13(1):8045.
Mandhania, S., Madan, S. and Sawhney, V. (2006). Antioxidant defense mechanisms under salt stress in wheat seedlings. Biologia Plantarum, 50: 227-231.
Mozaffarian V. A(1996). Dictionary of Iranian Plant Names. Farhang Moaser, Tehran, Iran. 59-71.
Noorani Azad, H. and M. Haji Bagheri (2007). The effect of salinity stress on some physiological characteristics of the plant (Anethum graveolens L). New Knowledge of Agriculture. 12 (4): 93-100.
Nouri, K., Omid, H., Nakhdi Badi, H., Torabi, H. and Fatukian, M. H. (2013). Effect of water and soil salinity on flower yield, soluble compounds, content of salinity elements and quality of essential oil of Shirazi chamomile (Matricaria recutita L). Water Research in Agriculture. 26 (4): 368-378.
Parida, A., Das, A. B. and Das, P. (2002). NaCl stress causes changes in photosynthetic pigments, proteins, and other metabolic components in the leaves of a true mangrove, Bruguiera parviflora, in hydroponic cultures. Journal of Plant Biology, 45: 28-36.
Perez -Gomez, J. J., Abud -Archila, M., Villalobos -Maldonado, J. J., Enciso -Saenz, S., de Leon, H. H., Ruiz -Valdiviezo, V. M. and Gutierrez -Miceli, F. A. (2017) Vermicompost and vermiwash minimized the influence of salinity stress on growth parameters in potato plants. Compost Science and Utilazation, 5: 1 -8.
Peyvast, G. H., J. A. Olfati, S. Madeni, and A. Forghani. )2008(. Effect of vermicompost on the growth and yield of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 6(1): 110-113.
Pohl, A., Kalisz, A., and Sekara, A. (2019). Seaweed extracts’ multifactorial action: influence on physiological and biochemical status of Solanaceae plants. Acta Agrobotanica:72(1).
Rahimi, A., Gitari, H., Lyons, G., Heydarzadeh, S., Tunçtürk, M., and Tunçtürk, R. (2023). Effects of vermicompost, compost and animal manure on vegetative growth, physiological and antioxidant activity characteristics of Thymus vulgaris L. Under water stress. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 33(1): 40-53.
Ramarajan S, Henry Joseph L and Saravana Gonthi A.(2012). Effect of Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer on the Germination and Pigment Concentration of Soybean. Journal of Crop Science and Technology. 1(2): 1-5.
Sarcheshmeh Poor, M., Taheri, A., Nasibi, F., and Bahrami Nejad, F. (2022). The Effect of Foliar Application of Algae Extract, ß-Carotene and Vitamin E on some Biochemical Parameters of Pistachio Seedlings under Salinity Stress. Quality and Durability of Agricultural Products and Food Stuffs, 1(4): 1-11.
Sánchez, F., Jifon, J.L., Carvajal, M and Syvertsen,J.P., (2002). Gas exchange, chlorophyll nd nutient ontents in el tion to N + nd Cl- umul tion in‘Sunbu st’m nd in g fted on different rootstocks. Plant Science. 162(5):705-712.
Schutz, H., and Fangmier, E. (2001). Growth and yield responses of spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to elevated Co2 and water limitation. Environmental Pollution 114: 187-194.
Seyeed Razavi, A., Ovissi, M., and Kasraei, P. (2018). Investigation of Daljin Growth Regulator (Ascophyllumnodosum Extract) under Salt Stress Conditions on Agronomic and Physiological Traits of Barley (Hurdeumvulgare L.).
Smart, R. E., and Bingham, G. E. (1974). Rapid estimates of relative water content. Plant Physiology 53: 258 -260.
Turan, M., and Köse, C. (2004). Seaweed extracts improve copper uptake of grapevine. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Soil and Plant Science, 54: 213-220
Tawfeeq, A., Culham, A., Davis, F., and Reeves, M. (2016). Does fertilizer type and method of application cause significant differences in essential oil yield and composition in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Industrial Crops and Products, 88: 17-22.
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