تنش خشکی و راهکارهای مقابله با آن در گیاهان زراعی
الموضوعات :
اسماعیل قلی نژاد
1
,
رضا درویش زاده
2
,
عباس ابهری
3
1 - گروه علمی علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران،
2 - گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران،
3 - گروه علمی علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: "اجتناب", "پتانسیل اسمزی", "تبخیر و تعرق", "تحمل", "تنش", "فرار از خشکی", "مکانیسم خشکی",
ملخص المقالة :
تنش خشکی روی جنبه های مختلف رشد و نمو گیاهان (رشد رویشی، زایشی، پیدایش و تشکیل گل، گرده افشانی و لقاح و تشکیل دانه) تاثیر می گذارد. برای کاهش اثرات تنش خشکی بر گیاهان، شناسایی مکانیسم های عکس العمل گیاه در برابر تنش خشکی بسیار مهم است. در پاسخ به تنش خشکی در گیاهان تغییرات مورفوفیزیولوژیکی، بیوشیمیایی، سلولی و مولکولی رخ می دهند که برآیند این تغییرات بهبود در سیستم ریشه، ساختار برگ، تنظیم اسمزی، محتوای نسبی آب و تنظیم روزنه و برخی عوامل دیگر است. نمود فنوتیپی مواجهۀ گیاهان با تنش خشکی به صورت فرار از خشکی (زودرسی یا دوره رشد کوتاه، حساسیت به طول روز و کنترل پنجهدهی)، اجتناب از خشکی (سیستم ریشهای توسعه یافته، هدایت روزنهای مطلوب، بهبود اندازه و فراوانی روزنهها، تجمع آبسیزیک اسید و ضخامت کوتیکول و قشر مومی روی برگ)، تحمل خشکی (تنظیم فشار اسمزی، تنظیم غیر فعال، تنظیم فعال، تجمع پرولین و جابجایی مواد پرورده) و بازیافت بروز پیدا می کند. از روش های مدیریتی بهبود تحمل تنش خشکی می توان ایجاد ارقام متحمل، استفاده از اسمولیت های خارجی مانند گلیسین بتائین و پرولین، محلول پاشی با هورمون‌های گیاهی مانند آبسیزیک اسید، سالسیلیک اسید (آسپرین)، جیبرلیک اسید، جاسمونیک اسید، براسینو استروییدها و پلی آمین ها، کاربرد خارجی آنتی اکسیدان هایی مانند گلوتاتیون، آسکوربیک اسید (ویتامین C)، توکوفرول (ویتامین E) و اکسید نیتریک، محلول پاشی با عناصر ریز مغذی مانند آهن و روی، محلول پاشی با عناصر کمیاب مانند سیلیکون و سلنیوم و برهمکنش های میکروبی گیاهان مانند باکتری های محرک رشد و قارچ ها اشاره کرد. مقاله حاضر یک مقاله مروری است که با جستجو در مقاله های مرتبط در سایت های معتبر (Google scholar, Web of science, PubMed, Scopus, sid) بدست آمده است و با هدف بررسی اثرات، مکانیسم های تحمل، روش های پژوهش، صفات مهم قابل اندازه گیری، مدیریت و کنترل تنش خشکی تهیه شده است.
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