اثر سطوح مختلف بیوچار بر صفات فیزیولوژیک کدو (Cucurbita pepo L.) تحت تنش کمبود آب
الموضوعات :
علی رضا صفاهانی
1
,
رضا نورا
2
1 - گروه کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران.
2 - گروه کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: تنش خشکی, عملکرد دانه, راندمان مصرف آب, حداکثر درصد تخلیه, فعالیت‌های آنتی اکسیدانی,
ملخص المقالة :
اخیرا، بیوچار توجه زیادی را به‌عنوان یک راهبرد قابل قبول برای افزایش بهره وری گیاه زراعی به خود جلب کرده است. کمبود آب، بهره وری کشاورزی را محدود و یک راه حل ممکن برای این مشکل، استفاده از بیوچار است. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثر بیوچار بر فیزیولوژی و عملکرد کدو تخم پوست کاغذی (Cucurbita pepo L.) تحت تنش کمبود آب بود. برای این منظور، آزمایشی فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار در دو سال متوالی (1395-1394) در شهرستان گرگان انجام شد. فاکتورهای آزمایش شامل چهار دور آبیاری 45، 60، 75 و 90 درصد تخلیه رطوبت قابل استفاده در خاک (I1-I4) و بیوچار با مقادیر 0، 5، 10 و 20 تن در هکتار بود (B0-B20). تشدید کم آبیاری فعالیت آنزیم های آنتی‌اکسیدان و گونه های واکنشی اکسیژن در برگ کدو را نسبت به تیمار آبیاری 45 درصد، افزایش داد. در مقابل، تمام فعالیت های آنتی اکسیدانی، گونه های واکنشی اکسیژن و محتوای پرولین برگ کدو در خاک تیمار شده با بیوچار، بویژه در تیمار 20 تن بیوچار در هکتار ، کاهش نشان داد و همچنین بیشترین و کمترین صفات مذکور به ترتیب به تیمارهای I4B0 و I1B20 متعلق بود. جالب توجه است که کاربرد بیوچار اثرات منفی کم آبیاری را بر پارامترهای تبادل گازی برگ، کلروفیل و جذب عناصر غذایی، عملکرد محصول، راندمان مصرف آب و وضعیت آبی گیاه را کاهش داد. عملکرد بذر کاهش 6، 46 و 58 درصدی در I2،I3 و I4 در مقایسه با تیمار I1، بدون در نظر گرفتن میزان بیوچار استفاده شده، نشان داد. نتایج واقعی و شبیه سازی شده، نشان دهنده سطح آستانه کاربرد بیوچار برای هر تیمار آبیاری با توجه به عملکرد دانه بود. میزان پاسخ به بیوچار در مقادیر پایین بیوچار، با افزایش شدت کم آبیاری کند و متوقف شد. اما واکنش تیمار I2 به بیوچار، در مقدار بالای بیوچار به عنوان بیوچار آستانه (Bcritical)، 14 تن بیوچار در هکتار متوقف شد. این بدان معنی است که تیمار I2 واکنش کدو به بیوچار را بهبود بخشید که با راندمان مصرف آب بالاتری همراه بود. این نتایج نشان می دهد که کاربرد بیوچار می تواند یک راهبرد موفق برای بهبود بهره وری آب و افزایش تولید محصول در منطقه مورد مطالعه (گرگان) باشد.
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Abeer, H., Abd_Allah, E.F., Alqarawi, A.A. and Egamberdieva, D. (2015). Induction of salt stress tolerance in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Legume Research. 38:579-88.
Afshara, R.K., Hashemi, M., DaCosta, M., Spargo, J. and Sadeghpour, A. (2016). Biochar Application and Drought Stress Effects on Physiological Characteristics of Silybum marianum. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 47(6):743–752.
Akhtar, S., Li, G., Andersen, M.N. and Liu, F. (2014). Biochar enhances yield and quality of tomato under reduced irrigation. Agricultural Water Management. 138:37–44.
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Bamminger, C., Poll, C., Sixt, C., Högy, P., Wüst, D., Kandeler, E. and Marhan, S. (2016). Short-term response of soil microorganisms to biochar addition in a temperate agroecosystem under soil warming. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 233:308–317.
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Datta, P. and Kulkarni, M. (2014). Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization improves growth and biochemical profile in Acacia Arabica under salt stress. Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology. 3:235-45.
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Garg, N. and Manchanda, G. (2009). ROS generation in plants: boon or bane? Plant Biosystems. 143:88–96.
Ghanbari, A., Nadjafi, F. and Shabahang, J. (2007). Effects of irrigation regimes and row arrangement on yield, yield components and seed quality of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.). Asian Journal of Plant Sciences. 6:1072–1079.
Ghobadi, M., Taherabadi, S., Ghobadi, M.F., Mohammadi, G.R. Jalali-Honarmand, S. (2013). Antioxidant capacity, photosynthetic characteristics and water relations of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars in response to drought stress. Industrial Crops and Products. 50:29–38.
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Kanazawa, S., Sano, S., Koshiba, T. and Ushimaru, T. (2000). Changes in antioxidative enzymes in cucumber cotyledons during natural senescence: comparison with those during dark-induced senescence. Physiologia Plantarum. 109:211–216.
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Lim, T.J., Spokas, K.A., Feyereisen, G. and Novak, J.M. (2016). Predicting the impact of biochar additions on soil hydraulic properties. Chemosphere. 142:136–144.
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Abbas, T., Rizwan, M., Ali, S., Rehman, M.Z., Qayyum, M.F., Abbas, F., Hannan, F., Rinklebe, J. and Ok, Y.S. (2017). Effect of biochar on cadmium bioavailability and uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in a soil with aged contamination. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 140:37–47.
Abeer, H., Abd_Allah, E.F., Alqarawi, A.A. and Egamberdieva, D. (2015). Induction of salt stress tolerance in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Legume Research. 38:579-88.
Afshara, R.K., Hashemi, M., DaCosta, M., Spargo, J. and Sadeghpour, A. (2016). Biochar Application and Drought Stress Effects on Physiological Characteristics of Silybum marianum. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 47(6):743–752.
Akhtar, S., Li, G., Andersen, M.N. and Liu, F. (2014). Biochar enhances yield and quality of tomato under reduced irrigation. Agricultural Water Management. 138:37–44.
Alvarez, S. and Sanchez-Blanco, M.J. (2013). Changes in growth rate, root morphology and water use efficiency of potted Callistemon citrinus plants in response to different levels of water deficit. Scientia Horticulture. 156:54–62.
Asch, F. (2000). Determination of abscisic acid by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Technical Report. Laboratory for Agrohydrology and Bioclimatology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Taastrup, Denmark.
Asai, H., Samson, B.K., Stephan, H.M., Songyikhangsuthor, K., Homma, K., Kiyono, Y., Inoue, Y., Shiraiwa, T. and Horie, T. (2009). Biochar amendment techniques for upland rice production in Northern Laos 1. Soil physical properties, leaf SPAD and grain yield. Field Crops Resarch. 111: 81–84.
Bamminger, C., Poll, C., Sixt, C., Högy, P., Wüst, D., Kandeler, E. and Marhan, S. (2016). Short-term response of soil microorganisms to biochar addition in a temperate agroecosystem under soil warming. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 233:308–317.
Bates, L. S., Waldren, R.P. and Teare, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39:205–07.
Bremmer, J.M. and Mulvaney, C.S. (1982). Nitrogen-total. In: A.L. Page, R.H. Miller, and D.R. Keeney (eds.) Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. 2nd ed. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA. pp. 595- 624.
Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W. and Jones, R.L. (2000). Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. American Society of plant physiologists, Rockville.
Chan, K.Y., Van Zwieten, L., Meszaros, I., Downie, A. and Joseph, S. (2008). Using poultry litter biochars as soil amendments. Australian Journal of Soil Research. 46:437–444.
Datta, P. and Kulkarni, M. (2014). Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization improves growth and biochemical profile in Acacia Arabica under salt stress. Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology. 3:235-45.
De Carvalho, M.H.C. (2008). Drought stress and reactive oxygen species: production, scavenging and signaling. Plant Signaling and Behavior. 3:156–165.
Foyer, C.H. and Noctor, G. (2005). Redox homeostis and antioxidant signaling: a metabolic interface between stress perception and physiological responses. Plant Cell. 17:1866–1875.
Garg, N. and Manchanda, G. (2009). ROS generation in plants: boon or bane? Plant Biosystems. 143:88–96.
Ghanbari, A., Nadjafi, F. and Shabahang, J. (2007). Effects of irrigation regimes and row arrangement on yield, yield components and seed quality of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.). Asian Journal of Plant Sciences. 6:1072–1079.
Ghobadi, M., Taherabadi, S., Ghobadi, M.F., Mohammadi, G.R. Jalali-Honarmand, S. (2013). Antioxidant capacity, photosynthetic characteristics and water relations of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars in response to drought stress. Industrial Crops and Products. 50:29–38.
Gratao, P.L., Polle, A., Lea, P.J. and Azevedo, R.A. (2005). Making the life of heavy metal stressed plants a little easier. Functional Plant Biology. 32:481–494.
Hosseni, S.H., Yosef Zade, S., Yrytsayan, S. and Hemmati, K. (2016). Growth analysis and qualitative traits pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) affected by application of chemical and organic fertilizers. Journal of Plant Production Research. 23(1):131-155. (in Persian).
Janero, D.R. (1990). Malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid-reactivity as diagnostic indices of lipid peroxidation and peroxidative tissue injury. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 9:515–540.
Kammann, C.I., Sebastian, L., Johannes, W.G. and Hans-Werner, K. (2011). Influence of biochar on drought tolerance of Chenopodium quinoa Willd and on soil–plant relations. Plant Soil. 345:195–210.
Kanazawa, S., Sano, S., Koshiba, T. and Ushimaru, T. (2000). Changes in antioxidative enzymes in cucumber cotyledons during natural senescence: comparison with those during dark-induced senescence. Physiologia Plantarum. 109:211–216.
Kiani, S.P., Grieu, P., Maury, P., Hewezi, T., Gentzbittel, L. and Sarrafi, A. (2007). Genetic variability for physiological traits under drought conditions and differential expression of water stress-associated genes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 114:193–207.
Kim, H.S., Kim, K.R., Yang, J.E., Ok, Y.S., Owens, G., Nehls, T., Wessolek, G. and Kim, K.H. (2016). Effect of biochar on reclaimed tidal land soil properties and maize (Zea mays L.) response. Chemosphere. 142:153–159.
Kumar, K.B. and Khan, P.A. (1982). Peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in excised ragi (Eleusine corocana cv PR 202) leaves during senescence. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 20:412–416.
Lawlor, D. W. (2002). Limitation to photosynthesis in water stressed leaves: Stomata vs. metabolism and the role of ATP. Annals of Botany. 89:871–85.
Lehmann, J., Rillig, M.C., Thies, J., Masiello, C.A., Hockaday, W.C. and Crowley, D. (2011). Biochar effects on soil biota—a review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 43:1812–1836.
Li, S.X., Wang, Z.H., Li, S.Q., Gao, Y.J. and Tian, X.H. (2013). Effect of plastic sheet mulch, wheat straw mulch, and maize growth on water loss by evaporation in dryland areas of China. Agricultural Water Management. 116:39–49.
Lim, T.J., Spokas, K.A., Feyereisen, G. and Novak, J.M. (2016). Predicting the impact of biochar additions on soil hydraulic properties. Chemosphere. 142:136–144.
Liu, X. and Huang, B. (2000). Heat stress injury in relation to membrane lipid peroxidation in creeping bentgrass. Crop Science. 40:503–10.
Major, J., Rondon, M., Molina, D., Riha, S. J. and Lehmann, J. (2010). Maize yield and nutrition during 4 years after biochar application to a Colombian savanna oxisol. Plant Soil. 333:117–128.
Mandal, K.G. and Sinha, A.C. (2004). Nutrient management effects on light interception, photosynthesis, growth, dry-matter production and yield of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 190:119–129.
Montillet, J.L., Chamnongpol, S., Rustérucci, C., Dat, J., Van de Cotte, B., Agnel, J.P., Battesti, C., Inzé, D., Van Breusegem, F. and Triantaphylides, C. (2005). Fatty acid hydroperoxides and H2O2 in the execution of hypersensitive cell death in tobacco leaves. Plant Physiology. 138:1516–1526.
Mwaura, M.M., Isutsa, D.K., Ogweno, J.O. and Kasina, M. (2014). Interactive effects of irrigation rate and leaf harvest intensity on edible leaf and fruit yields of multipurpose pumpkin. International Journal of Science and Nature. 5:199–204.
Nakano, Y. and Asada, K. (1981). Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate- specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant and Cell Physiology. 22:867–880.
Nar, H., Saglam, A., Terzi, R., Varkonyi, Z. and Kadioglu, A. (2009). Leaf rolling and photosystem II efficiency in Ctenanthe setosa exposed to drought stress. Photosynthetica, 47:429–36.
Olsen, S.R. and Sommers, L.E. (1982). Phosphorus. In: A.L. Page, R.H. Miller, and D.R. Keeney (eds.). Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. 2nd ed. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA. pp. 403-30.
Omran, R.G. (1980). Peroxide levels and the activities of catalase, peroxidase, and indoleacetic acid oxidase during and after chilling cucumber seedlings. Plant Physiology. 65:407–408.
Panda, R.K., Behera, S.K. and Kashyap, P.S. (2004). Effective management of irrigation water for maize under stressed conditions. Agricultural Water Management. 66:181–203.
Premchandra, G.S., Saneoka, H. and Ogata, S. (1990). Cell membrane stability, an indicator of drought tolerance as affected by applied nitrogen in soybean. The Journal of Agricultural Science. 115:63–66.
Sairam, R.K. (1994). Effect of moisture stress on physiological activities of two contrasting wheat genotypes. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 32:594–597.
SAS Institute. (1999). SAS Online Doc. v. 8, SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
Schutzendubel, A. and Polle, A. (2002). Plant responses to abiotic stresses: heavy metal induced oxidative stress and protection by mycorrhization. Journal of Experimental Botany. 53:1351–1365.
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