تأثیر سنتز سبز کیتوزان با عصاره یولاف زراعی بر جوانه زنی تاج خروس (Amaranthus retroflexus)
الموضوعات :
1 - استاد، فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی، گروه آموزشی مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل،
2 - دانشجوی دکتری، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل ، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: دگرآسیبی, رهایش, علف های هرز, گیاهان پوششی, نانو ذره,
ملخص المقالة :
یولاف زراعی (Avena sativa L.) دارای خاصیت دگرآسیبی است و می‌تواند به عنوان گیاهان پوششی مؤثر برای مهار رشد علف‌های‌هرز عمل کند. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی اثر عصاره آبی و عصاره فرموله شده یولاف زراعی با نانوذرات کیتوزان بر جوانه زنی تاج خروس ریشه قرمز (Amaranthus retroflexus) در سال 1400 انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل نوع عصاره (عصاره آبی یولاف زراعی و عصاره فرموله شده آن با نانوذرات کیتوزان) و شش غلظت شاهد (آب مقطر و کیتوزان بدون عصاره گیاهی)، 10، 50، 100، 150 و 200 گرم در لیتر بود. نتایج نشان داد که اثر متقابل نوع عصاره و غلظت‌های مختلف به‌طور معنی‌داری بر صفات مورد ارزیابی در سطح احتمال یک درصد تأثیرگذار بود. درصد جوانه‌زنی در عصاره آبی یولاف زراعی و عصاره فرموله شده آن با نانوذرات کیتوزان در غلظت‌های 100، 150 و 200 به ترتیب صفر، 66/16، 33/15 و 33/5 درصد بود. همچنین افزایش غلظت عصاره فرموله شده با کیتوزان باعث کاهش در سرعت جوانه‌زنی (46/85، 95/87 و 10/96 درصد)، میانگین درصد جوانه‌زنی روزانه (75/82، 20/84 و 49/94 درصد)، شاخص بنیه گیاهچه (53/85، 60/87 و 71/97 درصد) و شاخص همگام‌سازی (76/45، 90/47 و 14/75 درصد) تاج خروس ریشه قرمز در مقایسه با کیتوزان بدون عصاره گیاهی شد. این یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که عصاره آبی یولاف زراعی بازدارندگی بیشتری بر جوانه‌زنی علف‌هرز تاج خروس ریشه قرمز داشت.
المصادر:
Ahmadvand, G., Dehghan Banadaki, M., Alimoradi, J., Goudarzi, S. and Ardalani, S. 2018. Reaction of germination and seedling growth of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) to salinity and drought Stress. Iranian Journal of Seed Research. 4(2): 23-35
Alamdari, S., Sasani Ghamsari, M., Lee, C., Han, W., Park, H.H., Tafreshi, M.J., Afarideh, H. and Ara, M.H.M. 2020. Preparation and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of Sambucus ebulus. Applied Science, 10(10): 3620
Al-Amiery, AAH., Al-Temimi, AA. and Wagaa, RI. 2010. Study the biological activities of Avena sativa extracts. African Journal of Pure Applied Chemistry. 4(3):031-034
Algandaby, M.M. and El-Darier, S.M. 2016. Management of the noxious weed; Medicago polymorpha L. via allelopathy of some medicinal plants from Taif region, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 25(7): 1339-1347
Azadbakht, A., and Fesahat, A. 2018. Study of the effect of ally chemical compounds of Hoary Cress (Lepidium draba L.) field and root extract on the characteristics of germination and oat (Avena sativa L.) growth. Journal of seed Research. 8(1): 1-14
Baghestani, A., Lemieux, C. and Leroux, GD. 1999. Determination of allelochemicals in spring cereal cultivars of different competitiveness. Weed Science. 47(5):498-504
Bautista-Banos, S., Hernandez-Lopez, M. and Bosquez- Molina, E. 2004. Growth inhibition of select fungi by chitosan and plant extracts. Mexican Journal of Phytopathology. 22(2): 178-186
Behboud, R., Moradi A. and Farajee, H. 2020. Effect of different chitosan concentrations on seed germination and some biochemical traits of sweet corn (Zea mays var. Saccharata) seedling under osmotic stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Seed Research. 7(1): 1-22
Bulmers, C., Margaritisa, A. and Xenocostasb, A. 2012. Production and characterization of novel chitosan nanoparticles for controlled release of rHu-Erythropoietin. Biochemical Engineering Journal. 68: 61-69
Burnett, S.E., Pennisi, S.V., Thomas, P.A. and Van Iersel, M.W. 2005. Controlled drought affects morphology and anatomy of Salvia splendens. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 130(5): 775-781
Cheung, R., Ng, T., Wong, J. and Chan, W. 2015. Chitosan: an update on potential biomedical and pharmaceutical application. Marine drugs. 13(8): 5156-5186
Chon, S.U. and Kim, Y.M. 2004. Herbicidal potential and quantification of suspected allelochemicals from four grass crop extracts. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science.190(2):145–150
Costea, M., Weaver, S.E. and Tardif, F.J. 2004. The biology of Canadian weeds. 130. Amaranthus retroflexus L., A. powellii S. Watson and A.hybridus L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 84: 631- 668
Czabator, F.J. 1962. Germination value: An index combining speed and completeness of pine seed germination. Forest Science. 8: 386 - 395.
DeBertoldi, A., De Leo, M., Braca, A. and Ercoli, L. 2009. Bioassay-guided isolation of allelochemicals from Avena sativa L.: allelopathic potential of flavone C-glycosides. Chemoecology. 19(3): 169-176
Demir, I., Ermis, S., Mavi, K. and Matthews, S. 2008. Mean germination time of pepper seed lots (Capsicum annuum L.) predicts size and uniformity of seedlings in germination tests and transplant modules. Seed Science and Technology. 36: 21-30
Dolatabadi, M., Hassibi, P., Roshanfekr Deezfuli, H. and Sorkhi, B. 2018. Effect of plant density on some physiological and phenological indices of Oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes in climatic conditions of Ahvaz. Plant Production. 42(3): 415-428.
EL-burai, H., Alzaharna, M., Isleem, R., El-Hindi, M. and Sharif, F. 2020. Anticancer activity of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and Oats (Avena sativa L.) extracts, and their antitumor enhancement of 5-Fluorouracil on Colon Cancer Caco-2 cell line. International Journal of Herbal Medicine. 8(3): 138-146
Enayati, V., Esfandiari, E., Pourmohammad, A. and Haj Mohammadnia Ghalibaf, K. 2019. Evaluation of different methods in seed dormancy breaking and germination of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). Iranian Journal of Seed Research. 5(2): 129-137
Fakhari, S.H., Jamzad, M. and Kabiri Fard, H. 2019. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles: a comparison. Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews. 12(1): 19-24
Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021. Statistics: FAOSTAT agriculture. Retrieved July 17, 2021. from http://fao.org/crop/statistics
Ghahremani, S., Ebadi, A., Tobeh, A., Hashemi, M., Sedghi M. and Gholipuri, A. 2020. The effect of cover crops on yield and weeds control of patato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Journal of crop Ecophysiology. 1(53): 119-134
Hajzadeh, A., Jafarzade Ghollo, P., Ahmadi, M. and Alebrahim, M.T. 2017. Evaluation of Russian Knapweed’s extract as a bioherbicide for control of weeds in wheat fields. 1th International & 5thNational Conference on Organic vs. Conventional Agriculture, August 16-17, 2017, Ardabil, Iran.
Hura, T., Dubert, F., Dabkowska, T., Stupnicka-Rodzynkiewicz, E., Stoklosa, A. and Lepiarczyk, A. 2006. Quantitative analysis of phenolics in selected crop species and biological activity of these compounds evaluated by sensitivity of Echinochloa crusgalli. Acta Physiologiea Plantarum. 28:537-545
Jayanth, P. and Vinod, L. 2012. Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to cells and tissue. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 24;55(3): 329-347
Kaur, D., Kamboj, A. and Shri, R. 2016. Comparative evaluation of anxiolytic effects of various extracts of oats (Avena sativa), rice bran (Oryza sativa) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) in experimental animals. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Research. 7(10): 4110-4116
Kim, I.S., Hwang, C.W., Yang, W.S. and Kim, C.H. 2021. Multiple Antioxidative and Bioactive Molecules of Oats (Avena sativa L.) in Human Health. Antioxidants. 10(9): 1445, 1-20
Kruidhof, HM., Bastiaans, L. and Kropff, MJ. 2009. Cover crop residue management for optimizing weed control. Plant Soil. 318(1-2): 169-184
Lemessa, F. and Wakjira, M. 2015. Cover crops as a means of ecological weed management in agroecosystems. Journal Korean Society of Crop Science and Springer. 18(2):13-145
Maguire, J.D. 1962. Speed of germination, aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigor. Crop Science. 2(2): 176-177
Mahdavi, B., Safari, H. and Modarres-Sanavy, S.A.M. 2015. Effect of chitosan seed priming on germination, ion relations and biochemical characteristics of chickpea under salinity stress. Plant Production Technology. 15(1): 163-177
Mahmoodzadeh, H. and Mahmoodzadeh, M. 2013. Allelopathic potential of soybean (Glycine max L.) on the germination and root growth of weed species. Life Science Journal. 10(5): 63-69
Mahmoud, N.E., Mahdi, A.A., Barakat, A.M.A. and Abdelhameed, R.M. 2022. Boosting vegetation, biochemical constituents, grain yield and anti-cancer performance of cultivated oat (Avena sativa L.) in calcareous soil using oat extracts coated inside nanocarriers. BMC Plant Biology. 24; 22(1): 544, 1-15
Martín-Diana, A.B., García-Casas, M.J., Martínez-Villaluenga, C., Frías, J., Peñas, E. and Rico, D. 2021. Wheat and oat brans as sources of polyphenol compounds for development of antioxidant nutraceutical ingredients. Foods. 7;10 (1): 115,1-21
Nabati Souha, L., Alebrahim, MT., Habibi Yangjeh, A., Zangoueinejad, R. and Samadi kalkhoran, E. 2020. Inhibitory effect of Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens L.) as a biological herbicide on germination and growth indices of Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.). 10th National Conference on Agriculture and Sustainable Natural Resources. July, 7, 2020, Tehran, Iran.
Najafi, H., Rashed Mohsel, M.H. and Akbarzadeh, M.D. 2009. Biology and Weed Control. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. p 404
Narwal, S.S. 2015. Allelopathy update: Basic and Applied Aspects. Vol. 2. Science publishers Inc., Enfield, NH. p 271-281
Natarajan, J. and SN, M. 2012. Polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery and targeting: A comprehensive review. International Journal of Health and Allied Sciences. 1(4): 217-223
Orchard, T. 1977. Estimating the parameters of plant seedling emergence. Seed Science and Technology. 5: 61-69
Ozpinar, H., Dag, S. and Yigit, E. 2017. Allelopathic effects of benzoic acid, salicylic acid and leaf extract of Persica vulgaris Mill. (Rosaceae). South African Journal of Botany. 108(2017): 102-109
Pérez, FJ. and Ormeño-Nuñez, J. 1991. Root exudates of wild oats: allelopathic effect on spring wheat. Phytochemistry. 30(7): 2199-2202
Perez-de-Luque, A. and Rubiales, D. 2009. Nanotechnology for parasitic plant control. Pest Management Science. 65: 540 -545
Perry, D.A. 1991. Methodology and application of vigor tests. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland. p 275
Putnam, AR. and Tang, C.S. 1986. The science of allelopathy. New York, Wiley. p 317
Qi, Y., Yan, B., Fu, G., Guan, X., Du, L. and Li, J. 2017. Germination of seeds and seedling growth of Amaranthus retroflexus L. following sublethal exposure of parent plants to herbicides. Scientific Reports. 7(157):1-8
Rampino, A., Borgogna, M., Blasi, P., Bellicha B. and Secaro, A. 2013. Chitosan nanoparticles: Preparation, size evolution and stability. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 445(1-2): 219-228
Rostami, A.R., Ghobadi, M., Bahraminejad, S. and Jalali Honarmand, S. 2022. The responses of some physiological characteristics of oat to nitrogen and water supply after anthesis. Cereal Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 1(1): 18-34
Sabahie, M., Vazan, S., Oveisi, M. and Golzardi, F. 2014. Evaluation of allelopathic effects of aqueous extract of Sorghum crops (Sorghum bicolor L.) on germination red root pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences. 3(11): 129-132.
Sarabi, V., Ghanbari, A., Rashed Mohassel, M.H., Nassiri Maahallati, M. and Rastgoo, M. 2018. Evaluation of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) control using nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron in mixture with 2,4-D + MCPA. Journal of Plant Protection. 32(1): 21-28
Scott, S.J., Jones, R.A. and Williams, W.A. 1984. Review of data analysis methods for seed germination. Crop Science. 24: 1192-1199
Shahbazi, M.A., Hamidi, M. and Mohammadi-Samani, S. 2013. Preparation, optimization, and in-vitro/in-vivo/ex-vivo characterization of chitosan-heparin nanoparticles: drug-induced gelation. Journal of Pharmacy and pharmacology. 65(8): 1118-1133
Struszezyk, H., Pospieszmy, H. and Kotlinski, S. 1989. Some new applications of chitosan in agriculture, in Chitin and Chitosan. Elsevier Applied Science, New York. 733-742
Tatari, M., Gholamalipour Alamdari, E., Avarseji, Z. and Zarei, M. 2020. Aqueous extract effect of different organs of malva sylvestris weed on germination characteristics and photosynthetic pigments of echinochloa crus-galli. Iranian Journal of seed Research. 6(2): 151-161
Trusheva, B., Trusnkova, D. and Bankova, V. 2007. Different extraction methods of biologically active components from propolis: a preliminary study. Chemistry central Journal. 1(13):1-4
Valerio, M., Tomecek, M.B., Lovelli, S. and Ziska, L. H. 2011. Quantifying the effect of drought on carbon dioxide-induced changes in competition between a C3 crop (tomato) and a C4 weed (Amaranthus retroflexus). Weed Research. 51: 591- 600
Yang, C.M., Lee, C.N. and Chou, C.H. 2002. Effect of three allelopathic phenolics on chlorophyll accumulation of rice (Oryza sativa) seedling: I. Inhibition of supply orientation. Institute of Botany. Academica Sinica. Nankang. Taipei. Taiwan. 45: 119-125.
Ahmadvand, G., Dehghan Banadaki, M., Alimoradi, J., Goudarzi, S. and Ardalani, S. 2018. Reaction of germination and seedling growth of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) to salinity and drought Stress. Iranian Journal of Seed Research. 4(2): 23-35
Alamdari, S., Sasani Ghamsari, M., Lee, C., Han, W., Park, H.H., Tafreshi, M.J., Afarideh, H. and Ara, M.H.M. 2020. Preparation and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of Sambucus ebulus. Applied Science, 10(10): 3620
Al-Amiery, AAH., Al-Temimi, AA. and Wagaa, RI. 2010. Study the biological activities of Avena sativa extracts. African Journal of Pure Applied Chemistry. 4(3):031-034
Algandaby, M.M. and El-Darier, S.M. 2016. Management of the noxious weed; Medicago polymorpha L. via allelopathy of some medicinal plants from Taif region, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 25(7): 1339-1347
Azadbakht, A., and Fesahat, A. 2018. Study of the effect of ally chemical compounds of Hoary Cress (Lepidium draba L.) field and root extract on the characteristics of germination and oat (Avena sativa L.) growth. Journal of seed Research. 8(1): 1-14
Baghestani, A., Lemieux, C. and Leroux, GD. 1999. Determination of allelochemicals in spring cereal cultivars of different competitiveness. Weed Science. 47(5):498-504
Bautista-Banos, S., Hernandez-Lopez, M. and Bosquez- Molina, E. 2004. Growth inhibition of select fungi by chitosan and plant extracts. Mexican Journal of Phytopathology. 22(2): 178-186
Behboud, R., Moradi A. and Farajee, H. 2020. Effect of different chitosan concentrations on seed germination and some biochemical traits of sweet corn (Zea mays var. Saccharata) seedling under osmotic stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Seed Research. 7(1): 1-22
Bulmers, C., Margaritisa, A. and Xenocostasb, A. 2012. Production and characterization of novel chitosan nanoparticles for controlled release of rHu-Erythropoietin. Biochemical Engineering Journal. 68: 61-69
Burnett, S.E., Pennisi, S.V., Thomas, P.A. and Van Iersel, M.W. 2005. Controlled drought affects morphology and anatomy of Salvia splendens. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 130(5): 775-781
Cheung, R., Ng, T., Wong, J. and Chan, W. 2015. Chitosan: an update on potential biomedical and pharmaceutical application. Marine drugs. 13(8): 5156-5186
Chon, S.U. and Kim, Y.M. 2004. Herbicidal potential and quantification of suspected allelochemicals from four grass crop extracts. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science.190(2):145–150
Costea, M., Weaver, S.E. and Tardif, F.J. 2004. The biology of Canadian weeds. 130. Amaranthus retroflexus L., A. powellii S. Watson and A.hybridus L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 84: 631- 668
Czabator, F.J. 1962. Germination value: An index combining speed and completeness of pine seed germination. Forest Science. 8: 386 - 395.
DeBertoldi, A., De Leo, M., Braca, A. and Ercoli, L. 2009. Bioassay-guided isolation of allelochemicals from Avena sativa L.: allelopathic potential of flavone C-glycosides. Chemoecology. 19(3): 169-176
Demir, I., Ermis, S., Mavi, K. and Matthews, S. 2008. Mean germination time of pepper seed lots (Capsicum annuum L.) predicts size and uniformity of seedlings in germination tests and transplant modules. Seed Science and Technology. 36: 21-30
Dolatabadi, M., Hassibi, P., Roshanfekr Deezfuli, H. and Sorkhi, B. 2018. Effect of plant density on some physiological and phenological indices of Oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes in climatic conditions of Ahvaz. Plant Production. 42(3): 415-428.
EL-burai, H., Alzaharna, M., Isleem, R., El-Hindi, M. and Sharif, F. 2020. Anticancer activity of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and Oats (Avena sativa L.) extracts, and their antitumor enhancement of 5-Fluorouracil on Colon Cancer Caco-2 cell line. International Journal of Herbal Medicine. 8(3): 138-146
Enayati, V., Esfandiari, E., Pourmohammad, A. and Haj Mohammadnia Ghalibaf, K. 2019. Evaluation of different methods in seed dormancy breaking and germination of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). Iranian Journal of Seed Research. 5(2): 129-137
Fakhari, S.H., Jamzad, M. and Kabiri Fard, H. 2019. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles: a comparison. Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews. 12(1): 19-24
Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021. Statistics: FAOSTAT agriculture. Retrieved July 17, 2021. from http://fao.org/crop/statistics
Ghahremani, S., Ebadi, A., Tobeh, A., Hashemi, M., Sedghi M. and Gholipuri, A. 2020. The effect of cover crops on yield and weeds control of patato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Journal of crop Ecophysiology. 1(53): 119-134
Hajzadeh, A., Jafarzade Ghollo, P., Ahmadi, M. and Alebrahim, M.T. 2017. Evaluation of Russian Knapweed’s extract as a bioherbicide for control of weeds in wheat fields. 1th International & 5thNational Conference on Organic vs. Conventional Agriculture, August 16-17, 2017, Ardabil, Iran.
Hura, T., Dubert, F., Dabkowska, T., Stupnicka-Rodzynkiewicz, E., Stoklosa, A. and Lepiarczyk, A. 2006. Quantitative analysis of phenolics in selected crop species and biological activity of these compounds evaluated by sensitivity of Echinochloa crusgalli. Acta Physiologiea Plantarum. 28:537-545
Jayanth, P. and Vinod, L. 2012. Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to cells and tissue. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 24;55(3): 329-347
Kaur, D., Kamboj, A. and Shri, R. 2016. Comparative evaluation of anxiolytic effects of various extracts of oats (Avena sativa), rice bran (Oryza sativa) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) in experimental animals. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Research. 7(10): 4110-4116
Kim, I.S., Hwang, C.W., Yang, W.S. and Kim, C.H. 2021. Multiple Antioxidative and Bioactive Molecules of Oats (Avena sativa L.) in Human Health. Antioxidants. 10(9): 1445, 1-20
Kruidhof, HM., Bastiaans, L. and Kropff, MJ. 2009. Cover crop residue management for optimizing weed control. Plant Soil. 318(1-2): 169-184
Lemessa, F. and Wakjira, M. 2015. Cover crops as a means of ecological weed management in agroecosystems. Journal Korean Society of Crop Science and Springer. 18(2):13-145
Maguire, J.D. 1962. Speed of germination, aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigor. Crop Science. 2(2): 176-177
Mahdavi, B., Safari, H. and Modarres-Sanavy, S.A.M. 2015. Effect of chitosan seed priming on germination, ion relations and biochemical characteristics of chickpea under salinity stress. Plant Production Technology. 15(1): 163-177
Mahmoodzadeh, H. and Mahmoodzadeh, M. 2013. Allelopathic potential of soybean (Glycine max L.) on the germination and root growth of weed species. Life Science Journal. 10(5): 63-69
Mahmoud, N.E., Mahdi, A.A., Barakat, A.M.A. and Abdelhameed, R.M. 2022. Boosting vegetation, biochemical constituents, grain yield and anti-cancer performance of cultivated oat (Avena sativa L.) in calcareous soil using oat extracts coated inside nanocarriers. BMC Plant Biology. 24; 22(1): 544, 1-15
Martín-Diana, A.B., García-Casas, M.J., Martínez-Villaluenga, C., Frías, J., Peñas, E. and Rico, D. 2021. Wheat and oat brans as sources of polyphenol compounds for development of antioxidant nutraceutical ingredients. Foods. 7;10 (1): 115,1-21
Nabati Souha, L., Alebrahim, MT., Habibi Yangjeh, A., Zangoueinejad, R. and Samadi kalkhoran, E. 2020. Inhibitory effect of Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens L.) as a biological herbicide on germination and growth indices of Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.). 10th National Conference on Agriculture and Sustainable Natural Resources. July, 7, 2020, Tehran, Iran.
Najafi, H., Rashed Mohsel, M.H. and Akbarzadeh, M.D. 2009. Biology and Weed Control. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. p 404
Narwal, S.S. 2015. Allelopathy update: Basic and Applied Aspects. Vol. 2. Science publishers Inc., Enfield, NH. p 271-281
Natarajan, J. and SN, M. 2012. Polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery and targeting: A comprehensive review. International Journal of Health and Allied Sciences. 1(4): 217-223
Orchard, T. 1977. Estimating the parameters of plant seedling emergence. Seed Science and Technology. 5: 61-69
Ozpinar, H., Dag, S. and Yigit, E. 2017. Allelopathic effects of benzoic acid, salicylic acid and leaf extract of Persica vulgaris Mill. (Rosaceae). South African Journal of Botany. 108(2017): 102-109
Pérez, FJ. and Ormeño-Nuñez, J. 1991. Root exudates of wild oats: allelopathic effect on spring wheat. Phytochemistry. 30(7): 2199-2202
Perez-de-Luque, A. and Rubiales, D. 2009. Nanotechnology for parasitic plant control. Pest Management Science. 65: 540 -545
Perry, D.A. 1991. Methodology and application of vigor tests. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland. p 275
Putnam, AR. and Tang, C.S. 1986. The science of allelopathy. New York, Wiley. p 317
Qi, Y., Yan, B., Fu, G., Guan, X., Du, L. and Li, J. 2017. Germination of seeds and seedling growth of Amaranthus retroflexus L. following sublethal exposure of parent plants to herbicides. Scientific Reports. 7(157):1-8
Rampino, A., Borgogna, M., Blasi, P., Bellicha B. and Secaro, A. 2013. Chitosan nanoparticles: Preparation, size evolution and stability. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 445(1-2): 219-228
Rostami, A.R., Ghobadi, M., Bahraminejad, S. and Jalali Honarmand, S. 2022. The responses of some physiological characteristics of oat to nitrogen and water supply after anthesis. Cereal Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 1(1): 18-34
Sabahie, M., Vazan, S., Oveisi, M. and Golzardi, F. 2014. Evaluation of allelopathic effects of aqueous extract of Sorghum crops (Sorghum bicolor L.) on germination red root pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences. 3(11): 129-132.
Sarabi, V., Ghanbari, A., Rashed Mohassel, M.H., Nassiri Maahallati, M. and Rastgoo, M. 2018. Evaluation of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) control using nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron in mixture with 2,4-D + MCPA. Journal of Plant Protection. 32(1): 21-28
Scott, S.J., Jones, R.A. and Williams, W.A. 1984. Review of data analysis methods for seed germination. Crop Science. 24: 1192-1199
Shahbazi, M.A., Hamidi, M. and Mohammadi-Samani, S. 2013. Preparation, optimization, and in-vitro/in-vivo/ex-vivo characterization of chitosan-heparin nanoparticles: drug-induced gelation. Journal of Pharmacy and pharmacology. 65(8): 1118-1133
Struszezyk, H., Pospieszmy, H. and Kotlinski, S. 1989. Some new applications of chitosan in agriculture, in Chitin and Chitosan. Elsevier Applied Science, New York. 733-742
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