پیش‌بینی اضطراب امتحان بر اساس نیازهای بنیادین روانشناختی و تنظیم شناختی هیجان بین دانشجویان دانشگاه فرهنگیان
الموضوعات :مهدیه خلیلی خضرآبادی 1 , سعید شفقتی 2 , فائزه اسحاقی مقدم 3 , امین رفیعی پور 4
1 - کارشناسی ارشد روانشناسی بالینی، گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
2 - کارشناس‌ارشد روانشناسی بالینی، گروه روانشناسی، واحد رودهن، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
3 - کارشناسی ارشد روانشناس عمومی، گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران
4 - دکتری تخصصی روانشناسی سلامت، استادیار، گروه روان شناسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: اضطراب امتحان, تنظیم هیجان, نیاز روانشناختی,
ملخص المقالة :
اضطراب امتحان یکی از مشکلات شایع در بین محصلان است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی پیش‌بینی اضطراب امتحان بر اساس نیازهای بنیادین روانشناختی و تنظیم شناختی هیجان در دانشجویان انجام شد. تعداد 212 دانشجوی دانشگاه فرهنگیان شهر ارومیه در سال تحصیلی 1397 به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب شدند و در این پژوهش شرکت کردند. ابزار گردآوری داده ها شامل پرسشنامه اضطراب امتحان، مقیاس ارضای نیازهای بنیادین روانشناختی و پرسشنامه راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجانی بود. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که نیازهای اساسی روانشناختی و راهبردهای سازش یافته تنظیم شناختی هیجان با اضطراب امتحان همبستگی منفی و راهبردهای سازش نایافته تنظیم شناختی هیجان با اضطراب امتحان همبستگی مثبت دارد (05/0>p). نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون گام به گام نیز حاکی از این بود که در گام اول، شایستگی 13درصد از واریانس اضطراب امتحان تبیین کرد. در گام دوم، با افزودن راهبردهای سازش نا یافته تنظیم هیجان به معادله رگرسیون، واریانس تبیین شده به 16 درصد افزایش یافت. در گام سوم با افزودن راهبردهای سازش یافته تنظیم هیجان، واریانس تبیین شده به 19 درصد افزایش یافت و در گام چهارم و با افزودن خودمختاری، واریانس تبیین شده به 21 درصد افزایش یافت. از این رو لازم است در زمینه اضطراب امتحان در دانشجویان، مداخلات روانشناختی به سمت تامین نیازهای اساسی روانشناختی و تنظیم شناختی هیجان سوق داده شود.
بشارت، محمدعلی (1391). بررسی ویژگیهای سنجشی مقیاس فارسی ارضای نیازهای بنیادین روانشناختی در نمونهای از جامعه ایرانی. مجله علوم روانشناختی، 41 (5)، 24-6.
حسنی، جعفر (1390). پایایی و روایی فرم کوتاه پرسشنامه تنظیم شناختی هیجان. مجله تحقیقات علوم رفتاری، 9(4)، 220-240.
ذاکری، محمد؛ حسنی، جعفر و اسماعیلی، ندا (1396). اثربخشی آموزش نظم جویی فرایندی هیجان بر پریشانی روانشناختی افراد مبتلا به ویتیلیگو. فصلنامه روانشناسی سلامت، 6(23)، 27-39.
سلیمانی، ایمان و حبیبی، یاسر (1393). ارتباط تنظیم هیجان و تابآوری با بهزیستی روان شناختی در دانش آموزان. مجله روان شناسی مدرسه، 3(4)، 72-51.
صالحی، هاجر (1398). رابطه نیازهای بنیادی روانشناختی و سلامت روان جانبازان. طب جانباز، 11(22)، 88-76.
گلستانه، موسی و چگینی، ثریا (1396). بررسی رابطه بین نیازهای اساسی روانشناختی و اضطراب آمار دانشجویان رشته روانشناسی. مجله آموزش و یادگیری، 9(1)، 22-1.
مهرابی زاده، مهدی؛ نجاریان، باقر؛ ابوالقاسمی، علی؛ شکرکن، حسین. (1379). بررسی میزان همه گیر شناسی اضطراب امتحان و رابطه خود – کارآمدی و جایگاه مهار با آن با توجه به متغیر هوش. مجله علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی اهواز، 2(6)، 38-41.
هاشمی، مرضیه؛ درویزه، زهرا، یزدی، سیده منور (1398). مقایسه سرسختی روانشناختی و تنظیم شناختی هیجان در دانشجویان دارای اضطراب اجتماعی و بهنجار، مجله مطالعات روانشناختی، 15(1)، 79-64.
Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical psychology review, 30(2), 217-237.
Aldao, A., Sheppes, G., & Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation flexibility. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39(3), 263-278.
Besharat, MA. (2012). Investigating the Measuring Characteristics of the Persian Scale to Satisfy Fundamental Psychological Needs in a Specimen of Iranian Society. Journal of Psychological Science, 41(5), 24-6 [In Persian].
Brady, S. T., Hard, B. M., & Gross, J. J. (2018). Reappraising test anxiety increases academic performance of first-year college students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 110(3), 395-405.
Brunet, J., & Sabiston, C. M. (2009). Social physique anxiety and physical activity: A self-determination theory perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(3), 329-335.
Carsley, D., Charlebois, F., Titova, P., & Heath, N. L. (2020). The Role of Mindfulness Colouring and Dispositional Mindfulness on University Students’ Test Anxiety and State Mindfulness. International Journal of Whole Person Care, 7(1), 49-50.
Chen, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Beyers, W., Boone, L., Deci, E. L. (2015). Basic psychological need satisfaction, need frustration, and need strength across four cultures. Motivation and Emotion, 39(2), 216-236.
Deci, E. L., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2004). Self-determination theory and basic need satisfaction: Understanding human development in positive psychology. Ricerche di psicologia, 9, 179-188.
Deci, E.L., Rayan, R.M. (2001). Need satisfaction, motivation, and well-being in the work organizations of a former eastern bloc country: A cross-cultural study of self-determination. Personality and Psychology Bulletin, 27, 930-942.
Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., & Eggum, N. D. (2010). Emotionrelated self-regulation and its relation to children’s maladjustment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6(9), 495–525.
Etkin, A., Büchel, C., & Gross, J. J. (2016). Emotion regulation involves both model-based and model-free processes. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 17(8), 532-541.
Fischer, S., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Emotion regulation and vulnerability to depression: spontaneous versus instructed use of emotion suppression and reappraisal. Emotion, 10(4), 563.
Gagne, M. (2003). The role of autonomy support and autonomy orientation in prosocial behavior engagement. Motivation and Emotion, 27(12), 199-223.
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006). Relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: A comparative study of five specific samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 40 (8), 1659–1669.
Golestaneh, M., & Chegini, S. (2017). Investigating the Relationship between Basic Psychological Needs and Anxiety of Students in Psychology. Journal of Education and Learning, 9(1), 1-22. [In Persian].
Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 1-26.
Halvari, A. E. M., Halvari, H., & Deci, E. L. (2019). Dental anxiety, oral health‐related quality of life, and general well‐being: A self‐determination theory perspective. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 49(5), 295-306.
Hasani, J. (2011). Reliability and Validity of the Short Form of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Journal of Behavioral Sciences Research, 9(4), 220-240 [In Persian].
Heather, P., Raymond, K. C., Amy, C. & Cynthia, L. (2007). The role of need fulfillment in relationship functioning and well-being: A self-determination theory perspective. Personality and Social Psychology, 3(3), 434-457.
Khalaila, R. (2015). The relationship between academic self-concept, intrinsic motivation, test anxiety, and academic achievement among nursing students: Mediating and moderating effects. Nurse Education Today, 35(3), 432-438.
Klemanski, D. H., Curtiss, J., McLaughlin, K. A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2017). Emotion regulation and the transdiagnostic role of repetitive negative thinking in adolescents with social anxiety and depression. Cognitive therapy and research, 41(2), 206-219.
Lavasani, M. G., & Hejazi, E. (2016). Structural Modeling on the Relationship between Basic Psychological Needs, Academic Engagement, and Test Anxiety. Journal of Education and Learning, 5(4), 44-52.
Leversen, I., Danielsen, A. G., Birkeland, M. S., & Samdal, O. (2012). Basic psychological need satisfaction in leisure activities and adolescents’ life satisfaction. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(12), 1588-1599.
Mehrabi Zadeh, M. Najarian, B. Abolghasemi, A. & Shakkar, H. (1999). Epidemiological survey of test anxiety and its relationship with self-efficacy and locus of control with respect to homogeneous variables. Educational Sciences and Psychology of Ahvaz, 2(6), 38-41 [In Persian].
Mehroof, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). Online gaming addiction: the role of sensation seeking, self-control, neuroticism, aggression, state anxiety, and trait anxiety. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking, 13(3), 313-316.
Ntoumanis, N., Ng, J. Y., Prestwich, A., Quested, E., Hancox, J. E., Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., & Williams, G. C. (2020). A meta-analysis of self-determination theory-informed intervention studies in the health domain: effects on motivation, health behavior, physical, and psychological health. Health Psychology Review, 2(2), 1-85.
Owens, M., Stevenson, J., Hadwin, J. A., & Norgate, R. (2012). Anxiety and depression in academic performance: An exploration of the mediating factors of worry and working memory. School Psychology International, 33(4), 433-449.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. The American Psychologist, 55(12), 68-78.
Saraso11, I. C. (2013). Test anxiety, worry, and cognitive interference. In Self-related cognitions in anxiety and motivation (pp. 29-44). Psychology Press.
Soleimani, E., & Habibi, Y. (2016). The relationship between emotion regulation and coping with psychological well-being in students. Journal of School Psychology, 3(4), 72-51 [In Persian].
Spielberger, C. D., Anton, W. D., & Bedell, J. (2015). The nature and treatment of test anxiety. Emotions and anxiety: New concepts, methods, and applications, 10(2), 317-344.
Thomas, C. L., Cassady, J. C., & Heller, M. L. (2017). The influence of emotional intelligence, cognitive test anxiety, and coping strategies on undergraduate academic performance. Learning and Individual Differences, 55(4), 40-48.
Vansteenkiste, M., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). On psychological growth and vulnerability: basic psychological need satisfaction and need frustration as a unifying principle. Journal of psychotherapy integration, 23(3), 263-271.
Vine, V., Bernstein, E. E., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2018). Less is more? Effects of exhaustive vs. minimal emotion labelling on emotion regulation strategy planning. Cognition and Emotion, 12(6), 22-30.
Zakeri, M. M, Hassani, J, Ismaili, N. (2016). The Effectiveness of Emotion Process Regulation Training on Psychological Distress in People with Vitiligo. Journal of Health Psychology, 6(23), 27-39 [In Persian].
_||_Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical psychology review, 30(2), 217-237.
Aldao, A., Sheppes, G., & Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation flexibility. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39(3), 263-278.
Besharat, MA. (2012). Investigating the Measuring Characteristics of the Persian Scale to Satisfy Fundamental Psychological Needs in a Specimen of Iranian Society. Journal of Psychological Science, 41(5), 24-6 [In Persian].
Brady, S. T., Hard, B. M., & Gross, J. J. (2018). Reappraising test anxiety increases academic performance of first-year college students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 110(3), 395-405.
Brunet, J., & Sabiston, C. M. (2009). Social physique anxiety and physical activity: A self-determination theory perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(3), 329-335.
Carsley, D., Charlebois, F., Titova, P., & Heath, N. L. (2020). The Role of Mindfulness Colouring and Dispositional Mindfulness on University Students’ Test Anxiety and State Mindfulness. International Journal of Whole Person Care, 7(1), 49-50.
Chen, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Beyers, W., Boone, L., Deci, E. L. (2015). Basic psychological need satisfaction, need frustration, and need strength across four cultures. Motivation and Emotion, 39(2), 216-236.
Deci, E. L., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2004). Self-determination theory and basic need satisfaction: Understanding human development in positive psychology. Ricerche di psicologia, 9, 179-188.
Deci, E.L., Rayan, R.M. (2001). Need satisfaction, motivation, and well-being in the work organizations of a former eastern bloc country: A cross-cultural study of self-determination. Personality and Psychology Bulletin, 27, 930-942.
Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., & Eggum, N. D. (2010). Emotionrelated self-regulation and its relation to children’s maladjustment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6(9), 495–525.
Etkin, A., Büchel, C., & Gross, J. J. (2016). Emotion regulation involves both model-based and model-free processes. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 17(8), 532-541.
Fischer, S., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Emotion regulation and vulnerability to depression: spontaneous versus instructed use of emotion suppression and reappraisal. Emotion, 10(4), 563.
Gagne, M. (2003). The role of autonomy support and autonomy orientation in prosocial behavior engagement. Motivation and Emotion, 27(12), 199-223.
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006). Relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: A comparative study of five specific samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 40 (8), 1659–1669.
Golestaneh, M., & Chegini, S. (2017). Investigating the Relationship between Basic Psychological Needs and Anxiety of Students in Psychology. Journal of Education and Learning, 9(1), 1-22. [In Persian].
Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 1-26.
Halvari, A. E. M., Halvari, H., & Deci, E. L. (2019). Dental anxiety, oral health‐related quality of life, and general well‐being: A self‐determination theory perspective. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 49(5), 295-306.
Hasani, J. (2011). Reliability and Validity of the Short Form of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Journal of Behavioral Sciences Research, 9(4), 220-240 [In Persian].
Heather, P., Raymond, K. C., Amy, C. & Cynthia, L. (2007). The role of need fulfillment in relationship functioning and well-being: A self-determination theory perspective. Personality and Social Psychology, 3(3), 434-457.
Khalaila, R. (2015). The relationship between academic self-concept, intrinsic motivation, test anxiety, and academic achievement among nursing students: Mediating and moderating effects. Nurse Education Today, 35(3), 432-438.
Klemanski, D. H., Curtiss, J., McLaughlin, K. A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2017). Emotion regulation and the transdiagnostic role of repetitive negative thinking in adolescents with social anxiety and depression. Cognitive therapy and research, 41(2), 206-219.
Lavasani, M. G., & Hejazi, E. (2016). Structural Modeling on the Relationship between Basic Psychological Needs, Academic Engagement, and Test Anxiety. Journal of Education and Learning, 5(4), 44-52.
Leversen, I., Danielsen, A. G., Birkeland, M. S., & Samdal, O. (2012). Basic psychological need satisfaction in leisure activities and adolescents’ life satisfaction. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(12), 1588-1599.
Mehrabi Zadeh, M. Najarian, B. Abolghasemi, A. & Shakkar, H. (1999). Epidemiological survey of test anxiety and its relationship with self-efficacy and locus of control with respect to homogeneous variables. Educational Sciences and Psychology of Ahvaz, 2(6), 38-41 [In Persian].
Mehroof, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). Online gaming addiction: the role of sensation seeking, self-control, neuroticism, aggression, state anxiety, and trait anxiety. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking, 13(3), 313-316.
Ntoumanis, N., Ng, J. Y., Prestwich, A., Quested, E., Hancox, J. E., Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., & Williams, G. C. (2020). A meta-analysis of self-determination theory-informed intervention studies in the health domain: effects on motivation, health behavior, physical, and psychological health. Health Psychology Review, 2(2), 1-85.
Owens, M., Stevenson, J., Hadwin, J. A., & Norgate, R. (2012). Anxiety and depression in academic performance: An exploration of the mediating factors of worry and working memory. School Psychology International, 33(4), 433-449.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. The American Psychologist, 55(12), 68-78.
Saraso11, I. C. (2013). Test anxiety, worry, and cognitive interference. In Self-related cognitions in anxiety and motivation (pp. 29-44). Psychology Press.
Soleimani, E., & Habibi, Y. (2016). The relationship between emotion regulation and coping with psychological well-being in students. Journal of School Psychology, 3(4), 72-51 [In Persian].
Spielberger, C. D., Anton, W. D., & Bedell, J. (2015). The nature and treatment of test anxiety. Emotions and anxiety: New concepts, methods, and applications, 10(2), 317-344.
Thomas, C. L., Cassady, J. C., & Heller, M. L. (2017). The influence of emotional intelligence, cognitive test anxiety, and coping strategies on undergraduate academic performance. Learning and Individual Differences, 55(4), 40-48.
Vansteenkiste, M., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). On psychological growth and vulnerability: basic psychological need satisfaction and need frustration as a unifying principle. Journal of psychotherapy integration, 23(3), 263-271.
Vine, V., Bernstein, E. E., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2018). Less is more? Effects of exhaustive vs. minimal emotion labelling on emotion regulation strategy planning. Cognition and Emotion, 12(6), 22-30.
Zakeri, M. M, Hassani, J, Ismaili, N. (2016). The Effectiveness of Emotion Process Regulation Training on Psychological Distress in People with Vitiligo. Journal of Health Psychology, 6(23), 27-39 [In Persian].
