اثربخشی بازی‌درمانی خلاقیت‌محور بر عزت‌نفس، خلاقیت و کمرویی دانش‌آموزان کمروی مقطع ابتدایی
الموضوعات :نسرین بیرنگ 1 , مرضیه علیوندی وفا 2
1 - دانش آموخته روانشناسی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران
2 - استادیار گروه روانشناسی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: خلاقیت, کمرویی, عزت‌نفس, بازی‌درمانی خلاقیت‌محور,
ملخص المقالة :
هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی اثربخشی بازی‌درمانی خلاقیت‌محور بر عزت‌نفس، خلاقیت و کمرویی دانش‌آموزان کمروی مقطع ابتداییبود. طرح پژوهش حاضر، نیمه آزمایشی بوده و براساس طرح‌های پیش‌آزمون-پس‌آزمون با گروه کنترل استوار بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر را کلیه دانش‌آموزان مقطع ابتدایی شهر مرند تشکیل داده بودند. در فرآیند انتخاب نمونه ی آماری، از روش نمونه گیری هدفمند استفاده شد. با توجه به مداخله ای بودن تحقیق حاضر، تعداد 30 دانش‌آموز به عنوان نمونه ی تحقیق انتخاب شده و به صورت تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش (15 نفر) و کنترل (15 نفر) قرار داده شدند. برای گردآوری داده‌های تحقیق، از پرسشنامه‌های کمرویی رافی، خلاقیت تورانس و عزت‌نفس کوپراسمیت استفاده شد. با استفاده از روش تجزیه و تحلیل آماری تحلیل کواریانس، نتایج نشان داد که بازی‌درمانی خلاقیت محور بر عزت‌نفس و خلاقیت دانش آموزان مقطع ابتدایی تأثیر معنی داری دارد. همچنین، براساس نتایج حاصله، بازی درمانی خلاقیت‌محور توانست میزان کمرویی دانش‌آموزان کمرو را با استفاده از بازی به طور معنی‌داری کاهش دهد (05/0>P). بر این اساس، بازی‌درمانی خلاقیت‌محور می تواند نقش مهمی در افزایش خلاقیت و عزت‌نفس و کاهش میزان کمرویی کودکان إیفا نموده و در مداخلات مربوط به کمرویی کودکان مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.
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Blaine, B., & Crocker, J. (1993). Self-esteem and self-serving biases in reactions to positive and negative events: An integrative review. In Self-esteem (pp. 55–85). Springer.
Blote, A. W., Miers, A. C., den Bos, E., & Westenberg, P. M. (2019). Negative social self-cognitions: How shyness may lead to social anxiety. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 63(1): 9–15.
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Carducci, B., & Zimbardo, P. G. (1995). The cost of shyness. Psychology today.
Cheek, J. M., & Buss, A. H. (1981). Shyness and sociability. Journal of personality and social psychology, 41(2): 330-339.
Chen, X., Huang, Y., Xiao, M., jun Luo, Y., Liu, Y., Song, S., ... & Chen, H. (2021). Self and the brain: Self-concept mediates the effect of resting-state brain activity and connectivity on self-esteem in school aged children. Personality and Individual Differences, 168(1): 110287-110294.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110287
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Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2015). The systems model of creativity: The collected works of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. Springer. Translated by Abbas Ali Katirai (2017). Tehran: Maziar Publishing [In Persian].
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Ghiasizadeh, M. (2013). The effectiveness of Mickenbaum cognitive-behavioral play therapy in reducing shyness and social isolation of elementary school students. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences, 21(6): 96-105 [In Persian].
Groos, K. (1898). The Play of Animals. Trad. de Elizabeth L. Baldwin. Appleton and Company, New York .
Hamachek, D. E. (1988). Evaluating Self-Concept and Ego Development Within Erikson’s Psychosocial Framework: A Formulation. Journal of Counseling & Development. 66(8): 354–360. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.1988.tb00886.x
Hvanaja, M., Asnhalata, T., & Diego Martin, B. (2006). Shyness in students, translator: Bagheri R. Press Astan Quds Razavi. [In Persian].
Knell, S. M. (1999). Cognitive-behavioral play therapy. Handbook of psychotherapies with children and families (pp. 385–404). Springer.
Kwiatkowska, M. M., & Rogoza, R. (2019). Shy teens and their peers: Shyness in respect to basic personality traits and social relations. Journal of Research in Personality, 79(1): 130–142. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2019.03.005
Kwiatkowska, M. M., Rogoza, R., & Poole, K. L. (2019). Exploring shy minds: Relations between shyness and creativity. Personality and Individual Differences, 142(1): 249–254. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.050
Landreth, G. L. (2012). Play therapy: The art of the relationship. Routledge.
Landreth, G. L., Ray, D. C., & Bratton, S. C. (2009). Play therapy in elementary schools. Psychology in the Schools, 46(3): 281–289. doi: 10.1002/pits.20374
Loweimy, F., & Safarzadeh, S. (2017). The effectiveness of story therapy on shyness, depression and self-esteem of preschool children in Ahvaz. Journal of Research in Clinical Psychology and Counseling, 6(2): 32-47. [In Persian].
Lowenstein, L. (1999). Creative interventions for troubled children & youth. Champion Press Toronto.
Lowenstein, L. (2002). More Creative Interventions for Troubled Children and Youth. Champion Press.
Lowenstein, L. (2008). Assessment and treatment activities for children, adolescents, and families: Practitioners share their most effective techniques. Champion Press.
Manouchehrian, P. (1997). The complex of humiliation, analytical cognition and its treatment. Tehran. 3rd edition [In Persian].
Meany-Walen, K. K. (2011). Adlerian play therapy: Effectiveness on disrup-tive behaviors of early elementary-aged children. [Dissertation]. University of North Texas.
Meftah, S. (2002). The relationship between shyness and self-esteem with the academic achievement of secondary school students in Tehran. Master Thesis of Allameh Tabatabai University [In Persian].
Mirsadeghi, J (2006). The effect of artistic activities on increasing the creativity of primary school children. Master Thesis, Psychology, Allameh Tabatabai University [In Persian].
Moustakas, C. (1997). Relationship play therapy. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
Pourshafeie, H. (1992). Assessing self-esteem and motivation of high school students' academic achievement. Master Thesis of Allameh Tarbiat Moalem University [In Persian].
Radbakhsh, N., Mohammad Far, M., & Kiyani, K. (2013). The effectiveness of games and storytelling on increasing children's creativity. Journal of Innovation and Creativity in the Humanities, 2(4): 177-195 [In Persian].
Rizzi, V., Pigeon, C., Rony, F., & Fort-Talabard, A. (2020). Designing a creative storytelling workshop to build self-confidence and trust among adolescents. In Thinking skills and creativity, Elsevier. 38(1): 100704-100703.
doi: 10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100704.
Saint-Laurent, R. (1989). The book of confidence. America Needs Fatima. Translated by Mohammad Hossein Sarvari (2010). Tehran: Bamdad Publishing [In Persian].
Schiraldi, G. (2012). The self-esteem workbook. Translated: Ashraf Razi, Hassan Ali Mirza Beigi. Qom: Mirror of Knowledge Publishing [In Persian].
Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982). Audiences’ reactions to self-enhancing, self-denigrating, and accurate self-presentations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18(1): 89–104. doi: 10.1016/0022-1031(82)90083-X
Schmidt, L. A., & Schulkin, J. (1999). Extreme fear, shyness, and social phobia: Origins, biological mechanisms, and clinical outcomes. Oxford University Press on Demand.
Schweitzer, R. D., Seth-Smith, M., & Callan, V. (1992). The relationship between self-esteem and psychological adjustment in young adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 15(1): 83–97. doi: 10.1016/0140-1971(92)90067-F
Shahri, M., Moeinikia, M., Zahed, A., & Narimani, M. (2014). Investigation the impact of paint therapy on communication skills of shyness girl students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 128(1): 327-331.
Sharifi Pasha, H. (2009). The relationship between creativity and personality traits of high school students in Tehran. Quarterly Journal of Educational Innovations, 7(3): 12-32 [In Persian].
Smith, S., & Stokes, P. (2015). Signs and wonders. European Journal of Training and Development.
Torrance, E. P. (1974). Torrance Tests of creative thinking. Directions manual and scoring guide, verbal test booklet B. Scholastic Testing Service. Translated by Hassan Ghasemzadeh (1997). Tehran: New World Publications [In Persian].
Torrance, E. P. (1987). Teaching for creativity. In Frontiers of creativity research: Beyond the basics (Vol. 189, p. 215).
Wilson, M., & Henderson, H. (2020). Shyness and perceived monitoring by peers affect children’s performance in a divided attention task. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 198(1): 104882-104896.
doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104882.
Zakaria, M. )2010). Investigating the effect of curriculum using storytelling and drama on the growth of elementary students' creativity. Journal of Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd Branch, 4(16): 1-18 [In Persian].
Zhao, J., Kong, F., & Wang, Y. (2013). The role of social support and selfesteem in the relationship between shyness and loneliness. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(5): 577–581. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.003.
Zimbardo, P. (1996). Shyness: what it is what to do about it. Da Capo Lifelong Books. Translated by Nasrin Parsa (1998). Tehran: Parnian Publishing [In Persian]
_||_Afrooz, G. (2006). Psychology of shyness and treatment methods. Islamic Culture Publishing Office [In Persian].
Ahmadvand, M. (2014). Psychology of Game, Payame nour University [In Persian].
Amabile, T. M. (1989). Growing up creative: Nurturing a lifetime of creativity. Crown House Publishing Limited. Translated by Hossein Ghasemzadeh and Parvin Azimi (2008). Tehran: New World Publications [In Persian].
Antony, M. M., & Swinson, R. P. (2000). The shyness and social anxiety workbook: Proven, step-by-step techniques for overcoming your fear. New Harbinger Publications.
Blaine, B., & Crocker, J. (1993). Self-esteem and self-serving biases in reactions to positive and negative events: An integrative review. In Self-esteem (pp. 55–85). Springer.
Blote, A. W., Miers, A. C., den Bos, E., & Westenberg, P. M. (2019). Negative social self-cognitions: How shyness may lead to social anxiety. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 63(1): 9–15.
Borna, M. & Savari, K. (2008). Simple and multiple communication of self-esteem, feeling lonely and expressing yourself with shyness. Azad University of Ahvaz. [In Persian].
Carducci, B., & Zimbardo, P. G. (1995). The cost of shyness. Psychology today.
Cheek, J. M., & Buss, A. H. (1981). Shyness and sociability. Journal of personality and social psychology, 41(2): 330-339.
Chen, X., Huang, Y., Xiao, M., jun Luo, Y., Liu, Y., Song, S., ... & Chen, H. (2021). Self and the brain: Self-concept mediates the effect of resting-state brain activity and connectivity on self-esteem in school aged children. Personality and Individual Differences, 168(1): 110287-110294.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110287
Coopersmith, S. (1959). A method for determining types of self-esteem. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59(1): 87-94.
Coopersmith, S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. Palo Alto. CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2015). The systems model of creativity: The collected works of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. Springer. Translated by Abbas Ali Katirai (2017). Tehran: Maziar Publishing [In Persian].
Erikson, E. H. (1993). Childhood and society. WW Norton & Company.
Farahini, P., Afrooz, G. A., & Rasoolzadeh Tabatabai, SK. (2013). The relationship between parenting styles and shyness with creativity in the gifted. School Psychology. [In Persian].
Ghiasizadeh, M. (2013). The effectiveness of Mickenbaum cognitive-behavioral play therapy in reducing shyness and social isolation of elementary school students. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences, 21(6): 96-105 [In Persian].
Groos, K. (1898). The Play of Animals. Trad. de Elizabeth L. Baldwin. Appleton and Company, New York .
Hamachek, D. E. (1988). Evaluating Self-Concept and Ego Development Within Erikson’s Psychosocial Framework: A Formulation. Journal of Counseling & Development. 66(8): 354–360. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.1988.tb00886.x
Hvanaja, M., Asnhalata, T., & Diego Martin, B. (2006). Shyness in students, translator: Bagheri R. Press Astan Quds Razavi. [In Persian].
Knell, S. M. (1999). Cognitive-behavioral play therapy. Handbook of psychotherapies with children and families (pp. 385–404). Springer.
Kwiatkowska, M. M., & Rogoza, R. (2019). Shy teens and their peers: Shyness in respect to basic personality traits and social relations. Journal of Research in Personality, 79(1): 130–142. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2019.03.005
Kwiatkowska, M. M., Rogoza, R., & Poole, K. L. (2019). Exploring shy minds: Relations between shyness and creativity. Personality and Individual Differences, 142(1): 249–254. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.050
Landreth, G. L. (2012). Play therapy: The art of the relationship. Routledge.
Landreth, G. L., Ray, D. C., & Bratton, S. C. (2009). Play therapy in elementary schools. Psychology in the Schools, 46(3): 281–289. doi: 10.1002/pits.20374
Loweimy, F., & Safarzadeh, S. (2017). The effectiveness of story therapy on shyness, depression and self-esteem of preschool children in Ahvaz. Journal of Research in Clinical Psychology and Counseling, 6(2): 32-47. [In Persian].
Lowenstein, L. (1999). Creative interventions for troubled children & youth. Champion Press Toronto.
Lowenstein, L. (2002). More Creative Interventions for Troubled Children and Youth. Champion Press.
Lowenstein, L. (2008). Assessment and treatment activities for children, adolescents, and families: Practitioners share their most effective techniques. Champion Press.
Manouchehrian, P. (1997). The complex of humiliation, analytical cognition and its treatment. Tehran. 3rd edition [In Persian].
Meany-Walen, K. K. (2011). Adlerian play therapy: Effectiveness on disrup-tive behaviors of early elementary-aged children. [Dissertation]. University of North Texas.
Meftah, S. (2002). The relationship between shyness and self-esteem with the academic achievement of secondary school students in Tehran. Master Thesis of Allameh Tabatabai University [In Persian].
Mirsadeghi, J (2006). The effect of artistic activities on increasing the creativity of primary school children. Master Thesis, Psychology, Allameh Tabatabai University [In Persian].
Moustakas, C. (1997). Relationship play therapy. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
Pourshafeie, H. (1992). Assessing self-esteem and motivation of high school students' academic achievement. Master Thesis of Allameh Tarbiat Moalem University [In Persian].
Radbakhsh, N., Mohammad Far, M., & Kiyani, K. (2013). The effectiveness of games and storytelling on increasing children's creativity. Journal of Innovation and Creativity in the Humanities, 2(4): 177-195 [In Persian].
Rizzi, V., Pigeon, C., Rony, F., & Fort-Talabard, A. (2020). Designing a creative storytelling workshop to build self-confidence and trust among adolescents. In Thinking skills and creativity, Elsevier. 38(1): 100704-100703.
doi: 10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100704.
Saint-Laurent, R. (1989). The book of confidence. America Needs Fatima. Translated by Mohammad Hossein Sarvari (2010). Tehran: Bamdad Publishing [In Persian].
Schiraldi, G. (2012). The self-esteem workbook. Translated: Ashraf Razi, Hassan Ali Mirza Beigi. Qom: Mirror of Knowledge Publishing [In Persian].
Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982). Audiences’ reactions to self-enhancing, self-denigrating, and accurate self-presentations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18(1): 89–104. doi: 10.1016/0022-1031(82)90083-X
Schmidt, L. A., & Schulkin, J. (1999). Extreme fear, shyness, and social phobia: Origins, biological mechanisms, and clinical outcomes. Oxford University Press on Demand.
Schweitzer, R. D., Seth-Smith, M., & Callan, V. (1992). The relationship between self-esteem and psychological adjustment in young adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 15(1): 83–97. doi: 10.1016/0140-1971(92)90067-F
Shahri, M., Moeinikia, M., Zahed, A., & Narimani, M. (2014). Investigation the impact of paint therapy on communication skills of shyness girl students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 128(1): 327-331.
Sharifi Pasha, H. (2009). The relationship between creativity and personality traits of high school students in Tehran. Quarterly Journal of Educational Innovations, 7(3): 12-32 [In Persian].
Smith, S., & Stokes, P. (2015). Signs and wonders. European Journal of Training and Development.
Torrance, E. P. (1974). Torrance Tests of creative thinking. Directions manual and scoring guide, verbal test booklet B. Scholastic Testing Service. Translated by Hassan Ghasemzadeh (1997). Tehran: New World Publications [In Persian].
Torrance, E. P. (1987). Teaching for creativity. In Frontiers of creativity research: Beyond the basics (Vol. 189, p. 215).
Wilson, M., & Henderson, H. (2020). Shyness and perceived monitoring by peers affect children’s performance in a divided attention task. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 198(1): 104882-104896.
doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104882.
Zakaria, M. )2010). Investigating the effect of curriculum using storytelling and drama on the growth of elementary students' creativity. Journal of Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd Branch, 4(16): 1-18 [In Persian].
Zhao, J., Kong, F., & Wang, Y. (2013). The role of social support and selfesteem in the relationship between shyness and loneliness. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(5): 577–581. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.003.
Zimbardo, P. (1996). Shyness: what it is what to do about it. Da Capo Lifelong Books. Translated by Nasrin Parsa (1998). Tehran: Parnian Publishing [In Persian]
