تاثیر محافظتی انجام ورزش هوازی و مصرف مکمل ال-کارنیتین به طور همزمان بر آسیب ناشی از ایسکمی-بازخونرسانی کلیه در موش‌های صحرایی نر
الموضوعات :
امید آذین‌فام
1
,
فرزاد زهساز
2
,
میرعلیرضا نورآذر
3
1 - دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران.
2 - دانشیار گروه تربیت بدنی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران.
3 - استادیار گروه علوم پایه، دانشکده دامپزشکی، علوم پزشکی تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران.
الکلمات المفتاحية: موش صحرایی, کلیه, ایسکمی-بازخونرسانی, ورزش هوازی, ال-کارنیتین,
ملخص المقالة :
انجام ورزش هوازی و مصرف ال-کارنیتین با افزایش فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدانی و کاهش فرآیندهای التهابی در ارتباط هستند، اما مکانیسم‌های آنها در مواجهه با آسیب ایسکمی- بازخونرسانی کلیه به طور کامل شناخته شده نیست. لذا هدف از انجام مطالعه تجربی حاضر، بررسی تاثیر محافظتی انجام ورزش هوازی و مصرف ال-کارنیتین به طور همزمان، بر آسیب کلیوی ناشی از ایسکمی- بازخونرسانی در موش‌های صحرایی نر بود. بدین منظور، تعداد 42 سر موش صحرایی نر نژاد ویستار به طور تصادفی به 6 گروه مساوی تقسیم شده و در یک دوره تمرین هوازی 8 هفته‌ای و مصرف 6 هفته‌ای ال-کارنیتین قرار گرفتند. در ادامه موش ها توسط جراحی در معرض 45 دقیقه ایسکمی کلیه قرارگرفتند و بعد از 24 ساعت خونرسانی، همزمان همه موش‌ها آسان کشی شده و نمونه‌برداری جهت ارزیابی فعالیت اکسیدانی-آنتی اکسیدانی در بافت کلیه موش ها، انجام شد. بر اساس یافته ها در موش‌های گروه ایسکمی-بازخونرسانی نسبت به گروه کنترل، کاهش معنی‌داری در میزان فعالیت آنزیم‌های کاتالاز، گلوتاتیون پراکسیداز، سوپراکسید دیسموتاز و مقدار ظرفیت تام آنتی‌اکسیدانی و افزایش معنی‌دار در میزان مالون‌دی‌آلدئید مشاهده شد (05/0p<). همچنین مشخص گردید که انجام تمرین هوازی و مصرف ال-کارنیتین، در افزایش فعالیت آنزیم‌های کاتالاز، گلوتاتیون پراکسیداز، سوپراکسید دیسموتاز و مقدار ظرفیت تام آنتی‌اکسیدانی و کاهش میزان مالون‌دی‌آلدئید تاثیر معنی‌دار داشتند (05/0p<). انجام ورزش هوازی و مصرف مکمل ال-کارنیتین به طور همزمان، از لحاظ افزایش فعالیت‌های آنتی اکسیدانی و بهبود در تغییرات پاتولوژیک ایجادشده در بافت کلیه موش های صحرایی مؤثرتر بوده و نشانگر تاثیر هم افزایی آنها در محافظت از کلیه در برابر آسیب ناشی از ایسکمی-بازخونرسانی است.
المصادر:
Abreu, C., Cardozo, L., Stockler-Pinto, M.B., Esgalhado, M., Barboza, J.E., Frauches, R., et al. (2017). Does resistance exercise performed during dialysis modulate Nrf2 and NF-κB in patients with chronic kidney disease? Life Sciences, 188(1): 192-197.
Adel, M., Rami, M., Shaheen, D., Monir, R., Basheir, M., Nabawy, A., et al. (2020). L-Carnitine protects kidney against ischemia reperfusion injury via suppression of expression of tubular kidney injury molecule (Kim-1) and Wnt proteins (Beta-Catenin). Bulletin of Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences, 40(1): 32-45.
Amaral, L.S., Souza, C.S., Lima, H. and Soares, T. (2020). Influence of exercise training on diabetic kidney disease: A brief physiological approach. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 245(13): 1142-1154.
Amouoghli Tabrizi, B. and Mohajeri, D. (2015). Study of the protective effects of crocin on experimental ischemia-reperfusion injury of the liver in rats. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 9(2): 103-116. [In Persian]
Aydogdu, N., Atmaca, G., Yalcin, O., Taskiran, R., Tastekin, E. and Kaymak, K. (2006). Protective effects of L‐Carnitine on Myoglobinuric acute renal failure in Rats. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 33(1‐2): 119-124.
Bhalodia, Y., Kanzariya, N., Patel, R., Patel, N., Vaghasiya, J., Jivani, N., et al. (2009). Renoprotective activity of benincasa cerifera fruit extract on ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal damage in rat. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases, 3(2): 80-85.
Borges, J., França, G., Cruz, M., Lanza, R., Nascimento, A. and Lessa, M. (2017). Aerobic exercise training induces superior cardioprotection following myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury than a single aerobic exercise session in rats. Motriz: Revista de Educação Física, 23(Special Issue): 1-5.
Chen, Y., Cheng, C., Liu, C., Sue, Y., Chen, T., Hsu, Y., et al. (2021). Combined protective effects of oligo-fucoidan, fucoxanthin, and L-carnitine on the kidneys of chronic kidney disease mice. European Journal of Pharmacology, 892(5): 173-708.
Cipryan, L. (2018). The effect of fitness level on cardiac autonomic regulation, IL-6, total antioxidant capacity, and muscle damage responses to a single bout of high-intensity interval training. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 7(3): 363-371.
Coelho, B., Rocha, L., Scarabelot, K., Scheffer, D., Ronsani, M., Silveira, P., et al. (2010). Physical exercise prevents the exacerbation of oxidative stress parameters in chronic kidney disease. Journal of Renal Nutrition, 20(3): 169-175.
de Lima, W.V., Visona, I., Schor, N. and Almeida, W.S. (2019). Preconditioning by aerobic exercise reduces acute ischemic renal injury in rats. Physiological Reports, 7(14): 14-176.
de Sousa, C.V., Sales, M., Rosa, T.S., Lewis, J.E., de Andrade, R. and Simões, H. (2017). The antioxidant effect of exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 47(2): 277-293.
Ding, Y.H., Mrizek, M., Lai, Q., Wu, Y., Reyes, R., Li, J., et al. (2006). Exercise preconditioning reduces brain damage and inhibits TNF-α receptor expression after hypoxia/reoxygenation: an in vivo and in vitro study. Current Neurovascular Research, 3(4): 263-271.
Dokmeci, D., Inan, M., Basaran, U., Yalcin, O., Aydogdu, N., Turan, F., et al. (2007). Protective effect of L‐carnitine on testicular ischaemia–reperfusion injury in rats. Cell Biochemistry and Function: Cellular Biochemistry and its Modulation by Active Agents or Disease, 25(6): 611-618.
Dostar Y. (2017). Protective study of regular aerobic exercise on heart ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Comparative Pathobiology 14(4): 2333-2344. [In Persian]
Estrela, G., Wasinski, F., Batista, R., Hiyane, M., Felizardo, R., Cunha, F., et al. (2017). Caloric restriction is more efficient than physical exercise to protect from cisplatin nephrotoxicity via PPAR-alpha activation. Frontiers in Physiology, 2(8): 116.
Faleiros, C., Francescato, H., Papoti, M., Chaves, L., Silva, C., Costa, R., et al. (2017). Effects of previous physical training on Adriamycin nephropathy and its relationship with endothelial lesions and angiogenesis in the renal cortex. Life Sciences, 169(15): 43-51.
Fathizadeh, H., Milajerdi, A., Reiner, Ž., Amirani, E., Asemi, Z., Mansournia, M., et al. (2020). The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on indicators of inflammation and oxidative stress: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 19(2): 1879-1894. [In Persian]
Ferreira, G. and McKenna, M. (2017). L-Carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine roles and neuroprotection in developing brain. Neurochemical Research, 42(6): 1661-1675.
Francescato, H.D., Almeida, L.F., Reis, N.G., Faleiros, C.M., Papoti, M., Costa, R., et al. (2018). Previous exercise effects in cisplatin-induced renal lesions in rats. Kidney and Blood Pressure Research, 43(2): 582-593.
Giudetti, A., Stanca, E., Siculella, L., Gnoni, G. and Damiano, F. (2016). Nutritional and hormonal regulation of citrate and carnitine/acylcarnitine transporters: two mitochondrial carriers involved in fatty acid metabolism. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17(6): 817.
Gomez-Cabrera, M.C., Salvador-Pascual, A., Cabo, H., Ferrando, B., and Viña, J. (2015). Redox modulation of mitochondriogenesis in exercise. Does antioxidant supplementation blunt the benefits of exercise training? Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 86(1): 37-46.
Hong, X., Zhao, X., Wang, G., Zhang, Z., Pei, H. and Liu, Z. (2017). Luteolin treatment protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Mediators of inflammation, 2017 (Article ID; 9783893): 1-10.
Kart, A., Yapar, K., Karapehlivan, M., Tunca, R., Ogun, M. and Citil, M. (2006). Effects of L-carnitine on kidney histopathology, plasma and tissue total sialic acid, malondialdehyde and glutathione concentrations in response to gentamicin administration in Balb/C mice. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire, 157(4): 179-184.
Kavouras, S.A., Panagiotakos, D.B., Pitsavos, C., Chrysohoou, C., Arnaoutis, G., Skoumas, Y., et al. (2010). Physical activity and adherence to Mediterranean diet increase total antioxidant capacity: The ATTICA study. Cardiology Research and Practice, 10(20): 21-28.
Koohpeyma, F., Siri, M., Allahyari, S., Mahmoodi, M., Saki, F. and Dastghaib, S. (2021). The effects of L-carnitine on renal function and gene expression of caspase-9 and Bcl-2 in monosodium glutamate‐induced rats. BMC Nephrology, 22(1): 1-11. [In Persian]
Lee, J., Park, S. and Kim, W. (2013). Exercise preconditioning reduces acute ischemic renal injury in Hsp70. 1 knockout mouse. Histology and Histopathology, 28(9): 1223-1232.
Liu, H.., Kao, H. and Wu, C. (2019). Exercise training upregulates SIRT1 to attenuate inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in kidney and liver of diabetic db/db mice. Nutrition & Metabolism, 16(1): 1-10.
Malek, M. and Nematbakhsh, M. (2015). Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury; from pathophysiology to treatment. Journal of Renal Injury Prevention, 4(2): 20-27. [In Persian]
Mas-Bargues, C., Escrivá, C., Dromant, M., Borrás, C. and Viña, J. (2021). Lipid peroxidation as measured by chromatographic determination of malondialdehyde. Human plasma reference values in health and disease. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 709(9): 10-16.
Moecke, D., Martins, G., Garlet, T., Bonorino, K., Luciani, M., Bion, M., et al. (2022). Aerobic Exercise Attenuates Kidney Injury, Improves Physical Performance, and Increases Antioxidant Defenses in Lungs of Adenine-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease Mice. Inflammation, 45(5): 1895-1910.
Mohajeri, D., Mousavi, G. and Mohammadi, P. (2013). Histopathological study of the effect of alcoholic extract of turnip root on kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 6(2): 1549-1559. [In Persian]
Moraes, C., Marinho, S., Da Nobrega, A., de Oliveira Bessa, B., Jacobson, L., Stockler-Pinto, M., et al. (2014). Resistance exercise: a strategy to attenuate inflammation and protein-energy wasting in hemodialysis patients? International Urology and Nephrology, 46(8): 1655-1662.
Nameni, F. and nuranipilehrud, M. (2019). Comparing the Effects of Curcumin Supplementation and that of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione Peroxidase, Catalase and Glutathione Reductase after Acute Exercise. Complementary Medicine Journal, 8(4): 3517-3530. [In Persian]
Nasirzadeh, M., Noorazar, M. and Roshangar, L. (2014). The effect of olive leaf alcoholic extract on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in adult male rats. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 8(1): 373-382. [In Persian]
Paula, S. M., Fernandes, T., Couto, G., Jordão, M., Oliveira, E., Michelini, L., et al. (2020). Molecular Pathways Involved in Aerobic Exercise Training Enhance Vascular Relaxation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 52(10): 2117-2126.
Peake, J., Suzuki, K. and Coombes, J. (2007). The influence of antioxidant supplementation on markers of inflammation and the relationship to oxidative stress after exercise. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 18(6): 357-371.
Perico, N., Cattaneo, D., Sayegh, M. and Remuzzi, G. (2004). Delayed graft function in kidney transplantation. The Lancet, 364(9447): 1814-1827.
Rahimi, A., Kasbparast, M., Noura, M. and Kheirdeh, M. (2020). Combined effects of aerobic exercises and l-arginine ingestion on total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in diabetic male rats. Journal of Physical Activity and Hormones, 4(3): 1-16. [In Persian]
Sahin, K., Tuzcu, M., Sahin, N., Ali, S. and Kucuk, O. (2010). Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway may be the prime target for chemoprevention of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by lycopene. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(10): 2670-2674.
Sancaktutar, A., Bodakci, M., Hatipoglu, N., Soylemez, H., Basarılı, K. and Turkcu, G., (2014). The protective effects of pomegranate extracts against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in male rats. Urology Annals, 6(1): 46-50.
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Tang, L., Wang, B. and Wu, Z. (2018). Aerobic exercise training alleviates renal injury by interfering with mitochondrial function in type-1 diabetic mice. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 24(18): 9081-9089.
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Abreu, C., Cardozo, L., Stockler-Pinto, M.B., Esgalhado, M., Barboza, J.E., Frauches, R., et al. (2017). Does resistance exercise performed during dialysis modulate Nrf2 and NF-κB in patients with chronic kidney disease? Life Sciences, 188(1): 192-197.
Adel, M., Rami, M., Shaheen, D., Monir, R., Basheir, M., Nabawy, A., et al. (2020). L-Carnitine protects kidney against ischemia reperfusion injury via suppression of expression of tubular kidney injury molecule (Kim-1) and Wnt proteins (Beta-Catenin). Bulletin of Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences, 40(1): 32-45.
Amaral, L.S., Souza, C.S., Lima, H. and Soares, T. (2020). Influence of exercise training on diabetic kidney disease: A brief physiological approach. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 245(13): 1142-1154.
Amouoghli Tabrizi, B. and Mohajeri, D. (2015). Study of the protective effects of crocin on experimental ischemia-reperfusion injury of the liver in rats. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 9(2): 103-116. [In Persian]
Aydogdu, N., Atmaca, G., Yalcin, O., Taskiran, R., Tastekin, E. and Kaymak, K. (2006). Protective effects of L‐Carnitine on Myoglobinuric acute renal failure in Rats. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 33(1‐2): 119-124.
Bhalodia, Y., Kanzariya, N., Patel, R., Patel, N., Vaghasiya, J., Jivani, N., et al. (2009). Renoprotective activity of benincasa cerifera fruit extract on ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal damage in rat. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases, 3(2): 80-85.
Borges, J., França, G., Cruz, M., Lanza, R., Nascimento, A. and Lessa, M. (2017). Aerobic exercise training induces superior cardioprotection following myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury than a single aerobic exercise session in rats. Motriz: Revista de Educação Física, 23(Special Issue): 1-5.
Chen, Y., Cheng, C., Liu, C., Sue, Y., Chen, T., Hsu, Y., et al. (2021). Combined protective effects of oligo-fucoidan, fucoxanthin, and L-carnitine on the kidneys of chronic kidney disease mice. European Journal of Pharmacology, 892(5): 173-708.
Cipryan, L. (2018). The effect of fitness level on cardiac autonomic regulation, IL-6, total antioxidant capacity, and muscle damage responses to a single bout of high-intensity interval training. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 7(3): 363-371.
Coelho, B., Rocha, L., Scarabelot, K., Scheffer, D., Ronsani, M., Silveira, P., et al. (2010). Physical exercise prevents the exacerbation of oxidative stress parameters in chronic kidney disease. Journal of Renal Nutrition, 20(3): 169-175.
de Lima, W.V., Visona, I., Schor, N. and Almeida, W.S. (2019). Preconditioning by aerobic exercise reduces acute ischemic renal injury in rats. Physiological Reports, 7(14): 14-176.
de Sousa, C.V., Sales, M., Rosa, T.S., Lewis, J.E., de Andrade, R. and Simões, H. (2017). The antioxidant effect of exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 47(2): 277-293.
Ding, Y.H., Mrizek, M., Lai, Q., Wu, Y., Reyes, R., Li, J., et al. (2006). Exercise preconditioning reduces brain damage and inhibits TNF-α receptor expression after hypoxia/reoxygenation: an in vivo and in vitro study. Current Neurovascular Research, 3(4): 263-271.
Dokmeci, D., Inan, M., Basaran, U., Yalcin, O., Aydogdu, N., Turan, F., et al. (2007). Protective effect of L‐carnitine on testicular ischaemia–reperfusion injury in rats. Cell Biochemistry and Function: Cellular Biochemistry and its Modulation by Active Agents or Disease, 25(6): 611-618.
Dostar Y. (2017). Protective study of regular aerobic exercise on heart ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Comparative Pathobiology 14(4): 2333-2344. [In Persian]
Estrela, G., Wasinski, F., Batista, R., Hiyane, M., Felizardo, R., Cunha, F., et al. (2017). Caloric restriction is more efficient than physical exercise to protect from cisplatin nephrotoxicity via PPAR-alpha activation. Frontiers in Physiology, 2(8): 116.
Faleiros, C., Francescato, H., Papoti, M., Chaves, L., Silva, C., Costa, R., et al. (2017). Effects of previous physical training on Adriamycin nephropathy and its relationship with endothelial lesions and angiogenesis in the renal cortex. Life Sciences, 169(15): 43-51.
Fathizadeh, H., Milajerdi, A., Reiner, Ž., Amirani, E., Asemi, Z., Mansournia, M., et al. (2020). The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on indicators of inflammation and oxidative stress: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 19(2): 1879-1894. [In Persian]
Ferreira, G. and McKenna, M. (2017). L-Carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine roles and neuroprotection in developing brain. Neurochemical Research, 42(6): 1661-1675.
Francescato, H.D., Almeida, L.F., Reis, N.G., Faleiros, C.M., Papoti, M., Costa, R., et al. (2018). Previous exercise effects in cisplatin-induced renal lesions in rats. Kidney and Blood Pressure Research, 43(2): 582-593.
Giudetti, A., Stanca, E., Siculella, L., Gnoni, G. and Damiano, F. (2016). Nutritional and hormonal regulation of citrate and carnitine/acylcarnitine transporters: two mitochondrial carriers involved in fatty acid metabolism. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17(6): 817.
Gomez-Cabrera, M.C., Salvador-Pascual, A., Cabo, H., Ferrando, B., and Viña, J. (2015). Redox modulation of mitochondriogenesis in exercise. Does antioxidant supplementation blunt the benefits of exercise training? Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 86(1): 37-46.
Hong, X., Zhao, X., Wang, G., Zhang, Z., Pei, H. and Liu, Z. (2017). Luteolin treatment protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Mediators of inflammation, 2017 (Article ID; 9783893): 1-10.
Kart, A., Yapar, K., Karapehlivan, M., Tunca, R., Ogun, M. and Citil, M. (2006). Effects of L-carnitine on kidney histopathology, plasma and tissue total sialic acid, malondialdehyde and glutathione concentrations in response to gentamicin administration in Balb/C mice. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire, 157(4): 179-184.
Kavouras, S.A., Panagiotakos, D.B., Pitsavos, C., Chrysohoou, C., Arnaoutis, G., Skoumas, Y., et al. (2010). Physical activity and adherence to Mediterranean diet increase total antioxidant capacity: The ATTICA study. Cardiology Research and Practice, 10(20): 21-28.
Koohpeyma, F., Siri, M., Allahyari, S., Mahmoodi, M., Saki, F. and Dastghaib, S. (2021). The effects of L-carnitine on renal function and gene expression of caspase-9 and Bcl-2 in monosodium glutamate‐induced rats. BMC Nephrology, 22(1): 1-11. [In Persian]
Lee, J., Park, S. and Kim, W. (2013). Exercise preconditioning reduces acute ischemic renal injury in Hsp70. 1 knockout mouse. Histology and Histopathology, 28(9): 1223-1232.
Liu, H.., Kao, H. and Wu, C. (2019). Exercise training upregulates SIRT1 to attenuate inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in kidney and liver of diabetic db/db mice. Nutrition & Metabolism, 16(1): 1-10.
Malek, M. and Nematbakhsh, M. (2015). Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury; from pathophysiology to treatment. Journal of Renal Injury Prevention, 4(2): 20-27. [In Persian]
Mas-Bargues, C., Escrivá, C., Dromant, M., Borrás, C. and Viña, J. (2021). Lipid peroxidation as measured by chromatographic determination of malondialdehyde. Human plasma reference values in health and disease. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 709(9): 10-16.
Moecke, D., Martins, G., Garlet, T., Bonorino, K., Luciani, M., Bion, M., et al. (2022). Aerobic Exercise Attenuates Kidney Injury, Improves Physical Performance, and Increases Antioxidant Defenses in Lungs of Adenine-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease Mice. Inflammation, 45(5): 1895-1910.
Mohajeri, D., Mousavi, G. and Mohammadi, P. (2013). Histopathological study of the effect of alcoholic extract of turnip root on kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 6(2): 1549-1559. [In Persian]
Moraes, C., Marinho, S., Da Nobrega, A., de Oliveira Bessa, B., Jacobson, L., Stockler-Pinto, M., et al. (2014). Resistance exercise: a strategy to attenuate inflammation and protein-energy wasting in hemodialysis patients? International Urology and Nephrology, 46(8): 1655-1662.
Nameni, F. and nuranipilehrud, M. (2019). Comparing the Effects of Curcumin Supplementation and that of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione Peroxidase, Catalase and Glutathione Reductase after Acute Exercise. Complementary Medicine Journal, 8(4): 3517-3530. [In Persian]
Nasirzadeh, M., Noorazar, M. and Roshangar, L. (2014). The effect of olive leaf alcoholic extract on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in adult male rats. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 8(1): 373-382. [In Persian]
Paula, S. M., Fernandes, T., Couto, G., Jordão, M., Oliveira, E., Michelini, L., et al. (2020). Molecular Pathways Involved in Aerobic Exercise Training Enhance Vascular Relaxation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 52(10): 2117-2126.
Peake, J., Suzuki, K. and Coombes, J. (2007). The influence of antioxidant supplementation on markers of inflammation and the relationship to oxidative stress after exercise. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 18(6): 357-371.
Perico, N., Cattaneo, D., Sayegh, M. and Remuzzi, G. (2004). Delayed graft function in kidney transplantation. The Lancet, 364(9447): 1814-1827.
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