بررسی فراوانی آلودگی با تیپ‌های 1 و 4 هرپس ویروس اسبی در سرم اسب‌های باشگاه-های سوارکاری شهرستان ارومیه
الموضوعات :
امیر شفارودی
1
(دانش‌آموخته دکترای حرفه‌ای دامپزشکی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، واحد ارومیه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ارومیه، ایران.)
آرش عراقی سوره
2
(دانشیار گروه علوم درمانگاهی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، واحد ارومیه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ارومیه، ایران.)
تاريخ الإرسال : 29 الإثنين , رجب, 1444
تاريخ التأكيد : 25 الأربعاء , ذو القعدة, 1444
تاريخ الإصدار : 01 الجمعة , شوال, 1444
الکلمات المفتاحية:
ارومیه,
اسب,
هرپس ویروس,
الایزای غیرمستقیم,
ملخص المقالة :
هرپس ویروس ها خسارات اقتصادی زیادی را به صنعت پرورش اسب در سراسر دنیا وارد می کنند. هرپس ویروس های 1 و 4 اسبی موجب درگیری تنفسی، سقط، مرگ و میر نوزادان و نیز در موارد نادر، باعث ادم اندام های حرکتی و میلوانسفالوپاتی در اسب های حساس می شوند. هدف از انجام مطالعه حاضر، ارزیابی فراوانی آلودگی سرمی با هرپس ویروس های 1 و 4 اسبی در اسب های باشگاهی شهرستان ارومیه با احتساب سن، جنس، نژاد و نشانه های بالینی بود. بدین منظور نمونه‌های سرمی مربوط به 51 رأس اسب، به روش الایزای غیرمستقیم برای ردیابی پادتن های اختصاصی ضد هرپس ویروس های 1 و 4 اسبی آزمایش شده و داده های حاصله با استفاده از آزمون های کای دو، پیرسون، دقیق فیشر و رگرسیون لجستیک، مورد تجزیه و تحلیل آماری قرار گرفتند. تعداد 9 نمونه (65/17 درصد) (فاصله اطمینان 95 درصد: 0/28-2/7) واجد واکنش مثبت سرمی برای پادتن های اختصاصی هرپس ویروس 1 و 4 اسبی بودند و فراوانی سرمی مذکور، تحت تاثیر سن (593/0=p)، جنس (651/0=p)، نژاد (874/0=p) و نشانه های بالینی (824/0=p) قرار نداشت. البته در آنالیز رگرسیون مشخص شد که شانس آلودگی بر اساس سن با کاهش هر 4 سال، 51/1 درصد افزایش می‌یابد و در اسب های ماده، 549/1 درصد بیشتر از اسب های نر می باشد. همچنین سن اسب ها 449/0 درصد، جنسیت اسب ها 437/0 درصد و نژاد اسب ها 217/0 درصد از تغییرات آلودگی را توجیه می‌کند. جمع بندی نهائی نتایج نشان از مواجهه نسبتاً بالای تیپ های 1 و 4 هرپس ویروس اسبی با جمعیت اسب های باشگاهی شهر ارومیه دارد.
المصادر:
Allen, G.P., Kydd, J.H., Slater, J.D. and Smith, K.C. (2004).Equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) and -4 (EHV-4) infections. In: Coetzer, JAW and Tustin, RC (Eds.), Infectious diseases of livestock. 2nd ed., Chapter 76, Cape Town, Oxford Press, pp: 829-859.
Amer, H.M., Shaltout, A.K., El-Sabagh, I.M., El-Sanousi, A.A. and Shalaby, M.A. (2011). Prevalence of equine herpes viruses 1, 2 and 4 in Arabian horse population in Egypt. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5(27):4805-4811.
Attari, A. and Araghi-Sooreh, A. (2022). Serological survey of influenza A virus infection in horses of some districts of Mahabad city by ELISA method. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 15(4): 357-367.[In Persian]
Ataseven, V., Dagalp, S., Guzel, M., Basaran, Z., Tan, M. and Geraghiy, B. (2009) Prevalence of equine herpesvirus-1 and equine herpesvirus-4 infections in equidae species in Turkey as determined by ELISA and multiplex nested PCR. Research in Veterinary Science, 86(2): 339-344.
Avci, O., Yapici, O., Bulut, O., Kale, M. and Atli, K. (2018). Detection of equine herpes virus 1, equine herpes virus 4, and equine arteritis virus antibodies in Kyrgizstan by ELISA. Bionature, 38(3):219-224.
Burgess, B.A., Tokateloff, N., Manning, S., Lohmann, K., Lunn, D.P., Hussey, S.B., et al. (2012). Nasal shedding of equine herpesvirus‐1 from horses in an outbreak of equine herpes myeloencephalopathy in Western Canada. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 26(2): 384-392.
Cruz, F., Fores, P., Mughini-Gras, L., Ireland, J., Moreno, M.A. and Newton, J.R. (2016). Seroprevalence and factors associated with equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 in Spanish Purebred horses in Spain. Veterinary Record, 178(16): 398-398.
Derbal, S. (2021). Epidemiology of EHV-1 and EHV-4 infections: A review. International Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 7(2): 108-112.
Damiani, A.M., Vries, M., Reimers, G., Winkler, S. and Osterrieder, N. (2014). A severe equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) abortion outbreak caused by a neuropathogenic strain at a breeding farm in northern Germany. Veterinary Microbiology, 172(3-4): 555-562.
El Brini, Z., Fassi Fihri, O., Paillot, R., Lotfi, C., Amraoui, F. and El Ouadi, H. (2021). Seroprevalence of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) in the northern Moroccan horse populations. Animals, 11(10): 2851.
Getachew, M., Alemayehu, F., Chala, C., Amare, B., Kassa, D., Burden, F., et al. (2014). A cross-sectional sero-survey of some infectious diseases of working equids in Central Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, 6(9): 231-238.
Gharekhani, A. and Morshedi, A. (2010). The study of infection rate to Bovine Herpes Virus–1 (BHV-1) in milk samples of dairy cattle in Urmia and Maku by ELISA method. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 4(3): 915-921.[In Persian]
Gilkerson, J. R., Whalley, J. M., Drummer, H. E., Studdert, M. J. and Love, D. N. (1999) Epidemiological studies of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) in Thoroughbred foals: a review of studies conducted in the Hunter Valley of New South Wales between 1995 and 1997. Veterinary Microbiology, 68(1-2): 15-25.
Goehring, L.S., Van Winden, S.C., Van Maanen, C. and Van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan, M.C. (2006). Equine herpesvirus type1-associated myeloencephalopathy in the Netherlands: a four year retrospective study (1999–2003). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 20(3): 601-607.
Ghadrdan Mashhadi, A.R., Makvandi, R., Hadi Nasab, H. and Deifiabad Shapouri, M.R. (2018). Study of infection rate of Herpes virus type 1, 4 in horses of Khuzestan. International Congress of Equine Health and Horse Industry, Iran. pp: 20-28.
Glass, K. and Barnes, B. (2013). Eliminating infectious diseases of livestock: a metapopulation model of infection control. Theoretical Population Biology, 85(1): 63-72.
Hassanpour, A., Rezaei Saber, A.P. and Mosakhani, F. (2010). Serologic investigation of the prevalence of Equine infectious anemia virus in Tabriz area. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 4(2): 837-841.[In Persian]
Henninger, R.W., Reed, S.M. and Saville, W.J. (2007). Outbreak of neurologic disease caused by equine herpesvirus-1 at a university equestrian center. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 21(1): 157-165.
Harless, W. and Pusterla, N. (2006). Equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 respiratory disease in the horse. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 5(3): 197-202.
Hartly, C.A., Wilks, C.R., Studdert, M.J. and Gilkerson, J.R. (2005). Comparison of antibody detection assays for the diagnosis of equine herpes virus1 and 4 infections in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 66(5): 921-928.
Momtaz H. and Hemmatzadeh F, (2003). A Serological survey on equine herpes virus 1 and equine herpes virus 4 in the horse using ELISA. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, 16(259): 63-69. [In Persian]
Mahmoud, H.Y.A.H., Fouad, S.S. and Amin, Y.A. (2022). Review of two viral agents of economic importance to the equine industry (equine herpesvirus-1 and equine arteritis virus). Equine Veterinary Education, 35(2): 92-101.
Matsumura, T., Sugiura, T., Imagawa, H., Fukonaga, Y. and Kamada, M. (1992). Epizootiological aspects of Type-1 and Type-4 equine herpesvirus infections among horse populations. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 54(2): 207-211.
Pusterla, N., Barnum, S., Miller, J., Varnell, S., Dallap-Schaer, B., Aceto, H. et al. (2021). Investigation of an EHV-1 outbreak in the United States caused by a new H752 genotype. Pathogens, 10(6): 747-756.
Pusterla, N., Mapes, S., Wademan, C., White, A., Estell, K. and Swain, E. (2012). Investigation of the role of mules as silent shedders of EHV-1 during an outbreak of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy in California. Veterinary Record, 170(18): 465-465.
Pavulraj, S., Eschke, K., Theisen, J., Westhoff, S., Reimers, G., Andreotti S., et al. (2021). Equine herpesvirus type 4 (EHV-4) outbreak in Germany: virological, serological and molecular investigations. Pathogens, 10(7): 810-832.
Raoofi, , Madadgar, O., Akbarein, H. and Tazikeh, A. (2019). Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of equine herpes virus-1 in horses with history or clinical signs in four provinces of Iran. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 14(1): 27-36. [In Persian]
Ruiz-Saenz, J., Goez, Y., Urcuqui-Inchima, S., Gongora, A. and Lopez-Herrera, A. (2008). Serological evidence of the infection by equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 in two regions in Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias, 21(2): 251-258.
Sarani, A., Mohammadi, G., Mayameei, A. and Akbari, M. (2013). Investigation of equine herpesvirus-1 and 4 infections in equine population of Iran by real-time PCR. Human and Veterinary Medicine, 5(1): 29-33.
Slater, J., Equine herpesviruses. In: Sellon, D. and Long, M. (2007). Equine Infectious Diseases. Chapter 13, St. Louis, USA, Saunders Elsevier, pp: 134-153.
Studdert, M. J., Hartley, C. A., Dynon, K., Sandy, J. R., Slocombe, R. F., Charles, J. A., et al. (2003). Outbreak of equine herpes virus type 1 myeloencephalitis: New insights from virus identification by PCR and the application of an EHV-1-specific antibody detection ELISA. Veterinary Record, 153(14): 417-423.
G., Garvey, M., Cullinane, A., Jourdan, M., Fortier, C., Moreau, P. et al. (2019). Molecular surveillance of EHV-1 Strains Circulating in France during and after the Major 2009 Outbreak in Normandy Involving Respiratory Infection, Neurological Disorder, and Abortion. Viruses, 11(10): 916-927.
Taghipour Bazargani, T., Momtaz, H., Baharlo, F.R. and Ghafari, M. (2014). The first report on myloencephalopathy caused by equine herpes virus type 1 in Iran. Iranian Veterinary Journal. 10(3): 100-103. [In Persian]
Taouji, S., Collobert, C., Gicquel, B., Sailleau, C., Brisseau, N., Moussu, C. et al. (2002). Detection and isolation of equine herpes viruses 1 and 4 from horses in Normandy: an autopsy study of tissue distribution in relation to vaccination status. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B, 49(8): 394-399.
Tazikeh, A., Raoofi, A., Madadgar, O., Akbarein, H. and Ghadrdan-Mashhadi, A. (2019). A survey of equine herpes virus 4 infection in four provinces of Iran using Real Time PCR Taqman assay. Journal of Veterinary Research, 73(4): 483-490. [In Persian]
Traub-Dargatz, J.L., Pelzel-McCluskey, A.M., Creekmore, L.H., Geiser-Novotny, S., Kasari, T.R., Wiedenheft, A.M., et al. (2013). Case-control study of a multistate equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy outbreak. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 27(2): 339-346.
Taktaz Hafshejania I, T., Nekoei, Sh., Vazirian, B., Doosti, A., Khamesipour, F. and Umunna Anyanwu, M. (2015). Molecular detection of equine herpesvirus types 1 and 4 infection in healthy horses in Isfahan central and Shahrekord southwest regions, Iran. BioMedical Research International:
Walker, C., Perotti, V.M., Love, D.N. and Whalley, I.M. (1999). Infection with equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) strain HVS25A in pregnant mice. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 120(1): 15-27.
Welch, H. M., Bridges, C. G., Lyon, A. M., Griffiths, L. and Edington, N. (1992). Latent equid herpesviruses-1 and 4: detection and distinction using the polymerase chain reaction and co-cultivation from lymphoid tissues. Journal of General Virology, 73(2): 261-268.
Yildirim, Y., Yilmaz, V. and Kirmizigul, A.H. (2015). Equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4) infections in horses and donkeys in northeastern Turkey. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 16(4): 341-344.
_||_
Allen, G.P., Kydd, J.H., Slater, J.D. and Smith, K.C. (2004).Equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) and -4 (EHV-4) infections. In: Coetzer, JAW and Tustin, RC (Eds.), Infectious diseases of livestock. 2nd ed., Chapter 76, Cape Town, Oxford Press, pp: 829-859.
Amer, H.M., Shaltout, A.K., El-Sabagh, I.M., El-Sanousi, A.A. and Shalaby, M.A. (2011). Prevalence of equine herpes viruses 1, 2 and 4 in Arabian horse population in Egypt. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5(27):4805-4811.
Attari, A. and Araghi-Sooreh, A. (2022). Serological survey of influenza A virus infection in horses of some districts of Mahabad city by ELISA method. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 15(4): 357-367.[In Persian]
Ataseven, V., Dagalp, S., Guzel, M., Basaran, Z., Tan, M. and Geraghiy, B. (2009) Prevalence of equine herpesvirus-1 and equine herpesvirus-4 infections in equidae species in Turkey as determined by ELISA and multiplex nested PCR. Research in Veterinary Science, 86(2): 339-344.
Avci, O., Yapici, O., Bulut, O., Kale, M. and Atli, K. (2018). Detection of equine herpes virus 1, equine herpes virus 4, and equine arteritis virus antibodies in Kyrgizstan by ELISA. Bionature, 38(3):219-224.
Burgess, B.A., Tokateloff, N., Manning, S., Lohmann, K., Lunn, D.P., Hussey, S.B., et al. (2012). Nasal shedding of equine herpesvirus‐1 from horses in an outbreak of equine herpes myeloencephalopathy in Western Canada. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 26(2): 384-392.
Cruz, F., Fores, P., Mughini-Gras, L., Ireland, J., Moreno, M.A. and Newton, J.R. (2016). Seroprevalence and factors associated with equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 in Spanish Purebred horses in Spain. Veterinary Record, 178(16): 398-398.
Derbal, S. (2021). Epidemiology of EHV-1 and EHV-4 infections: A review. International Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 7(2): 108-112.
Damiani, A.M., Vries, M., Reimers, G., Winkler, S. and Osterrieder, N. (2014). A severe equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) abortion outbreak caused by a neuropathogenic strain at a breeding farm in northern Germany. Veterinary Microbiology, 172(3-4): 555-562.
El Brini, Z., Fassi Fihri, O., Paillot, R., Lotfi, C., Amraoui, F. and El Ouadi, H. (2021). Seroprevalence of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) in the northern Moroccan horse populations. Animals, 11(10): 2851.
Getachew, M., Alemayehu, F., Chala, C., Amare, B., Kassa, D., Burden, F., et al. (2014). A cross-sectional sero-survey of some infectious diseases of working equids in Central Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, 6(9): 231-238.
Gharekhani, A. and Morshedi, A. (2010). The study of infection rate to Bovine Herpes Virus–1 (BHV-1) in milk samples of dairy cattle in Urmia and Maku by ELISA method. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 4(3): 915-921.[In Persian]
Gilkerson, J. R., Whalley, J. M., Drummer, H. E., Studdert, M. J. and Love, D. N. (1999) Epidemiological studies of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) in Thoroughbred foals: a review of studies conducted in the Hunter Valley of New South Wales between 1995 and 1997. Veterinary Microbiology, 68(1-2): 15-25.
Goehring, L.S., Van Winden, S.C., Van Maanen, C. and Van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan, M.C. (2006). Equine herpesvirus type1-associated myeloencephalopathy in the Netherlands: a four year retrospective study (1999–2003). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 20(3): 601-607.
Ghadrdan Mashhadi, A.R., Makvandi, R., Hadi Nasab, H. and Deifiabad Shapouri, M.R. (2018). Study of infection rate of Herpes virus type 1, 4 in horses of Khuzestan. International Congress of Equine Health and Horse Industry, Iran. pp: 20-28.
Glass, K. and Barnes, B. (2013). Eliminating infectious diseases of livestock: a metapopulation model of infection control. Theoretical Population Biology, 85(1): 63-72.
Hassanpour, A., Rezaei Saber, A.P. and Mosakhani, F. (2010). Serologic investigation of the prevalence of Equine infectious anemia virus in Tabriz area. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 4(2): 837-841.[In Persian]
Henninger, R.W., Reed, S.M. and Saville, W.J. (2007). Outbreak of neurologic disease caused by equine herpesvirus-1 at a university equestrian center. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 21(1): 157-165.
Harless, W. and Pusterla, N. (2006). Equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 respiratory disease in the horse. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 5(3): 197-202.
Hartly, C.A., Wilks, C.R., Studdert, M.J. and Gilkerson, J.R. (2005). Comparison of antibody detection assays for the diagnosis of equine herpes virus1 and 4 infections in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 66(5): 921-928.
Momtaz H. and Hemmatzadeh F, (2003). A Serological survey on equine herpes virus 1 and equine herpes virus 4 in the horse using ELISA. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, 16(259): 63-69. [In Persian]
Mahmoud, H.Y.A.H., Fouad, S.S. and Amin, Y.A. (2022). Review of two viral agents of economic importance to the equine industry (equine herpesvirus-1 and equine arteritis virus). Equine Veterinary Education, 35(2): 92-101.
Matsumura, T., Sugiura, T., Imagawa, H., Fukonaga, Y. and Kamada, M. (1992). Epizootiological aspects of Type-1 and Type-4 equine herpesvirus infections among horse populations. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 54(2): 207-211.
Pusterla, N., Barnum, S., Miller, J., Varnell, S., Dallap-Schaer, B., Aceto, H. et al. (2021). Investigation of an EHV-1 outbreak in the United States caused by a new H752 genotype. Pathogens, 10(6): 747-756.
Pusterla, N., Mapes, S., Wademan, C., White, A., Estell, K. and Swain, E. (2012). Investigation of the role of mules as silent shedders of EHV-1 during an outbreak of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy in California. Veterinary Record, 170(18): 465-465.
Pavulraj, S., Eschke, K., Theisen, J., Westhoff, S., Reimers, G., Andreotti S., et al. (2021). Equine herpesvirus type 4 (EHV-4) outbreak in Germany: virological, serological and molecular investigations. Pathogens, 10(7): 810-832.
Raoofi, , Madadgar, O., Akbarein, H. and Tazikeh, A. (2019). Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of equine herpes virus-1 in horses with history or clinical signs in four provinces of Iran. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 14(1): 27-36. [In Persian]
Ruiz-Saenz, J., Goez, Y., Urcuqui-Inchima, S., Gongora, A. and Lopez-Herrera, A. (2008). Serological evidence of the infection by equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 in two regions in Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias, 21(2): 251-258.
Sarani, A., Mohammadi, G., Mayameei, A. and Akbari, M. (2013). Investigation of equine herpesvirus-1 and 4 infections in equine population of Iran by real-time PCR. Human and Veterinary Medicine, 5(1): 29-33.
Slater, J., Equine herpesviruses. In: Sellon, D. and Long, M. (2007). Equine Infectious Diseases. Chapter 13, St. Louis, USA, Saunders Elsevier, pp: 134-153.
Studdert, M. J., Hartley, C. A., Dynon, K., Sandy, J. R., Slocombe, R. F., Charles, J. A., et al. (2003). Outbreak of equine herpes virus type 1 myeloencephalitis: New insights from virus identification by PCR and the application of an EHV-1-specific antibody detection ELISA. Veterinary Record, 153(14): 417-423.
G., Garvey, M., Cullinane, A., Jourdan, M., Fortier, C., Moreau, P. et al. (2019). Molecular surveillance of EHV-1 Strains Circulating in France during and after the Major 2009 Outbreak in Normandy Involving Respiratory Infection, Neurological Disorder, and Abortion. Viruses, 11(10): 916-927.
Taghipour Bazargani, T., Momtaz, H., Baharlo, F.R. and Ghafari, M. (2014). The first report on myloencephalopathy caused by equine herpes virus type 1 in Iran. Iranian Veterinary Journal. 10(3): 100-103. [In Persian]
Taouji, S., Collobert, C., Gicquel, B., Sailleau, C., Brisseau, N., Moussu, C. et al. (2002). Detection and isolation of equine herpes viruses 1 and 4 from horses in Normandy: an autopsy study of tissue distribution in relation to vaccination status. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B, 49(8): 394-399.
Tazikeh, A., Raoofi, A., Madadgar, O., Akbarein, H. and Ghadrdan-Mashhadi, A. (2019). A survey of equine herpes virus 4 infection in four provinces of Iran using Real Time PCR Taqman assay. Journal of Veterinary Research, 73(4): 483-490. [In Persian]
Traub-Dargatz, J.L., Pelzel-McCluskey, A.M., Creekmore, L.H., Geiser-Novotny, S., Kasari, T.R., Wiedenheft, A.M., et al. (2013). Case-control study of a multistate equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy outbreak. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 27(2): 339-346.
Taktaz Hafshejania I, T., Nekoei, Sh., Vazirian, B., Doosti, A., Khamesipour, F. and Umunna Anyanwu, M. (2015). Molecular detection of equine herpesvirus types 1 and 4 infection in healthy horses in Isfahan central and Shahrekord southwest regions, Iran. BioMedical Research International:
Walker, C., Perotti, V.M., Love, D.N. and Whalley, I.M. (1999). Infection with equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) strain HVS25A in pregnant mice. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 120(1): 15-27.
Welch, H. M., Bridges, C. G., Lyon, A. M., Griffiths, L. and Edington, N. (1992). Latent equid herpesviruses-1 and 4: detection and distinction using the polymerase chain reaction and co-cultivation from lymphoid tissues. Journal of General Virology, 73(2): 261-268.
Yildirim, Y., Yilmaz, V. and Kirmizigul, A.H. (2015). Equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4) infections in horses and donkeys in northeastern Turkey. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 16(4): 341-344.
