مقایسه اثربخشی حساسیت زدایی با حرکت چشم و پردازش مجدد و تکنیک رهاسازی هیجانی در درمان اختلال استرس پس از سانحه بهبودیافتگان زن بیماری کووید19
الموضوعات :
محمد اکبری
1
,
علی نقی اقدسی
2
,
امیر پناه علی
3
,
معصومه آزموده
4
,
رضا نقدی سده
5
1 - دانشجوی دکتری ،گروه مشاوره ،واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، تبریز، ایران.
2 - استادیار ،گروه مشاوره و روانشناسی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی،تبریز،ایران.(نویسنده مسئوول)
Aghdasi@iaut.ac.ir
3 - استادیار گروه مشاوره و روانشناسی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران
4 - استادیار، گروه روانشناسی و مشاوره، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی،تبریز، ایران.
5 - استادیار،مرکز تحقیقات روانپزشکی و علوم رفتاری،دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، تبریز، ایران.
الکلمات المفتاحية: کووید-19, استرس پس از سانحه, حساسیت زدایی با حرکـت چشـم و پردازش مجدد, رهاــازی هیجــانی,
ملخص المقالة :
هدف پژوهش حاضر، مقایسه اثربخشی دو روش درمانی حساسیت زدایی با حرکت چشم و پردازش مجدد(EMDR ) و تکنیک رهاسازی هیجانی(EFT) در درمان اختلال استرس پس از سانحه بهبودیافتگان بیماری زن کووید19 در شهر تبریز بود. روش پژوهش شبه آزمایشی با طرح پیش آزمون-پس آزمون با گروه کنترل بود. جامعه آماری شامل کلیه بیماران بهبودیافته زن کووید-19 در فاصله سنی 25 تا 60 سال در سال 1400بود که بصورت هدفمند تعداد 36 بیمار زن بهبود یافته کووید19 با تشخیص اختلال استرس پس از سانحه انتخاب و در سه گروه،گروه آزمایش1(12نفر)،گروه آزمایش2 (12 نفر) و گروه کنترل(12 نفر) به صورت تصادفی جایگزین شدند. شرکت کنندگان در جلسات EMDR و EFT بصورت فردی و هفتگی در 6 جلسه چهل و پنج دقیقه ای تحت درمان قرار گرفتند. گروه کنترل برنامه عادی روزانه خود را گذراند. همه آزمودنی ها در دو مرحله پیش آزمون و پس آزمون به وسیله پرسشنامه اختلال استرس پس از سانحه مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. داده های پژوهشی با تحلیل کوواریانس با استفاده از نرم افزارSPSS نسخه 22 تحلیل شد.نتایج نشان داد که علائم استرس پس از سانحه در هر دو گروه آزمایشی به طور معناداری کاهش یافته است ( 05/0P<). در نتیجه هر دو روش درمانی EMDR و EFT باعث کاهش علائم استرس پس از سانحه می شود . همچنین روش درمانی EMDR نسبت به EFT تاثیر بیشتری بر اختلال استرس پس از سانحه داشته است. نتایج حاصله بر استفاده بیشتر از مداخله EMDR برای علائم اختلال استرس پس از سانحه اشاره دارد.
Acarturk, C., Konuk, E., Cetinkaya, M., Senay, I., Sijbrandij, M., Cuijpers, P., & Aker, T. (2015). EMDR for Syrian refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: results of a pilot randomized controlled trial. European journal of psychotraumatology, 6, 27414.
Alamdar baghini, A., Mohammad Tehrani, H., Behbodi, M., & Kiamanesh, A. (2020). Comparison of effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Emotional Freedom Technique in reducing anxiety in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Applied Psychology, 13(4), 625-650.
Alamdarbaghini ,A., Mohammad tehrani, H., Behboodi, M&,. Kiamanesh, A. (2021).The Effectiveness of Emotional Release Technique (EFT) in Reducing Anxiety in Patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, jarac,3 (2) ,14-26.
Al-Hadethe, A., Hunt N., Al-Qaysi G., & Thomas ,S. (2015).Randomised Controlled Study Comparing Two Psychological Therapies for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) vs. Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET). J Trauma Stress Disor Treat ,4,4.
Bahramnia, M., Ramak, N.,& Sangani, A.(2020). The Role of Perceived Mental Stress in the Health of Suspected Cases of COVID-19. J Mil Med. 22 (2) ,115-121.
Boland, R., Verduin, M.A., and Ruiz, P. (2022). Kaplan and Sadok's summary of psychiatry (volume 2). Translators: Dr. Rezaei et al. Tehran: Arjamand Publications.
Bongaerts, H., van Minnen, A., & de Jongh, A. (2017). Intensive EMDR to Treat Patients With Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Series. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 11, 84 - 95.
Capezzani ,L., Ostacoli ,L., Cavallo ,M., Carletto, S., Fernandez ,I., Solomon ,R., & et al.(2013). EMDR and CBT for cancer patients: Comparative study of effects on PTSD, anxiety, and depression. J EMDR Pract Res,7(3) ,134-43.
Chen, L., Zhang, G., Hu, M., & Liang, X. (2015). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing versus cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult posttraumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 203(6), 443–451.
Church, D. (2014). Reductions in pain, depression, and anxiety symptoms after PTSD remediation in veterans. Explore (New York, N.Y.), 10(3), 162–169.
Church, D., & Feinstein, D. (2017). The Manual Stimulation of Acupuncture Points in the Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Review of Clinical Emotional Freedom Techniques. Medical acupuncture, 29(4), 194–205.
Church ,D., Sparks ,T.& Clond , M..(2016). EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques) And Resiliency in Veterans at Risky For PTSD: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Explore,12(5) ,355-365.
Church ,D., Stapleton, P., Mollon, P., Feinstein ,D., Boath, E., Mackay, D.,& Sims, R. (2018).Guidelines for the Treatment of PTSD Using Clinical EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques). Healthcare, 6(4); 146-153.
Church, D., Yount, G., Rachlin, K., Fox, L., & Nelms, J. (2018). Epigenetic Effects of PTSD Remediation in Veterans Using Clinical Emotional Freedom Techniques: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. American journal of health promotion : AJHP, 32(1), 112–122.
Clond ,M. (2016). Emotional Freedom Techniques for Anxiety: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 204(5), 388–395.
Foa, E.B., Riggs, D.S., Dancu, C.V., & et al.(1993). Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress 6, 459–473 .
Ghasemzadeh, A., Ghamari, M., &Hosseinian, S.(2019). The impact of emotional freedom techniques on Students’ anxiety reduction and psychological wellbeing increase. Educ Strategy Med Sci.12 (4) :135-145.
Haagen, J. F., Smid, G. E., Knipscheer, J. W., & Kleber, R. J. (2015). The efficacy of recommended treatments for veterans with PTSD: A metaregression analysis. Clinical psychology review, 40, 184–194.
Hashemian Moghadam, A., Agha Mohammadian Sharbaf, H.,& Mashhadi, A.(2017). Effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing(EMDR) to Reduce the Severity of Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Stuttering With Psychological Origin(Case Study in Child with Four Years Old). J Arak Uni Med Sci.19 (11) ,87-98.
Heshami, S., banijamali, S., kooshki, S., khalatbari, J., nasrollahi, B. (2020). Effectiveness of Eye Movement and Reprocessing Desensitization in Self-Regulation and Symptoms of Adolescents with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and 60-Day Follow-Up. Journal of Modern Psychological Researches, 15(57), 67-83.
Hour,F.,Dobbelaere,E.,&Beaurepaire,C.D.(2019).Scientific Evaluation of EMDR Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Psychological Trauma Summary: Scientific evaluation of EMDR psychotherapy. J Neurol Neuromed, 4(2),5-14.
Javadi, S M H., Marsa, R.,&Rahmani,F.(2020). PTSD Symptoms and Risk Factors During the COVID-19 Disease Pandemic in Iran. IJPCP. 26 (3) ,394-399.
Jelveh,M.(2021). The Effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in Reducing Anxiety in COVID-19 Patients Admitted to ICU. jarac, 2021; 3 (2) ,27-37
Jiang ,H.J., Nan, J., Lv,ZY.,&Yang,J.(2020). Psychological impacts of the COVID-19 epidemic on Chinese people: Exposure, post-traumatic stress symptom, and emotion regulation. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine,13(6) ,252-259.
Kamalmanesh, A.,& Maredpour A.(2017). Evaluation of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among War Survivors . hrjbaq. 2 (2) ,87-98.
Karbasi-Amel ,A., & Karbasi-Amel, S.(2017).Effectiveness of Parent-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Overweight and Self-Esteem in 6- to 11Year-Old Obese Children with Attention DeficitHyperactivity Disorder in Isfahan City, Iran. J Res Behav Sci, 15(2) ,151-158.
Kendall, P. C., Hudson, J. L., Choudhury, M., Webb, A., & Pimentel, S. (2005). Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Childhood Anxiety Disorders. In E. D. Hibbs & P. S. Jensen (Eds.), Psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent disorders: Empirically based strategies for clinical practice (pp. 47–73). American Psychological Association.
Khodabakhshi Koolaee, A., Tekehi Maroof, A.,&Navidian, A.(2016). Efficacy of Eye movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among male veterans. MCS.3 (1) ,1-9.
Maredpour, A., & Najafi, M. (2016). The Effectiveness of Therapeutic Method Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in Women Suffering from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Arising from Non-military Events. Clinical Psychology Studies, 6(23), 41-60.
McGowan, I.W.,Fisher,N., Havens,J &Proudlock,S.(2021). An evaluation of eye movement
desensitization and reprocessing therapy delivered remotely during the Covid–19 pandemic. BMC Psychiatry.21(560).1-8.
Mirzaei feizabadi ,S., Taheri, N., &Hadianfard, H.(2020). Treatment of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Iran: A Systematic Review Study. Rooyesh. 9 (9) :105-120.
Morgan ,C.( 2016).Emotional Freedom Techniques for Anxiety: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. J Nerv Ment Dis, 204(5),388-395.
Nicosia, G. J., Minewiser, L., & Freger, A. (2019). World Trade Center: A longitudinal case study for treating Post Traumatic Stress Disorder with Emotional Freedom Technique and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. Work (Reading, Mass.), 63(2), 199–204.
Neil Weissman, Sonja V. Batten, Kathryn D. Rheem, Stephanie A. Wiebe, Rebecca M. Pasillas, Wendy Potts, Melissa Barone, Clayton H. Brown & Lisa B. Dixon .(2018) The Effectiveness of Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy With Veterans With PTSD: A Pilot Study, Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 17(1), 25-41
Perri, R. L., Castelli, P., La Rosa, C., Zucchi, T., & Onofri, A. (2021). COVID-19, Isolation, Quarantine: On the Efficacy of Internet-Based Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for Ongoing Trauma. Brain sciences, 11(5), 579.
Prochaska, J., & Norcross, J. (2018). Theories of psychotherapy (systems of psychotherapy). Translated by Yahya Seyed Mohammadi. Tehran: Nesher Ravan.
Rahnejat, A., Dabagi, P., Rabiei, M., Taghva, A., Valipoor, H., Donyavi, V. ,& et al .(2017). Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Caused by War in Veterans . Iran J War Public Health,9 (1) ,15-23.
Roziika,A.,Budiarti,Santoso,M.,&Zainuddin,M.(2020).Penanganan stres di masa pandemic covid-19 dengan metode emotional freedom technique (EFT).Jurnal Pekerjaan Sosial,3(2) ,121-130.
Sadatmadani,S.,Tavallaii Zavareh, A.,& Tavallaii, V.(2018). Effectiveness of Regular Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in Therapy and Reducing the Symptoms of Anxiety . hrjbaq.3 (1) ,37-43.
Sadeghi, M., Moradi, Z., & Ershadi, F . (2021). The Clinical Trial of COVID-19 Patients: The Effectiveness of Emotion-Focused Therapy on Post- Traumatic Stress and Depression. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 23(10).
Sarichello, M. (2007). Investigating the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder caused by war among veterans. Master's thesis. Tehran: University of Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences.
Scelles, C., & Bulnes, L. C. (2021). EMDR as Treatment Option for Conditions Other Than PTSD: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 644369.
Sebastian, B., & Nelms, J. (2017). The Effectiveness of Emotional Freedom Techniques in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Explore (New York, N.Y.), 13(1), 16–25.
shahyad, S., &Mohammadi M T.(2020). Psychological Impacts of Covid-19 Outbreak on Mental Health Status of Society Individuals: A Narrative Review. J Mil Med. 22 (2) ,184-192.
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Acarturk, C., Konuk, E., Cetinkaya, M., Senay, I., Sijbrandij, M., Cuijpers, P., & Aker, T. (2015). EMDR for Syrian refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: results of a pilot randomized controlled trial. European journal of psychotraumatology, 6, 27414.
Alamdar baghini, A., Mohammad Tehrani, H., Behbodi, M., & Kiamanesh, A. (2020). Comparison of effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Emotional Freedom Technique in reducing anxiety in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Applied Psychology, 13(4), 625-650.
Alamdarbaghini ,A., Mohammad tehrani, H., Behboodi, M&,. Kiamanesh, A. (2021).The Effectiveness of Emotional Release Technique (EFT) in Reducing Anxiety in Patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, jarac,3 (2) ,14-26.
Al-Hadethe, A., Hunt N., Al-Qaysi G., & Thomas ,S. (2015).Randomised Controlled Study Comparing Two Psychological Therapies for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) vs. Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET). J Trauma Stress Disor Treat ,4,4.
Bahramnia, M., Ramak, N.,& Sangani, A.(2020). The Role of Perceived Mental Stress in the Health of Suspected Cases of COVID-19. J Mil Med. 22 (2) ,115-121.
Boland, R., Verduin, M.A., and Ruiz, P. (2022). Kaplan and Sadok's summary of psychiatry (volume 2). Translators: Dr. Rezaei et al. Tehran: Arjamand Publications.
Bongaerts, H., van Minnen, A., & de Jongh, A. (2017). Intensive EMDR to Treat Patients With Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Series. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 11, 84 - 95.
Capezzani ,L., Ostacoli ,L., Cavallo ,M., Carletto, S., Fernandez ,I., Solomon ,R., & et al.(2013). EMDR and CBT for cancer patients: Comparative study of effects on PTSD, anxiety, and depression. J EMDR Pract Res,7(3) ,134-43.
Chen, L., Zhang, G., Hu, M., & Liang, X. (2015). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing versus cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult posttraumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 203(6), 443–451.
Church, D. (2014). Reductions in pain, depression, and anxiety symptoms after PTSD remediation in veterans. Explore (New York, N.Y.), 10(3), 162–169.
Church, D., & Feinstein, D. (2017). The Manual Stimulation of Acupuncture Points in the Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Review of Clinical Emotional Freedom Techniques. Medical acupuncture, 29(4), 194–205.
Church ,D., Sparks ,T.& Clond , M..(2016). EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques) And Resiliency in Veterans at Risky For PTSD: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Explore,12(5) ,355-365.
Church ,D., Stapleton, P., Mollon, P., Feinstein ,D., Boath, E., Mackay, D.,& Sims, R. (2018).Guidelines for the Treatment of PTSD Using Clinical EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques). Healthcare, 6(4); 146-153.
Church, D., Yount, G., Rachlin, K., Fox, L., & Nelms, J. (2018). Epigenetic Effects of PTSD Remediation in Veterans Using Clinical Emotional Freedom Techniques: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. American journal of health promotion : AJHP, 32(1), 112–122.
Clond ,M. (2016). Emotional Freedom Techniques for Anxiety: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 204(5), 388–395.
Foa, E.B., Riggs, D.S., Dancu, C.V., & et al.(1993). Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress 6, 459–473 .
Ghasemzadeh, A., Ghamari, M., &Hosseinian, S.(2019). The impact of emotional freedom techniques on Students’ anxiety reduction and psychological wellbeing increase. Educ Strategy Med Sci.12 (4) :135-145.
Haagen, J. F., Smid, G. E., Knipscheer, J. W., & Kleber, R. J. (2015). The efficacy of recommended treatments for veterans with PTSD: A metaregression analysis. Clinical psychology review, 40, 184–194.
Hashemian Moghadam, A., Agha Mohammadian Sharbaf, H.,& Mashhadi, A.(2017). Effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing(EMDR) to Reduce the Severity of Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Stuttering With Psychological Origin(Case Study in Child with Four Years Old). J Arak Uni Med Sci.19 (11) ,87-98.
Heshami, S., banijamali, S., kooshki, S., khalatbari, J., nasrollahi, B. (2020). Effectiveness of Eye Movement and Reprocessing Desensitization in Self-Regulation and Symptoms of Adolescents with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and 60-Day Follow-Up. Journal of Modern Psychological Researches, 15(57), 67-83.
Hour,F.,Dobbelaere,E.,&Beaurepaire,C.D.(2019).Scientific Evaluation of EMDR Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Psychological Trauma Summary: Scientific evaluation of EMDR psychotherapy. J Neurol Neuromed, 4(2),5-14.
Javadi, S M H., Marsa, R.,&Rahmani,F.(2020). PTSD Symptoms and Risk Factors During the COVID-19 Disease Pandemic in Iran. IJPCP. 26 (3) ,394-399.
Jelveh,M.(2021). The Effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in Reducing Anxiety in COVID-19 Patients Admitted to ICU. jarac, 2021; 3 (2) ,27-37
Jiang ,H.J., Nan, J., Lv,ZY.,&Yang,J.(2020). Psychological impacts of the COVID-19 epidemic on Chinese people: Exposure, post-traumatic stress symptom, and emotion regulation. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine,13(6) ,252-259.
Kamalmanesh, A.,& Maredpour A.(2017). Evaluation of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among War Survivors . hrjbaq. 2 (2) ,87-98.
Karbasi-Amel ,A., & Karbasi-Amel, S.(2017).Effectiveness of Parent-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Overweight and Self-Esteem in 6- to 11Year-Old Obese Children with Attention DeficitHyperactivity Disorder in Isfahan City, Iran. J Res Behav Sci, 15(2) ,151-158.
Kendall, P. C., Hudson, J. L., Choudhury, M., Webb, A., & Pimentel, S. (2005). Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Childhood Anxiety Disorders. In E. D. Hibbs & P. S. Jensen (Eds.), Psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent disorders: Empirically based strategies for clinical practice (pp. 47–73). American Psychological Association.
Khodabakhshi Koolaee, A., Tekehi Maroof, A.,&Navidian, A.(2016). Efficacy of Eye movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among male veterans. MCS.3 (1) ,1-9.
Maredpour, A., & Najafi, M. (2016). The Effectiveness of Therapeutic Method Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in Women Suffering from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Arising from Non-military Events. Clinical Psychology Studies, 6(23), 41-60.
McGowan, I.W.,Fisher,N., Havens,J &Proudlock,S.(2021). An evaluation of eye movement
desensitization and reprocessing therapy delivered remotely during the Covid–19 pandemic. BMC Psychiatry.21(560).1-8.
Mirzaei feizabadi ,S., Taheri, N., &Hadianfard, H.(2020). Treatment of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Iran: A Systematic Review Study. Rooyesh. 9 (9) :105-120.
Morgan ,C.( 2016).Emotional Freedom Techniques for Anxiety: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. J Nerv Ment Dis, 204(5),388-395.
Nicosia, G. J., Minewiser, L., & Freger, A. (2019). World Trade Center: A longitudinal case study for treating Post Traumatic Stress Disorder with Emotional Freedom Technique and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. Work (Reading, Mass.), 63(2), 199–204.
Neil Weissman, Sonja V. Batten, Kathryn D. Rheem, Stephanie A. Wiebe, Rebecca M. Pasillas, Wendy Potts, Melissa Barone, Clayton H. Brown & Lisa B. Dixon .(2018) The Effectiveness of Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy With Veterans With PTSD: A Pilot Study, Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 17(1), 25-41
Perri, R. L., Castelli, P., La Rosa, C., Zucchi, T., & Onofri, A. (2021). COVID-19, Isolation, Quarantine: On the Efficacy of Internet-Based Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for Ongoing Trauma. Brain sciences, 11(5), 579.
Prochaska, J., & Norcross, J. (2018). Theories of psychotherapy (systems of psychotherapy). Translated by Yahya Seyed Mohammadi. Tehran: Nesher Ravan.
Rahnejat, A., Dabagi, P., Rabiei, M., Taghva, A., Valipoor, H., Donyavi, V. ,& et al .(2017). Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Caused by War in Veterans . Iran J War Public Health,9 (1) ,15-23.
Roziika,A.,Budiarti,Santoso,M.,&Zainuddin,M.(2020).Penanganan stres di masa pandemic covid-19 dengan metode emotional freedom technique (EFT).Jurnal Pekerjaan Sosial,3(2) ,121-130.
Sadatmadani,S.,Tavallaii Zavareh, A.,& Tavallaii, V.(2018). Effectiveness of Regular Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in Therapy and Reducing the Symptoms of Anxiety . hrjbaq.3 (1) ,37-43.
Sadeghi, M., Moradi, Z., & Ershadi, F . (2021). The Clinical Trial of COVID-19 Patients: The Effectiveness of Emotion-Focused Therapy on Post- Traumatic Stress and Depression. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 23(10).
Sarichello, M. (2007). Investigating the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder caused by war among veterans. Master's thesis. Tehran: University of Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences.
Scelles, C., & Bulnes, L. C. (2021). EMDR as Treatment Option for Conditions Other Than PTSD: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 644369.
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