اساس مولکولی برهمکنش بین افکتور های بیمارگر های قارچی با گیاهان میزبان
امیر میرزادی گوهری 1 , فرزانه لک 2
1 - گیاهپزشکی-دانشگاه تهران
2 - گروه گیاه پزشکی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی کرج، دانشگاه تهران، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: افکتور, بیمارگر¬های قارچی, نقش بیولوژیکی, تعاملات متقابل,
ملخص المقالة :
تعاملات مولکولی بین بیمارگر¬های قارچی و گیاهان میزبان یک فرآیند بسیار پیچیده و دینامیک است که به دو صورت مختلف، پاسخ‌های سازگاری و ناسازگاری، بروز می‌نماید. در حالت سازگاری، گیاهان در نتیجه حمله بیمارگر به بیماری مبتلا می‌شوند؛ در مقابل، در حالت ناسازگاری، گیاهان پس از حمله بیمارگر از خود مقاومت نشان می‌دهند. یکی از جنبه‌های کلیدی در این برهمکنش‌ها، ترشح مولکول‌های پروتئینی کوچک توسط بیمارگر¬های قارچی است. این مولکول‌های کوچک، معمولاً به¬عنوان افکتور¬ها شناخته می‌شوند که طی فرگشت توسط بیمارگر¬های قارچی بدست می‌آیند. این افکتور¬ها نقش بسیار حیاتی در تغییر فیزیولوژی گیاهان میزبان و سرکوب پاسخ‌های دفاعی آنها ایفا می‌نمایند. این مقاله مروری به بررسی اساس ژنتیکی تعاملات مولکولی بین افکتور¬های بیمارگر¬های قارچی و گیاهان میزبان با تأکید بر پاتوسیستم متشکل از بیمارگر قارچی Cladosporium fulvum و گیاه گوجه‌فرنگی می‌پردازد. این بررسی می‌تواند به درک بهتر از نحوه ایجاد بیماری یا بروز مقاومت گیاهان میزبان در برابر بیمارگر¬های قارچی کمک کرده و پایه‌ای جهت توسعه رویکرد¬های نوین در راستای کنترل بیماری¬های گیاهی را فراهم آورد.
Graphical Abstract:
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المصادر:
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de Wit, P.J.G.M. 2016. Cladosporium fulvum Effectors: Weapons in the Arms Race with Tomato. Annual Review of Phytopathology 54(1):1-23.
de Wit, P.J.G.M., Mehrabi, R., Van Den Burg, H. and Stergiopoulos, I. 2009. Fungal effector proteins: past, present and future. Molecular Plant Pathology 10(6): 735–747.
Dean, R.A., Talbot, N.J., Ebbole, D.J., Farman, M.L., Mitchell, T.K., Orbach, M.J., Thon, M., Kulkarni, R., Xu, J.R., Pan, H. and Read, N.D. 2005. The genome sequence of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Nature 434: 980–986.
Dodds, P. 2023. From Gene-for-Gene to Resistosomes: Flor's Enduring Legacy. MPMI 36(8): 461–467.
D'Silva, I. and Heath, M.C. 1997. Purification and characterization of two novel hypersensitive response-inducing specific elicitors produced by the cowpea rust fungus. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272(7): 3924-3927.
Duplessis, S., Cuomo, C.A., Lin, Y.C., Aerts, A., Tisserant, E., Veneault-Fourrey, C., Joly, D.L., Hacquard, S., Amselem, J., Cantarel, B.L. et al. 2011. Obligate biotrophy features unraveled by the genomic analysis of rust fungi. PNAS 108(22): 9166-9171.
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Ghiasi Noei, F., Imami, M., Didaran, F., Ghanbari, M.A., Zamani, E., Ebrahimi, A., Aliniaeifard, S., Farzaneh, M., Javan-Nikkhah, M., Feechan, A. and Mirzadi Gohari, A. 2022. Stb6 mediates stomatal immunity, photosynthetic functionality, and the antioxidant system during the Zymoseptoria tritici-wheat interaction. Frontier in Plant Science 13: 1004691.
Hetmann, A. and Kowalczyk, S. 2019. Suppression of PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) by effector proteins synthesized by phytopathogens and delivered into cells of infected plant. Postepy Biochemii 22: 65(1): 58-71.
Joosten, M.H. and de Wit, P.J. 1999. The tomato– Cladosporium fulvum interaction: A versatile experimental system to study plant-pathogen interactions. Annual Review of Phytopatholog 37(1): 335-367.
Joosten, M., Vogelsang, R., Cozijnsen, T.J., Verberne, M.C. and de Wit, P.J. 1997. The biotrophic fungus Cladosporium fulvum circumvents Cf-4-mediated resistance by producing unstable AVR4 elicitors. The Plant Cell 9(3): 367-379.
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Kema, G.H.J., Mirzadi Gohari, A., Aouini, L., Hay, G., Ware, S.B., Van Den Bosch, F., Manning-Smith, R., Alonso-Chavez, V., Helps, J., Ben M'Barek, S., Mehrabi, R., Diaz-Trujillo, C., Zamani, E., et al. 2018. Stress and sexual reproduction affect the dynamics of the wheat pathogen effector AvrStb6 and strobilurin resistance. Nature Genetics 50: 375-380.
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Lo Presti, L., Lanver, D., Schweizer, G., Tanaka, S., Liang, L., Tollot, M., Zuccaro, A., Reissmann, S. and Kahmann, R. 2015. Fungal effectors and plant susceptibility. Annual Review of Plant Biology 66: 513-545.
Luderer, R., Takken, F.L., de Wit, P.J.d. and Joosten, M.H. 2002. Cladosporium fulvum overcomes Cf‐2‐mediated resistance by producing truncated AVR2 elicitor proteins. Molecular Microbiology 45(3): 875-884.
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