Contamination of arable topsoil by organic and inorganic pollutants around petroleum products handling facilities
الموضوعات :Gregory Sikakwe 1 , Bennet Ilaumo 2
1 - Department of Geology/Geophysics Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Abakaliki Ebonyi State Nigeria
2 - Department of Geology University of Calabar, Calabar Nigeria
الکلمات المفتاحية: pollution index, Single pollution index, principal component analysis, fueling stations, Diagnostic ratios,
ملخص المقالة :
The concentrations of heavy metals (inorganics) and poly aromatic hydrocarbons (organics) were determined in soils around fueling stations and automobile workshops. Mean concentrations of nickel, lead, cadmium and vanadium were 636, 1379, 12.0 and 18.0 µg/kg, respectively. Flourene, benzo (a) pyrene, benzo (b) fluoranthene and benzo (ghi) pyrelene recorded means of 2.01, 2.014, 1.14 and 1.12 µg/kg, respectively, but other poly aromatic hydrocarbons recorded means <1. Heavy metals levels were higher at sites of activities than the control site. Phenanthrene, naphthalene and benzo (k) fluoranthene were present at control site but absent in some locations of activity. These showed they were not only from petroleum products handling facilities. Mean levels of both inorganics and organics were below world standards for agricultural soil quality. Principal component analysis of heavy metals produced two principal components that explained 40.72% and 36.90% of the total variance. These reflect geological weathering, automobile exhaust and petroleum combustion sources. Analysis of poly aromatic hydrocarbons data produced four principal components, which explained 36.30%, 19.96%, 15.19% and 12.81% of total variance. The sources of these organics are internal combustion of gasoline, kerosene and rock weathering. Diagnostic ratios ranged from 0.3-0.94 showing that poly aromatic hydrocarbons are of pyrogenic and petroleum combustion origin. Single pollution index means ranged from 0.0002-0.02 and Numerov composite pollution index attained a mean of 0.028. Therefore, the soil is unpolluted and heavy metals levels are not toxic to human health. The study provides information on sources of soil pollutants and their environmental and health risks.
المصادر:
Abdel-Shafy HI, Mansour SM (2015) A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, source, environmental imact, effect on human health and remediation, Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 25:107-123.
Abdulimhen BI (2016) physicochemical properties of soil sourced from automobile mechanical workshops in Ikoku mechanical village mile 3 Diobu Port Harcourt Rivers state Nigeria. B.Tech Thesis University of Port Harcourt Nigeria pp77.
Abdulrashid L, Yaro A, Abhuraman, I (2017) Heavy metals contamination in urban soils of Nigeria: A review, International Journal of Innovative Biosciences Research 5:1-12.
Abidemi OO (2011) Levels of Pb, Fe, Cd and Co in soils of automobile workshopin Oshun state Nigeria, Journal of Applied Science Environmental Management 15: 279-282.
Adesina GO, Adebayo KA (2014) Effect of crude oil on heavy metals contents, microbial population in soil and maize and cowpea growth, Agricultural Sciences 5:43-50
Adeyi AA Oyeleke P (2017) Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil from E - waste dumpsites in Lagos and Ibadan Nigeria. Journal of health Pollution 7: 71-84.
Adrian, WJ (1973) A comparison of a wet pressure digestion method with other commonly used wet and dry-ashing methods, Analyst 98:213-216.
Adu AA, Ademola OJ, Kuseminju V (2012) An assessment of soil heavy metals pollution by various allied artisan workshops and petrol stations in Lagos state Nigeria, Science Journal of Environmental Engineering Research.
Agarwal T, Khellare P, Shridhar V, Ray S (2009) Pattern sources and toxic potential of PAHs in agricultural soils of Delhi India, Journal of Hazardous Materials 163:1033-1039.
Agumanu AI (1989) Abakaliki and the Ebonyi Formations: Subdivisions of the Albian Asu River Group in the Southern Benue Trough Nigeria, Journal of African Earth Sciences 9:195-207.
Aigbe UO, Ukhurebor KE, Onyancha RB, Okundaye B, Pal K, Osibote OA, Esiekpe EL, Kusuma HS, Darmokoesoemo H (2022) A facile review on the sorption of heavy metals and dyes using bionanocomposites. Adsorption Science & Technology 8030175: 1-36.
Aigbe UO, Ukhurebor KE, Onyancha RB, Osibote OA, Darmokoesoemo H, Kusuma HS (2021) Fly ash-based adsorbent for adsorption of heavy metals and dyes from aqueous solution: A review. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 14: 2751-2774.
Aigberua AO, Ekubo AT, Inengite AK, Izah SC (2016) Evaluation of total hydrocarbon content and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in an oil spill contaminated soil in Rumuolukwu community in Niger Delta, Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 4:130-142.
Aigberua AO, Ekubo AT, Inengite AK, Izah SC (2017) Assessment of some selected heavy metals and their pollution indices in an oil spill contaminatedsoil in the Niger Delta. A case of Rumoulukwu community, Biotechnology Research 3:11-9.
Alharbi BH, Pasha MJ, Alhudhodi AH, Alduwais AK (2018) Assessment of soil contamination caused by underground fuel leakage from selected gas stations in Rijadh, Saudi Arabia, Soil and sediment contamination International.
Ali H, Khan E, Ilahi I (2019) Environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of hazardous heavy metals: Environmental persistence, toxicity and bioaccumulation, Hindawi Journal of chemistry.
Ali Z, Malik RN, Shinwari ZK, Qadir A (2015) Enrichment risk assessment and statistical apportionment of heavy metals in tannery-affected areas, Inter Journal of Environ Science Technology 12:537-550.
American Public Health Association (1995). 3112B, Cold–Vapour Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,20th Edition, APHA, AWWA, WEF.
American Public Health Association (1998) 3111B, Direct Air- Acetylene Flame Method, Standard Methods for the examination of metals, 20th Edition, APHA, AWWA, WEF.
Askari MS, Alamdari P, Chahardoli, S, Afshari A (2020) Quantification of heavy metal pollution for environmental assessment of soil condition, Environmental monitoring and Assessment 192.
Badowska E, Bandzierz, D (2019) The analysis of petroleum hydrocarbon in soils deriving from areas of various development. E3S Web of conferences 100.00002.
Banger K, Toor GS, Cherenje T, Ma L (2010) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in urban soils of different land uses in Miami Florida, Soil and Sediment Contamination 19:231-243.
Barrio-Parra F, Izquierdo-Diaz M, Dominguez-Castillo R, Medina E, De Migne (2019) Human Health Probabilistic risk assessment the role of exposure factors in urban garden scenario. Landscape and Urban planning 185: 191-199.
Chen J, Liu B (2016) Kinetic study on the heavy metal ion removal from aqueous solution using multiwall carbon Nano tubes. International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 65: 64-70.
China National Environmental Protection Agency CEPA (2004) The technical specification for soil Environmental monitoring standards No HJ/T166-2004), China National Environmental Protection Beijing China.
Chinedu E, Chukwuemeka CK (2018) Oil spillage and heavy metals toxicity in the Niger Delta Nigeria. Journal of Health Pollution 8: 1-8.
Cocarta DM, Stoian MA, Karademur A (2017) Crude oil contaminated sites. Evaluation by using risk assessment approach, Sustainability 1365.
Daniel UI, Utuh IA, Nwaichi EO (2020) Profile of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil around selected auto technicians’ workshops in Obio Akpor Rivers State. Journal of Environmental Protection 11:399-407.
Dauda MS, Odor R (2012) Heavy metals assessment of soils in vicinity of fuel filling station in some selected local government areas of Benue state Nigeria, Der Chemica Sincca 3:1329-1336.
Degraeve N (1981) Carcinogenic, tetragenic and mutagenic effect of cadmium. Mutation Research/Reviews, Genetic Toxicology 86:115-135.
Dehghan AN, Yazdi A (2023) A Geomechanical Investigation for Optimizing the Ultimate Slope Design of Shadan Open Pit Mine, Iran, Indian Geotechnical Journal: 1-15.
Ding Q, Cheng G, Wang Y, Zhaung D (2017) Effects of natural factors on the spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils in mining regions, Science of the Total environment 578: 577-585.
Dokmecil AH (2020) Environmental impacts of heavy metals and their bioremediation http:dx.doi.org/10.5772 Intech Open.95103.
DPR (1991) Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria. Department of Petroleum Resources, Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Lagos.
DPS (2000) Dutch Pollutant Standards Circular on Target Values and Intervention Values for Remediation. Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment, Netherlands Government Gazette. https://en.wikepedia.org/wiki/dutch_pollutant_standarsa: 1-24.
Ekanem AN, Sabor V Ekpo BO (2019) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) contamination of soil and water around automobile repair workshops in Eket Metropolis Akwa ibom State Nigeria. SN Applied Sciences.
European Union (EU) (2006) Commission Regulation EC No 1881/2006, Journal of European Union: 1364.5.
Fan S, Wang X (2017) Analysis and assessment of heavy metals pollution in soil around Pb and Zn smelter in Baoji city Northwest China, Human and ecological risk assessment: An International Journal 23:1099-1120.
Farrington JC (1952) A preliminary description of the Nigeria Lead-Zinc field Bulletin Society Ecology Geology 47:62-71.
FDALR (1985) Federal Department of Agriculture and Resource Reconnaissance soil survey of Anambra state Nigerians Soils Report FDALR www.scienpub.com/reference/219796.
Gao Y, Zhu L (2004) Plant uptake, accumulation and translocation of phenanthrene and pyrene in soils, Chemosphere 55:1169-1178.
Guatam RK, Sharma SK, Mahiya S, Chatcopadhyaya C (2015) Contamination of heavy metals in aquatic media, transport, toxicity and technologies for remediation, Book Chapter Heavy metals in water Removal and safety.
Guo H, Lee S, Ho K, Wang X, Zhou S (2003) Particle associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in urban air of Hong Kong, Atmospheric Environment 37:5307-5317.
Hu G, Chen S, Shi W, Zhang B, Zhang Y (2014) Identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils in Taizhou, East China, Environmental Geochemistry and Health Idugboe SO, Takwari-Fufuyin P, Midonu, AA (2014) Soil pollution in two auto mechanic villages in Benin City Nigeria, IOSR Journal of Environmental Science Technology and Food Technology 8:9-14.
Idugboe SO, Takwari Fufuyin P, Midonu, AA (2014) Soil pollution in two auto mechanic villages in Benin City Nigeria, IOSR Journal of Environmental Science Technology and Food Technology 8:9-14.
Ilic P, Nisic T, Farooqi ZUR (2021) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of soil in an industrial zone and evaluation pollution. Journal of Environmental studies 30 (1) 155-162.
Isabor RA (2016) Assessment of trace metals contamination of soils around some automobile mechanic workshops in Oyo southwestern Niger, Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 22:115-127.
Jennings GD, Sneed RE, Clair MB (1996) Metals in drinking water published by North Carolina cooperative Extensive service publication No AG-473 Electronic version 3/1996.
Jiao H, Wang Q, Zhao NN, Jin B, Zhuang X, Bai Z (2012) Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils around a chemical plant in Shanxi, China. International Journal of Environment Research and public Health.
Kaarbar K, Veian NK, Tjell C (1978) Low nickel diet in the treatment of patients with chronic Nickel dermatitis, British Journal of Dermatology 98:197-201.
Khen S, Aijun L, Zhang S., Hu QH, Zhu YG (2008) Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in lettuce grown in the soils contaminated with long-term wastewater irrigation, Journal of Hazardous Materials 152:506–515.
Kogbe CA (1979) Geology of Nigeria, Elizabethan Publishing Company.
Kowalska JB, Mazurike R, Gascored M, Zaleski T (2018) Pollution indices on a useful tool for the comprehensive evaluation of the degree of soil contamination. A review, Environmental Geochemistry and Health 40:2395-2420.
Maliszcwska-Kordybach B, Klimkowicz-Pawlas A (2008) Monitoring of total content of poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in arable soils in Poland, Chemosphere 73:128416.
Mauro D, Roush J (2008) Examination of the source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) in urban background soil. (Interim report 1015558 Electric Power Research Institute EPRI Palo Atto California USA.
Mehrdad C, Soheil S, Bahareh L, Hajir M, Hassan P (2015) Biochemical and physical characterization of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soils in Tehran, Journal of chemical Health Risk 5:199-208.
Mosaed HP, Sobharnardakani S, Merikhpour H, Farny–Abbas-Cheragher M, Ashorlo S (2015) The effect of urban urban fuel stations on soil contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons, Iranian journal of Toxicology 9(30):378-1384.
Murat RC (1972) Stratigraphy and Paleogeography of the Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in Southern Nigeria, African Geology Edited by T. F Dessauvagie and A. J Whiteman. Ibadan University of Ibadan press 25.
Mustafa, AD, Juahir H, Yunus K, Amran YM, Hasaami CC, Azaman, F, Abidan IZ, Azmee SH, Sulaiman NH (2015) Oil spill and related heavy metals a review, Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences 19:1348-1360.
Njoku C and Egene PN (2015) Evaluation of water qualities of Ebonyi for drinking purposes in Abakaliki southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and ecology Research International 2: 254-258
Nkansah MA, Darko G, Dodd M, Opuko F, Esuman T. B. Antwi-Bosiako J (2017) Assessment of pollution levels potential ecological risk and human health risk of heavy metals /metalloids in dust aroundfuel filling stations from Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana. Cogent Environmental Science.
Nwachi EO, Chuku L, Ighoavwogain E (2016) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and selected heavy metals in some oil polluted sites. Journal of Environmental Protection 7:1389-1410.
Nwakwoala HO, Emenu, A. J (2018) Contamination indices and heavy metals concentrations in soil in Okpoko and Environs southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Science and public health 2:77-95.
Ofomata GE (1975) Nigeria in Maps Southeastern States in GEK Ofomata ed Ethiope Pub. House Benin City 4-46.
Ogunbunmi TO (2014) Quality of soil and groundwater in automobile workshops in Akinyele Oyo state. Master degree thesis Federal University Agriculture Abeokuta pp187.
Ogunkolu AB, Ogbole M, Adewale BO, Abdulhasit A (2019) Assessment of heavy metal contamination of around auto mechanic workshops in Ayigba Kogi State. Confluence Journal of Environmental Studies 13:79-89.
Olade MA (1975) Involution of Nigeria's Benue trough (Aulacogen): a tectonic model, Geological Magazine 112:575-583.
Ouryang YJ, Highman J, Thompson OT, Campbell D (2002) Characterization and spatial distribution of heavy metals in sediments from Cedar and Ontega Rivers sub basin, Journal of contaminant hydrogeology 54:19-35.
Onyancha RB, Aigbe UO, Ukhurebor KE, Muchiri PW (2021) Facile synthesis and applications of carbon nanotubes in heavy-metal remediation and biomedical fields: A comprehensive review. Journal of Molecular Structure 1238, 130462.
Rabajczyk A, Swiercz A (2018) Contamination of soils with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons near petrol station in in the city of Kielce, Environment Protection Engineering 44(2).
Radomirorovic M, Cirovie Z, Maksin D, Bakii T, Lukii Jelena Stankovic S, Onjia A (2020) Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the soil at a former painting industry facility. Frontiers in Environmental Science.
Rajappa B, Manjappa S, Puttah ET (2010) Monitoring heavy metal concentration in groundwater of Hakinnaka Taluk India, India contemporary Engineering and Science 3:183-190.
Reyment RA (1965) Aspect of geology of Nigeria, The stratigraphy of the Cretaceous and Cenozoic deposit, Ibadan University Press: 145.
Sakshi SK, Singh AK, Haritash (2019) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: soil pollution and remediation. International Journal of Environmental Science and technology 16: 6489-6512.
Salem HM, Eweida EA, Farag A (2000) Heavy metals in drinking water and their environmental impact on human health. ICEHM2000, 542- 556.
Samini SV, Akbare R, Ghanizadeh F (2009) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contaminated levels in collected samples from the vicinity of a highway, Iran Journal of Environmental Health Science 6:47-52.
Sarm, H, Islam NF, Borgohain P, Sarma Prasat MNV (2016) Localization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in surface soil of Asia, oldest oil and gas drilling in Asam north east India: Implications for the bioeconomy. Emerging Contaminants 2: 19-27.
Simpson A (1954) The Nigerian coalfield, the geology of parts of Onitsha, Owerri, and Benue provinces Nigerian Government.
Subramayam V, Valsara JK, Thibodeana L, Rieble D (1994) Gas to particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an urban atmosphere, Atmosphere Environment 28: 3083-3091.
Sun L, Liao X, Yan X, Zhu, G (2014) Evaluation of heavymetals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons accumulation in plants from typical industrial sites. Potential candidate in phytoremediation for co contamination. Environmental Science and pollution Research 21: 12494-12504.
Sweetman A, Valle MD, Precedouros K, Jones KC (2005) The role of soil organic carbon in the global cycling of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Interpreting and modeling field data, Chemosphere 60:959-972.
Tay CK, Dorleku M, Doamekpor I (2019) Human exposure risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater within the Amaushi and Adansi Districts in Ghana using pollution evaluation indices, West African Journal of Applied Ecology 27:23-41.
Tchnounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Pattolla A, Sutton, DJ (2012) Heavy metals toxicity and the environment NIH Public Access .
The Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME (2007) Interjurisdictional Environment issues on Polluted water, toxic elements and waster management Canada www / ramp.alberta.org / management / implementation/aspx .
Ukhurebor KE, Aigbe UO, Onyancha RB, Nwankwo W, Osibote OA, Paumo HK, Ama OM, Adetunji CO, Siloko IU (2021a). Effect of hexavalent chromium on the environment and removal techniques: A review. Journal of Environmental Management 280: 111809.
Ukhurebor KE, Athar H, Adetunji CO, Aigbe UO, Onyancha RB, Abifarin O (2021b) Environmental implications of petroleum spillages in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria: A review. Journal of Environmental Management 293: 112872.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2004) Citizen’s community window on the hunters point shipyard cleanup. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Available at: http://www.Community windowontheshipyard.org.
USEPA (2002b) Polycyclic organic matter US Environmental Protection Agency.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2005) Drinking Water Standards publication New York: 14.
Wuana A, Okeiemen FE (2011) Heavy metals in contaminated soils: A review of sources, risks and best available strategies from remediation, Contamination in soil science and plant Analysis 42:111-122.
Yazdi A, Sharifi Teshnizi E (2021) Effects of contamination with gasoline on engineering properties of fine-grained silty soils with an emphasis on the duration of exposure, Springer, SN Applied Sciences 3:704 .
Yunker MB, Macdonald RW, Vingarzan R, Mitchell H, Goyette D, Sylvestre S (2002) PAHs in the Frazer River Basin a critical appraisal of PAHs ratios indicators of PAHs source composition, Organic Geochemstry 33:489-515.
